Child soldiers in Africa (English Wikipedia)

Child Soldiers International (2018). "Child Soldiers World Index: Uganda". childsoldiersworldindex.org. Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
"Child Soldiers World Index". Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2019-02-16.

culturesofresistance.org

"End the Use of Child Soldiers | Cultures of Resistance". Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

doi.org

Rakisits, Claude (2008-12-01). "Child Soldiers in the East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" (PDF). Refugee Survey Quarterly. 27 (4): 108–122. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdn054. ISSN 1020-4067.
Beber, Bernd; Blattman, Christopher (January 2013). "The Logic of Child Soldiering and Coercion". International Organization. 67 (1): 65–104. doi:10.1017/s0020818312000409. ISSN 0020-8183.
Wessels, Michael (1997). "Child Soldiers". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 53 (4): 32. Bibcode:1997BuAtS..53f..32W. doi:10.1080/00963402.1997.11456787.
Drumbl, Mark A. (2013). Bonacker, Thorsten; Safferling, Christoph (eds.). Transcending Victimhood: Child Soldiers and Restorative Justice (PDF). T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 119–145. doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-912-2_8. ISBN 978-90-6704-911-5. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
Mazurana, Dyan E.; McKay, Susan A.; Carlson, Khristopher C.; Kasper, Janel C. (2002). "Girls in fighting forces and groups: Their recruitment, participation, demobilization, and reintegration". Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 8 (2): 97–123. doi:10.1207/S15327949PAC0802_01.

foreignpolicy.com

Gettleman, Jeffrey (11 February 2010). "Africa's Forever Wars". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-02-19.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Wessels, Michael (1997). "Child Soldiers". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 53 (4): 32. Bibcode:1997BuAtS..53f..32W. doi:10.1080/00963402.1997.11456787.

hrw.org

"South Sudan: Terrifying Lives of Child Soldiers". 2015-12-15. Archived from the original on 2018-02-06.

icc-cpi.int

Nduwimana, Lt. Col. Donatien. "Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Challenges and Prospects" (PDF). The International Peace Support Training Centre Nairobi, Kenya. Series 4, No. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.

icij.org

"Bank's Services for Arms Dealers in Conflict with Its Own Policy - International Consortium of Investigative Journalists". Icij.org. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 26 October 2017.

invisiblechildren.com

"Our Work". Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

irinnews.org

"AFRICA: Too small to be fighting in anyone's war". UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. December 2003. Archived from the original on 2013-03-25. Retrieved 3 August 2009.

lexisnexis.com

Frankel, Mark (14 August 1995). "Boy Soldiers". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 19 February 2018.

myzimbabwe.co.zw

"Youths who had enrolled for useless National Youth Service turned away as government BANS green bomber training". My Zimbabwe News. 2018-01-30. Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-29.

nubareports.org

"Sudan Insider: Child Soldiers in Sudan's Conflict Zones". Archived from the original on 2018-02-20.

oecd.org

"DDR, Post-conflict and Development in West Africa" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-02-28.

peaceau.org

"Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) - African Union - Peace and Security Department". Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-02-28.

psychologytoday.com

Muller, Ph.D., Robert T. (2013-04-27). "The Invisible Trauma of War-Affected Children". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2018-02-19.

refworld.org

Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 - Burundi". Refworld. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 - Comoros". Refworld. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-07.

reliefweb.int

Jaffré, Françoise (21 January 2015). "The Use of Children as Soldiers in Africa: A country analysis of child recruitment and participation in armed conflict" (PDF). ReliefWeb. Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 18 February 2018.

rero.ch

doc.rero.ch

Rakisits, Claude (2008-12-01). "Child Soldiers in the East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" (PDF). Refugee Survey Quarterly. 27 (4): 108–122. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdn054. ISSN 1020-4067.

sagepub.com

"The Purpose of Criminal Punishment" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2018-02-28.

solidaritypeacetrust.org

Solidarity Peace Trust (2003). "National youth service training" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2018-03-29.

soschildrensvillages.ca

"WARLORDS RECRUIT SOMALI CHILD SOLDIERS". Archived from the original on 2018-02-20.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Drumbl, Mark A. (2013). Bonacker, Thorsten; Safferling, Christoph (eds.). Transcending Victimhood: Child Soldiers and Restorative Justice (PDF). T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 119–145. doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-912-2_8. ISBN 978-90-6704-911-5. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)

stanford.edu

plato.stanford.edu

Walen, Alec (2014-06-18). "Retributive Justice". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2018-02-28.

telegraph.co.uk

Pietrasik, Will Storr (2014-02-12). "Kony's child soldiers: 'When you kill for the first time, you change u become a murderer'". Archived from the original on 2018-03-29.

theconversation.com

Reich, Simon. "How child soldiers are recruited from refugee camps". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
"How child soldiers are recruited from refugee camps". 4 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

theguardian.com

Meldrum, Andrew (2003-02-19). "Living in fear of Mugabe's green bombers". Guardian. Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2018-03-29.

un.org

United Nations Secretary-General (2017). "Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
United Nations 2014. "Central African Republic: over 6,000 child soldiers may be involved in fighting, UN says". United Nations. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
MONUSCO 2013. "Child recruitment remains 'endemic' in DR Congo, UN says in new report". United Nations. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
"Uganda: Child soldiers at centre of mounting humanitarian crisis". Archived from the original on 2017-11-13.
"Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: An Essential Component of Peacekeeping". Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2018-02-28.

treaties.un.org

United Nations (2018). "United Nations Treaty Collection: 11. b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict". Archived from the original on 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
"Signatories & Dates of Ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict". UN. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 23 May 2016.

childrenandarmedconflict.un.org

"Child Recruitment and Use | United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict". childrenandarmedconflict.un.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
"Children and Armed Conflict: Somalia". Archived from the original on 2018-02-20.

unddr.org

"United Nations Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Resource Centre: What is DDR?". Archived from the original on 2017-04-09.

undocs.org

UN Secretary-General (2017-08-24). "Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General (UN A/72/361 - E)". undocs.org. Archived from the original on 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2018-01-13.

unicef.org

UNICEF. "Fact Sheet: Children Associated with Armed Groups and Forces in Central Africa" (PDF). Unicef.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-20.
"At least 65,000 children released from armed forces and groups over the last 10 years, UNICEF". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
UNICEF (2007). "Paris Principles: Principles and guidelines on children associated with armed forces or armed groups" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-30. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
UNICEF. "Central African Republic: Children brutally targeted in weekend violence". Archived from the original on 2018-01-14. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
"UNICEF: Adult Wars, Child Soldiers" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-20.
"Child recruitment by armed forces or armed groups | Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse | UNICEF". Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
"In Search of Opportunities" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

uonbi.ac.ke

erepository.uonbi.ac.ke

Etyang, Oita (November 2010). Reintegration of child soldiers in Africa: a case study of Uganda 1986-2008 (Thesis). University of Nairobi. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.

up.ac.za

repository.up.ac.za

Rivet, Annabelle Karen (2014). The Criminal Liability of Child Soldiers In International Criminal Law: Does Restorative Justice Offer a Balance Between the Rights of the Victim and the Rights of the Child Perpetrator? (PDF) (LLM thesis). University of Pretoria. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.

usip.org

"The Psychological Impact of Child Soldiering" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-21.

vision.org

Steel, Michelle. "Child Soldiers" Archived 2018-03-17 at the Wayback Machine Social Issues: Child Soldiers, 2008.

voanews.com

Lisa Schlein (5 October 2021). "UNICEF: Mozambique Insurgents Recruiting Children to Fight in Cabo Delgado". Voice of America. Retrieved 6 October 2021.

web.archive.org

UNICEF. "Fact Sheet: Children Associated with Armed Groups and Forces in Central Africa" (PDF). Unicef.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-20.
de Villiers, Shirley (26 August 2015). "FACTSHEET: How many child soldiers are there in Africa?". Africa Check. Archived from the original on 2018-11-16.
"AFRICA: Too small to be fighting in anyone's war". UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. December 2003. Archived from the original on 2013-03-25. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
Child soldiers global report 2004: Africa Regional overview, Child Soldiers International Archived 3 July 2007 at archive.today.
Reich, Simon. "How child soldiers are recruited from refugee camps". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
"At least 65,000 children released from armed forces and groups over the last 10 years, UNICEF". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
United Nations Secretary-General (2017). "Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
"Understanding the Recruitment of Child Soldiers in Africa - ACCORD". ACCORD. Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
Gettleman, Jeffrey (11 February 2010). "Africa's Forever Wars". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
"Children soldiers in Africa updated | Spring 2015 | Washington State University". history.libraries.wsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
Child Soldiers International (2016). "Des Milliers de vies à réparer" (in French). Archived from the original on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
UNICEF (2007). "Paris Principles: Principles and guidelines on children associated with armed forces or armed groups" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-30. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
United Nations (2018). "United Nations Treaty Collection: 11. b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict". Archived from the original on 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
Jaffré, Françoise (21 January 2015). "The Use of Children as Soldiers in Africa: A country analysis of child recruitment and participation in armed conflict" (PDF). ReliefWeb. Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 - Burundi". Refworld. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
UNICEF. "Central African Republic: Children brutally targeted in weekend violence". Archived from the original on 2018-01-14. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
UN Secretary-General (2017-08-24). "Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General (UN A/72/361 - E)". undocs.org. Archived from the original on 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
Child Soldiers International (2016). "Des Milliers de vies à réparer (in French)". Child Soldiers International. Archived from the original on 2018-01-14. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
"Child Recruitment and Use | United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict". childrenandarmedconflict.un.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 - Comoros". Refworld. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
"Bank's Services for Arms Dealers in Conflict with Its Own Policy - International Consortium of Investigative Journalists". Icij.org. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Frankel, Mark (14 August 1995). "Boy Soldiers". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
"Child Soldiers – Children of Conflict – BBC World Service". Archived from the original on 2018-04-17.
"Children and Armed Conflict: Somalia". Archived from the original on 2018-02-20.
"WARLORDS RECRUIT SOMALI CHILD SOLDIERS". Archived from the original on 2018-02-20.
"Guterres: Thousands of child soldiers fight in Somalia". Archived from the original on 2018-02-20.
"Sudan Insider: Child Soldiers in Sudan's Conflict Zones". Archived from the original on 2018-02-20.
"South Sudan: Terrifying Lives of Child Soldiers". 2015-12-15. Archived from the original on 2018-02-06.
"Girl Soldiers – The cost of survival in Northern Uganda, Women News Network – WNN". Womennewsnetwork.net. 13 January 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-05-23. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
"Uganda: Child soldiers at centre of mounting humanitarian crisis". Archived from the original on 2017-11-13.
Child Soldiers International (2018). "Child Soldiers World Index: Uganda". childsoldiersworldindex.org. Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
Meldrum, Andrew (2003-02-19). "Living in fear of Mugabe's green bombers". Guardian. Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
Solidarity Peace Trust (2003). "National youth service training" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
"Youths who had enrolled for useless National Youth Service turned away as government BANS green bomber training". My Zimbabwe News. 2018-01-30. Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
"UNICEF: Adult Wars, Child Soldiers" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-20.
"International laws and child rights". child-soldiers.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-02. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Walen, Alec (2014-06-18). "Retributive Justice". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
"The Purpose of Criminal Punishment" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
"Children Justice and Accountability" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Rivet, Annabelle Karen (2014). The Criminal Liability of Child Soldiers In International Criminal Law: Does Restorative Justice Offer a Balance Between the Rights of the Victim and the Rights of the Child Perpetrator? (PDF) (LLM thesis). University of Pretoria. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
"The Psychological Impact of Child Soldiering" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-21.
Pietrasik, Will Storr (2014-02-12). "Kony's child soldiers: 'When you kill for the first time, you change u become a murderer'". Archived from the original on 2018-03-29.
"United Nations Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Resource Centre: What is DDR?". Archived from the original on 2017-04-09.
"Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: An Essential Component of Peacekeeping". Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
Nezam, Taies; Marc, Alexandre (February 2009). Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (PDF). Social Development Department: Conflict, Crime & Violence. Vol. 119. Worldbank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
"DDR, Post-conflict and Development in West Africa" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
"Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) - African Union - Peace and Security Department". Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
"How child soldiers are recruited from refugee camps". 4 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
Nduwimana, Lt. Col. Donatien. "Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Challenges and Prospects" (PDF). The International Peace Support Training Centre Nairobi, Kenya. Series 4, No. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Etyang, Oita (November 2010). Reintegration of child soldiers in Africa: a case study of Uganda 1986-2008 (Thesis). University of Nairobi. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Steel, Michelle. "Child Soldiers" Archived 2018-03-17 at the Wayback Machine Social Issues: Child Soldiers, 2008.
"Democratic Republic of Congo". Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
"Our Work". Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
"Child recruitment by armed forces or armed groups | Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse | UNICEF". Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
"In Search of Opportunities" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
"End the Use of Child Soldiers | Cultures of Resistance". Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
"Child Soldiers World Index". Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
"International standards". Child Soldiers International. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
"Signatories & Dates of Ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict". UN. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 23 May 2016.

womennewsnetwork.net

"Girl Soldiers – The cost of survival in Northern Uganda, Women News Network – WNN". Womennewsnetwork.net. 13 January 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-05-23. Retrieved 12 May 2012.

worldbank.org

siteresources.worldbank.org

Nezam, Taies; Marc, Alexandre (February 2009). Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (PDF). Social Development Department: Conflict, Crime & Violence. Vol. 119. Worldbank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2018-02-28.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Rakisits, Claude (2008-12-01). "Child Soldiers in the East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" (PDF). Refugee Survey Quarterly. 27 (4): 108–122. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdn054. ISSN 1020-4067.
Beber, Bernd; Blattman, Christopher (January 2013). "The Logic of Child Soldiering and Coercion". International Organization. 67 (1): 65–104. doi:10.1017/s0020818312000409. ISSN 0020-8183.
Grossman, Dave (2009). On killing : the psychological cost of learning to kill in war and society (Rev. ed.). New York: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 9780316040938. OCLC 427757599.
Brett, R; Specht, I (2004). Young soldiers : why they choose to fight. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 9781588262615. OCLC 53830868.

wsu.edu

history.libraries.wsu.edu

"Children soldiers in Africa updated | Spring 2015 | Washington State University". history.libraries.wsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

yorku.ca

digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca

Leveau, Fanny (Spring 2013). "Liability of Child Soldiers Under International Law". Osgoode Hall Review of Law and Policy. 4 (1): 36–66.