Chili pepper (English Wikipedia)

Filippone PT (11 October 2000). "Chile Pepper Heat Scoville Scale". Homecooking.about.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.

archive.org

Collingham E (February 2006). Curry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-09-943786-4.
"Chilli, chilly". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 2 C (1 Corrected re-issue ed.). Oxford, UK. 1933. p. 346. Retrieved 19 July 2021.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
"Pepper". OED. Vol. 7 N–Poy (1 Corrected re-issue ed.). Oxford, UK. 1913. p. 663. Retrieved 19 July 2021.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (sense 2b of pepper)

australiangeographic.com.au

Da Silva M (12 April 2011). "Aussies grow world's hottest chilli". Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.

bbc.co.uk

Henderson N (19 February 2011). ""Record-breaking" chilli is hot news". BBC News. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
Pratt J. "Chili recipes". BBC Food.

bhg.com

Beck A (8 May 2019). "How to Handle Hot Peppers and Chiles Safely". Better Homes and Gardens. Retrieved 23 July 2022.

books.google.com

Bosland PW, Votava E (2000). Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums. New York City: CABI. p. 1. ISBN 9780851993355. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
Raj NM, Peter KV, Nybe EV (1 January 2007). Spices. New India Publishing. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-81-89422-44-8.
Farrell KT (1998). Spices, Condiments and Seasonings. Chapman & Hall. pp. 215–217. ISBN 978-0-8342-1337-1.
Thompson JT (24 April 2012). Hot Sauce!. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-60342-813-2.
Normah MN, Chin HF, Reed BM (2013). Conservation of tropical plant species. New York: Springer. p. 397. ISBN 9781461437758. Retrieved 28 November 2018.

cabidigitallibrary.org

Datiles, MJ; Acevedo-Rodriguez, P. "Capsicum baccatum (pepper)". CABI Digital Library. Retrieved 17 October 2024.

cathaypacific.com

Eugenio R (18 February 2024). "Some like it hot: searching the seven continents for the best spicy dishes". Cathay Pacific. Retrieved 12 October 2024.

cntraveller.in

Subramanian S (23 October 2023). "This is what it's like hiking the newly reopened Trans-Bhutan Trail". Condé Nast Traveller India. Retrieved 12 October 2024. the stew of green peppers and cheese, fiery as arson, that is the national dish

doi.org

Pickersgill B (December 1971). "Relationships Between Weedy and Cultivated Forms in Some Species of Chili Peppers (Genus Capsicum)". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 25 (4): 683–691. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x. PMID 28564789. S2CID 205772121.
Kraft KH, Brown CH, Nabhan GP, Luedeling E, Luna Ruiz J, Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge G, et al. (April 2014). "Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (17): 6165–6170. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.6165K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308933111. PMC 4035960. PMID 24753581.
Chiou KL, Hastorf CA (16 December 2014). "A Systematic Approach to Species-Level Identification of Chile Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Seeds: Establishing the Groundwork for Tracking the Domestication and Movement of Chile Peppers through the Americas and Beyond". Economic Botany. 68 (3). New York Botanical Garden Press: 316–336. Bibcode:2014EcBot..68..316C. doi:10.1007/s12231-014-9279-2. JSTOR 43305668. S2CID 36556206.
Carrizo García C, Barfuss MH, Sehr EM, Barboza GE, Samuel R, Moscone EA, Ehrendorfer F (July 2016). "Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers ( Capsicum, Solanaceae)". Annals of Botany. 118 (1): 35–51. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw079. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 4934398. PMID 27245634.
van Zonneveld M, Ramirez M, Williams DE, Petz M, Meckelmann S, Avila T, et al. (2015). "Screening Genetic Resources of Capsicum Peppers in Their Primary Center of Diversity in Bolivia and Peru". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0134663. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034663V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134663. PMC 4581705. PMID 26402618.
Shiragaki K, Yokoi S, Tezuka T (20 November 2020). "Phylogenetic Analysis and Molecular Diversity of Capsicum Based on rDNA-ITS Region". Horticulturae. 6 (4): 87. doi:10.3390/horticulturae6040087.
Heiser CB, Smith PG (15 October 1958). "New Species of Capsicum from South America". Brittonia. 10 (4): 194. doi:10.2307/2804950.
Kosuge S, Inagaki Y, Okumura H (1961). "Studies on the pungent principles of red pepper. Part VIII. On the chemical constitutions of the pungent principles". Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi. 35: 923–927. doi:10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.35.10_923. Chem. Abstr. 1964, 60, 9827g.
Ruiz-Lau N, Medina-Lara F, Minero-García Y, Zamudio-Moreno E, Guzmán-Antonio A, Echevarría-Machado I, Martínez-Estévez M (1 March 2011). "Water Deficit Affects the Accumulation of Capsaicinoids in Fruits of Capsicum chinense Jacq". HortScience. 46 (3): 487–492. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.46.3.487.
O'Neill J, Brock C, Olesen AE, Andresen T, Nilsson M, Dickenson AH (October 2012). "Unravelling the mystery of capsaicin: a tool to understand and treat pain". Pharmacological Reviews. 64 (4): 939–971. doi:10.1124/pr.112.006163. PMC 3462993. PMID 23023032.
Tewksbury JJ, Nabhan GP (July 2001). "Seed dispersal. Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chilies". Nature. 412 (6845): 403–404. doi:10.1038/35086653. PMID 11473305. S2CID 4389051.
Guzmán I, Bosland PW (2017). "Sensory properties of chili pepper heat - and its importance to food quality and cultural preference". Appetite. 117: 186–190. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.026. PMID 28662907.
Tewksbury JJ, Reagan KM, Machnicki NJ, Carlo TA, Haak DC, Peñaloza AL, Levey DJ (August 2008). "Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (33): 11808–11811. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511808T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802691105. PMC 2575311. PMID 18695236.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
Rozin P, Schiller D (1980). "The Nature and Acquisition of a Preference for Chili Pepper by Humans". Motivation and Emotion. 4 (1): 77–101. doi:10.1007/BF00995932. S2CID 143848453.
Fattori V, Hohmann MS, Rossaneis AC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Verri WA (June 2016). "Capsaicin: Current Understanding of Its Mechanisms and Therapy of Pain and Other Pre-Clinical and Clinical Uses". Molecules. 21 (7): 844. doi:10.3390/molecules21070844. PMC 6273101. PMID 27367653.
Kaur M, Verma BR, Zhou L, Lak HM, Kaur S, Sammour YM, et al. (March 2022). "Association of pepper intake with all-cause and specific cause mortality - A systematic review and meta-analysis". American Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 9: 100301. doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100301. PMC 8688560. PMID 34977833.
Haar RJ, Iacopino V, Ranadive N, Weiser SD, Dandu M (October 2017). "Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: a systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas and pepper spray". BMC Public Health. 17 (1): 831. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4814-6. PMC 5649076. PMID 29052530.
Li J, Ding X-M, Liu D-D, Guo F, Chen Y, Zhang Y-B, Liu H-M (2013). "Simultaneous determination of eight illegal dyes in chili products by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography B. 942–943: 46–52. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.010.
Hospodar M (2004). "Aphrodisiac Foods: Bringing Heaven to Earth". Gastronomica. 4 (4): 82–93. doi:10.1525/gfc.2004.4.4.82. JSTOR 10.1525/gfc.2004.4.4.82.

etymonline.com

"chili (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 11 October 2024.

eurekalert.org

"Birthplace of the domesticated chili pepper identified in Mexico". EurekaAlert, American Association for the Advancement of Science. 21 April 2014.

fao.org

"Green chili production in 2020; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity/Green Chillies and Peppers from pick lists". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.

fda.gov

United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.

forbes.com

McQuaid J (20 February 2015). "What's driving the global chili pepper craze?". Forbes Media. Retrieved 25 May 2019.

gardenersgardening.com

"Growing Peppers: The Important Facts". GardenersGardening.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013.

gardenersworld.com

"How to dry chillies". BBC Gardeners' World Magazine. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2024.

greatbritishchefs.com

"Ancho to serrano: a guide to Mexican chillies". Great British Chefs. Retrieved 12 October 2024.

guinnessworldrecords.com

Atwal S (16 October 2023). "Pepper X dethrones Carolina Reaper as world's hottest chilli pepper". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
Lynch K (19 November 2013). "Confirmed: Smokin Ed's Carolina Reaper sets new record for hottest chilli". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 8 November 2014.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Kraft KH, Brown CH, Nabhan GP, Luedeling E, Luna Ruiz J, Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge G, et al. (April 2014). "Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (17): 6165–6170. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.6165K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308933111. PMC 4035960. PMID 24753581.
Chiou KL, Hastorf CA (16 December 2014). "A Systematic Approach to Species-Level Identification of Chile Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Seeds: Establishing the Groundwork for Tracking the Domestication and Movement of Chile Peppers through the Americas and Beyond". Economic Botany. 68 (3). New York Botanical Garden Press: 316–336. Bibcode:2014EcBot..68..316C. doi:10.1007/s12231-014-9279-2. JSTOR 43305668. S2CID 36556206.
van Zonneveld M, Ramirez M, Williams DE, Petz M, Meckelmann S, Avila T, et al. (2015). "Screening Genetic Resources of Capsicum Peppers in Their Primary Center of Diversity in Bolivia and Peru". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0134663. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034663V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134663. PMC 4581705. PMID 26402618.
Tewksbury JJ, Reagan KM, Machnicki NJ, Carlo TA, Haak DC, Peñaloza AL, Levey DJ (August 2008). "Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (33): 11808–11811. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511808T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802691105. PMC 2575311. PMID 18695236.

independent.co.uk

"Title of world's hottest chili pepper stolen – again". The Independent. London. 25 February 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.

jstor.org

Chiou KL, Hastorf CA (16 December 2014). "A Systematic Approach to Species-Level Identification of Chile Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Seeds: Establishing the Groundwork for Tracking the Domestication and Movement of Chile Peppers through the Americas and Beyond". Economic Botany. 68 (3). New York Botanical Garden Press: 316–336. Bibcode:2014EcBot..68..316C. doi:10.1007/s12231-014-9279-2. JSTOR 43305668. S2CID 36556206.
Hospodar M (2004). "Aphrodisiac Foods: Bringing Heaven to Earth". Gastronomica. 4 (4): 82–93. doi:10.1525/gfc.2004.4.4.82. JSTOR 10.1525/gfc.2004.4.4.82.

merriam-webster.com

"pepper". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
"Chili". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
"chile". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 21 July 2021.

nationalacademies.org

nap.nationalacademies.org

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 5 December 2024.

nationalgeographic.co.in

news.nationalgeographic.co.in

Mott M. "Elephant Crop Raids Foiled by Chili Peppers, Africa Project Finds". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.

nationalgeographic.com.au

Morris L (22 January 2018). "The Hottest Chilli in the World was Created in Wales Accidentally". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Pickersgill B (December 1971). "Relationships Between Weedy and Cultivated Forms in Some Species of Chili Peppers (Genus Capsicum)". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 25 (4): 683–691. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x. PMID 28564789. S2CID 205772121.
Kraft KH, Brown CH, Nabhan GP, Luedeling E, Luna Ruiz J, Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge G, et al. (April 2014). "Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (17): 6165–6170. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.6165K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308933111. PMC 4035960. PMID 24753581.
Carrizo García C, Barfuss MH, Sehr EM, Barboza GE, Samuel R, Moscone EA, Ehrendorfer F (July 2016). "Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers ( Capsicum, Solanaceae)". Annals of Botany. 118 (1): 35–51. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw079. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 4934398. PMID 27245634.
van Zonneveld M, Ramirez M, Williams DE, Petz M, Meckelmann S, Avila T, et al. (2015). "Screening Genetic Resources of Capsicum Peppers in Their Primary Center of Diversity in Bolivia and Peru". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0134663. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034663V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134663. PMC 4581705. PMID 26402618.
O'Neill J, Brock C, Olesen AE, Andresen T, Nilsson M, Dickenson AH (October 2012). "Unravelling the mystery of capsaicin: a tool to understand and treat pain". Pharmacological Reviews. 64 (4): 939–971. doi:10.1124/pr.112.006163. PMC 3462993. PMID 23023032.
Tewksbury JJ, Nabhan GP (July 2001). "Seed dispersal. Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chilies". Nature. 412 (6845): 403–404. doi:10.1038/35086653. PMID 11473305. S2CID 4389051.
Guzmán I, Bosland PW (2017). "Sensory properties of chili pepper heat - and its importance to food quality and cultural preference". Appetite. 117: 186–190. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.026. PMID 28662907.
Tewksbury JJ, Reagan KM, Machnicki NJ, Carlo TA, Haak DC, Peñaloza AL, Levey DJ (August 2008). "Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (33): 11808–11811. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511808T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802691105. PMC 2575311. PMID 18695236.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
Fattori V, Hohmann MS, Rossaneis AC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Verri WA (June 2016). "Capsaicin: Current Understanding of Its Mechanisms and Therapy of Pain and Other Pre-Clinical and Clinical Uses". Molecules. 21 (7): 844. doi:10.3390/molecules21070844. PMC 6273101. PMID 27367653.
Kaur M, Verma BR, Zhou L, Lak HM, Kaur S, Sammour YM, et al. (March 2022). "Association of pepper intake with all-cause and specific cause mortality - A systematic review and meta-analysis". American Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 9: 100301. doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100301. PMC 8688560. PMID 34977833.
Haar RJ, Iacopino V, Ranadive N, Weiser SD, Dandu M (October 2017). "Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: a systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas and pepper spray". BMC Public Health. 17 (1): 831. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4814-6. PMC 5649076. PMID 29052530.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kraft KH, Brown CH, Nabhan GP, Luedeling E, Luna Ruiz J, Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge G, et al. (April 2014). "Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (17): 6165–6170. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.6165K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308933111. PMC 4035960. PMID 24753581.
Carrizo García C, Barfuss MH, Sehr EM, Barboza GE, Samuel R, Moscone EA, Ehrendorfer F (July 2016). "Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers ( Capsicum, Solanaceae)". Annals of Botany. 118 (1): 35–51. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw079. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 4934398. PMID 27245634.
van Zonneveld M, Ramirez M, Williams DE, Petz M, Meckelmann S, Avila T, et al. (2015). "Screening Genetic Resources of Capsicum Peppers in Their Primary Center of Diversity in Bolivia and Peru". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0134663. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034663V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134663. PMC 4581705. PMID 26402618.
O'Neill J, Brock C, Olesen AE, Andresen T, Nilsson M, Dickenson AH (October 2012). "Unravelling the mystery of capsaicin: a tool to understand and treat pain". Pharmacological Reviews. 64 (4): 939–971. doi:10.1124/pr.112.006163. PMC 3462993. PMID 23023032.
Tewksbury JJ, Reagan KM, Machnicki NJ, Carlo TA, Haak DC, Peñaloza AL, Levey DJ (August 2008). "Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (33): 11808–11811. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511808T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802691105. PMC 2575311. PMID 18695236.
Fattori V, Hohmann MS, Rossaneis AC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Verri WA (June 2016). "Capsaicin: Current Understanding of Its Mechanisms and Therapy of Pain and Other Pre-Clinical and Clinical Uses". Molecules. 21 (7): 844. doi:10.3390/molecules21070844. PMC 6273101. PMID 27367653.
Kaur M, Verma BR, Zhou L, Lak HM, Kaur S, Sammour YM, et al. (March 2022). "Association of pepper intake with all-cause and specific cause mortality - A systematic review and meta-analysis". American Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 9: 100301. doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100301. PMC 8688560. PMID 34977833.
Haar RJ, Iacopino V, Ranadive N, Weiser SD, Dandu M (October 2017). "Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: a systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas and pepper spray". BMC Public Health. 17 (1): 831. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4814-6. PMC 5649076. PMID 29052530.

pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"Capsaicin". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 27 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.

nmsu.edu

cpi.nmsu.edu

"The Story of Chile Peppers". New Mexico State University Chile Pepper Institute. Retrieved 7 August 2024.

ontario.ca

"The Effect of Extreme Temperatures on the Tomato and Pepper Crop". King’s Printer for Ontario, 2012–24, Canada.

purdue.edu

hort.purdue.edu

Bosland PW (1998). "Capsicums: Innovative uses of an ancient crop". In Janick J (ed.). Progress in New Crops. Arlington, Virginia: ASHS Press. pp. 479–487. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
"HORT410. Peppers – Notes". Purdue University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Common name: pepper. Latin name: Capsicum annuum L. ... Harvested organ: fruit. Fruit varies substantially in shape, pericarp thickness, color and pungency.

rhs.org.uk

"How to grow chilli pepper / RHS Gardening".

seedsbydesign.com

"Chilies as Ornamental Plants". Seedsbydesign. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Pickersgill B (December 1971). "Relationships Between Weedy and Cultivated Forms in Some Species of Chili Peppers (Genus Capsicum)". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 25 (4): 683–691. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x. PMID 28564789. S2CID 205772121.
Chiou KL, Hastorf CA (16 December 2014). "A Systematic Approach to Species-Level Identification of Chile Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Seeds: Establishing the Groundwork for Tracking the Domestication and Movement of Chile Peppers through the Americas and Beyond". Economic Botany. 68 (3). New York Botanical Garden Press: 316–336. Bibcode:2014EcBot..68..316C. doi:10.1007/s12231-014-9279-2. JSTOR 43305668. S2CID 36556206.
Tewksbury JJ, Nabhan GP (July 2001). "Seed dispersal. Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chilies". Nature. 412 (6845): 403–404. doi:10.1038/35086653. PMID 11473305. S2CID 4389051.
Rozin P, Schiller D (1980). "The Nature and Acquisition of a Preference for Chili Pepper by Humans". Motivation and Emotion. 4 (1): 77–101. doi:10.1007/BF00995932. S2CID 143848453.

sfood.info

"Vitamin Rich Chili pepper Leaf Kimchi". Ssoft International Corporation. Archived from the original on 14 November 2009.

sundaytimes.lk

Usage example: "Chilli, Capsicum and Pepper are spicy plants grown for the pod. Green chilli is a culinary requirement in any Sri Lankan household". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 21 April 2012.

tabasco.com

"History of the Scoville Scale | FAQS". Tabasco.Com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010.

thehindubusinessline.com

Usage example: "Fall in exports crushes chilli prices in Guntur". Thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 21 April 2012.

time.com

content.time.com

Robinson S (14 June 2007). "Chili Peppers: Global Warming". Time. Retrieved 25 May 2019.

today.com

"What is chili crisp? This spicy condiment belongs on everything — even dessert". Today.com. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2022.

tribo.org

"Dahon ng Sili (Chili pepper leaves)". Tribo ความสุขบนเตียง. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007.

usatoday.com

yourlife.usatoday.com

Joshi M (11 March 2012). "Chile Pepper Institute studies what's hot". Your life. USA Today. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.

usda.gov

fdc.nal.usda.gov

Link to USDA Database entry

usna.usda.gov

"New Ornamental Pepper Wins Prestigious Award". The United States National Arboretum. 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2024.

web.archive.org

"HORT410. Peppers – Notes". Purdue University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2009. Common name: pepper. Latin name: Capsicum annuum L. ... Harvested organ: fruit. Fruit varies substantially in shape, pericarp thickness, color and pungency.
"Growing Peppers: The Important Facts". GardenersGardening.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
"History of the Scoville Scale | FAQS". Tabasco.Com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
Filippone PT (11 October 2000). "Chile Pepper Heat Scoville Scale". Homecooking.about.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
Morris L (22 January 2018). "The Hottest Chilli in the World was Created in Wales Accidentally". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
Bryan SM (16 February 2012). "Trinidad Moruga Scorpion wins hottest pepper title". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
Joshi M (11 March 2012). "Chile Pepper Institute studies what's hot". Your life. USA Today. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.
Da Silva M (12 April 2011). "Aussies grow world's hottest chilli". Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
"Dahon ng Sili (Chili pepper leaves)". Tribo ความสุขบนเตียง. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007.
"Vitamin Rich Chili pepper Leaf Kimchi". Ssoft International Corporation. Archived from the original on 14 November 2009.
"Chilies as Ornamental Plants". Seedsbydesign. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013.
Mott M. "Elephant Crop Raids Foiled by Chili Peppers, Africa Project Finds". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Carrizo García C, Barfuss MH, Sehr EM, Barboza GE, Samuel R, Moscone EA, Ehrendorfer F (July 2016). "Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers ( Capsicum, Solanaceae)". Annals of Botany. 118 (1): 35–51. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw079. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 4934398. PMID 27245634.

yahoo.com

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Bryan SM (16 February 2012). "Trinidad Moruga Scorpion wins hottest pepper title". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2013.

yale.edu

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Wallin, Nils-Bertil (11 June 2004). "Chili: Small Fruit Sets Global Palettes on Fire". YaleGlobal Online. Yale University. Retrieved 5 January 2024.