Chinese herbology (English Wikipedia)

Nigel Wiseman; Ye Feng (2002-08-01). Introduction to English Terminology of Chinese Medicine. Paradigm Publications. ISBN 9780912111643. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
Sivin 1987, p. 179; Ergil 2009, p. 30 Sivin, Nathan (1987). Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-89264-074-4. Ergil, M.; et al. (2009). Pocket Atlas of Chinese Medicine. Thieme. ISBN 978-3-13-141611-7.
Foster & Yue 1992, p. 11 Foster, S.; Yue, C. (1992). Herbal emissaries: bringing Chinese herbs to the West. Healing Arts Press. ISBN 978-0-89281-349-0.
"According to the experience of the author, 99% of prescriptions in the PR of China range from 6 to 20 herbs; in the majority, however, it is 9 to 12,..." From Kiessler (2005), p. 24. Kiessler, Malte (2005). Traditionelle Chinesische Innere Medizin (in German). Elsevier, Urban & Fischer. ISBN 978-3-437-57220-3.
"Regarding the content of the prescription, one can differentiate between main herbs and ancillary herbs. For classical prescriptions, detailed analyses exist for each single ingredient which discriminate between up to three categories (Chen, Zun, and Chi) of ancillary herbs." From Kiessler (2005), p. 25. Kiessler, Malte (2005). Traditionelle Chinesische Innere Medizin (in German). Elsevier, Urban & Fischer. ISBN 978-3-437-57220-3.
Ergil 2009, p. 232 Ergil, M.; et al. (2009). Pocket Atlas of Chinese Medicine. Thieme. ISBN 978-3-13-141611-7.
Ergil 2009, p. 61 Ergil, M.; et al. (2009). Pocket Atlas of Chinese Medicine. Thieme. ISBN 978-3-13-141611-7.
Ergil 2009, p. 239 Ergil, M.; et al. (2009). Pocket Atlas of Chinese Medicine. Thieme. ISBN 978-3-13-141611-7.
Ergil 2009, pp. 234–236 Ergil, M.; et al. (2009). Pocket Atlas of Chinese Medicine. Thieme. ISBN 978-3-13-141611-7.
Ergil 2009, p. 236 Ergil, M.; et al. (2009). Pocket Atlas of Chinese Medicine. Thieme. ISBN 978-3-13-141611-7.
Nigel Wiseman; Ye Feng (1998). A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine (2 ed.). Paradigm Publications. p. 904. ISBN 9780912111544.

britannica.com

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"Hard to swallow". Nature. 448 (7150): 105–6. 2007. Bibcode:2007Natur.448S.105.. doi:10.1038/448106a. PMID 17625521.
Shang, A.; Huwiler, K.; Nartey, L.; Jüni, P.; Egger, M. (2007). "Placebo-controlled trials of Chinese herbal medicine and conventional medicine comparative study". International Journal of Epidemiology. 36 (5): 1086–92. doi:10.1093/ije/dym119. PMID 17602184.
Siegfried, N. L; Hughes, G (2012). "Herbal medicine, randomised controlled trials and global core competencies". South African Medical Journal. 102 (12): 912–3. doi:10.7196/samj.6392. PMID 23498035.
Shaw D (2012). "Toxicological risks of Chinese herbs". Planta Medica. 76 (17): 2012–8. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1250533. PMID 21077025.
Heyadri, Mojtaba; Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem; Ayati, Mohammad Hosein; Quintern, Detlev; Nimrouzi, Majid; Mosavat, Seyed Hamdollah (2015). "The use of Chinese herbal drugs in Islamic medicine". Journal of Integrative Medicine. 13 (6): 363–367. doi:10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60205-9. PMID 26559361. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25.
Hesketh, T; Zhu, WX (1997). "Health in China. Traditional Chinese medicine: One country, two systems". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 315 (7100): 115–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7100.115. PMC 2127090. PMID 9240055.
Nie, Jing-Bao (2002). "'Human Drugs' in Chinese Medicine and the Confucian View: An Interpretive Study". Confucian Bioethics. Philosophy and Medicine. Vol. 61. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 167–206. doi:10.1007/0-306-46867-0_7. ISBN 978-0-7923-5723-0.
Ernst, E (November 2000). "Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology". The British Journal of Dermatology. 143 (5): 923–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03822.x. PMID 11069498. S2CID 6036692.
Ernst, E (March 2002). "Toxic heavy metals and undeclared drugs in Asian herbal medicines". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 23 (3): 136–9. doi:10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01972-6. PMID 11879681.
Tsuneo, N; Ma, M; Inagaki, I (1988). "Insect derived crude drugs in the chinese song dynasty". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 24 (2–3): 247–85. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(88)90157-2. PMID 3075674.
Wang, X.P.; Yang, R.M. (2003). "Movement Disorders Possibly Induced by Traditional Chinese Herbs". European Neurology. 50 (3): 153–9. doi:10.1159/000073056. PMID 14530621. S2CID 43878555.
Efferth T, Kaina B (2011). "Toxicities by herbal medicines with emphasis to traditional Chinese medicine". Curr Drug Metab (Review). 12 (10): 989–96. doi:10.2174/138920011798062328. PMID 21892916.
Ernst E (2002). "Adulteration of Chinese herbal medicines with synthetic drugs: a systematic review". J Intern Med (Systematic Review). 252 (2): 107–13. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.00999.x. PMID 12190885. S2CID 29077682.
Zhao, P.; Wang, C.; Liu, W.; Chen, G.; Liu, X.; Wang, X.; Wang, B.; Yu, L.; Sun, Y.; Liang, X.; Yang, H.; Zhang, F. (2013). Avila, Matias A (ed.). "Causes and Outcomes of Acute Liver Failure in China". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80991. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880991Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080991. PMC 3838343. PMID 24278360.
Zhu, X; Liew, Y; Liu, ZL (15 March 2016). "Chinese herbal medicine for menopausal symptoms". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (5): CD009023. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009023.pub2. PMC 4951187. PMID 26976671.
Liu, X.; Zhang, M.; He, L.; Li, Y. (2012). Li, Youping (ed.). "Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (10): CD004882. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004882.pub3. PMC 6993561. PMID 23076910.
Gan, T.; Liu, Y. D.; Wang, Y.; Yang, J. (2010). Gan, Tao (ed.). "Traditional Chinese Medicine herbs for stopping bleeding from haemorrhoids". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (10): CD006791. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006791.pub2. PMID 20927750.
Zhu, X.; Proctor, M.; Bensoussan, A.; Wu, E.; Smith, C. A. (2008). Zhu, Xiaoshu (ed.). "Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD005288. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005288.pub3. PMID 18425916.
Jiang, Lanhui; Deng, Linyu; Wu, Taixiang (2013-03-28). "Chinese medicinal herbs for influenza". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (3): CD004559. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004559.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8957659. PMID 23543533.
Wang, Q.; Yiping, Z.; Jinlin, P.; Tao, Y.; Zhen, T.; Pengcheng, J. (2005). Wang, Qiong (ed.). "Chinese herbal medicines for acute pancreatitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (1): CD003631. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003631.pub2. PMC 8724804. PMID 15674909.
Chen, Tien-Hsi; Chang, Hsien-Cheh; Lue, Kuang-Yang (2009). "Unregulated Trade in Turtle Shells for Chinese Traditional Medicine in East and Southeast Asia: The Case of Taiwan". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 8 (1): 11–18. doi:10.2744/CCB-0747.1. S2CID 86821249.
McGraw, J. B.; Lubbers, A. E.; Van Der Voort, M; Mooney, E. H.; Furedi, M. A.; Souther, S; Turner, J. B.; Chandler, J (2013). "Ecology and conservation of ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in a changing world". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1286 (1): 62–91. Bibcode:2013NYASA1286...62M. doi:10.1111/nyas.12032. PMID 23398402. S2CID 20938136.
Cao, Yu; Pistillo, Onofrio Marco; Lou, Yibin; D'Isita, Ilaria; Maggi, Filippo; Hu, Qiqi; Germinara, Giacinto Salvatore; Li, Can (August 2022). "Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of Stegobium paniceum to volatile compounds from Chinese medicinal plant materials". Pest Management Science. 78 (8): 3697–3703. doi:10.1002/ps.7012. ISSN 1526-498X. PMC 9542140. PMID 35620873.
Zhang, J; Wider, B; Shang, H; Li, X; Ernst, E (2012). "Quality of herbal medicines: Challenges and solutions". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 20 (1–2): 100–6. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2011.09.004. PMID 22305255.
He, Tian-Tian; Lam Ung, Carolina Oi; Hu, Hao; Wang, Yi-Tao (February 2015). "Good manufacturing practice (GMP) regulation of herbal medicine in comparative research: China GMP, cGMP, WHO-GMP, PIC/S and EU-GMP". European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 7 (1): 55–56. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2014.11.007.
Newmaster, S. G.; Grguric, M; Shanmughanandhan, D; Ramalingam, S; Ragupathy, S (2013). "DNA barcoding detects contamination and substitution in North American herbal products". BMC Medicine. 11 (1): 222. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-222. PMC 3851815. PMID 24120035. (Retracted, see doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03504-x, PMID 38965520. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)
Dong, Jingcheng; Lu, Linwei; Le, Jingjing; Yan, Chen; Zhang, Hongying; Li, Lulu (2018). "Philosophical thinking of Chinese Traditional Medicine". Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine. 01 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1142/S2575900018100018.
Ye, Xiao-Bin; Jing, Mi; Liu, Qing-Song (2023). "Exploring the mechanism of Guizhi decoction's "Jun-Chen-Zuo-Shi" in treating plant nervous disorders based on weighted network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques". Drug Combination Therapy. 5 (1): 1. doi:10.53388/DCT20230001. ISSN 2624-3075.
Wu, Leihong; Wang, Yi; Li, Zheng; Zhang, Boli; Cheng, Yiyu; Fan, Xiaohui (2014). "Identifying roles of "Jun-Chen-Zuo-Shi" component herbs of QiShenYiQi formula in treating acute myocardial ischemia by network pharmacology". Chinese Medicine. 9 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/1749-8546-9-24. PMC 4196468. PMID 25342960.
Su, X.; Yao, Z.; Li, S.; Sun, H. (2016). "Synergism of Chinese Herbal Medicine: Illustrated by Danshen Compound". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (1): 1–10. doi:10.1155/2016/7279361. PMC 4846759. PMID 27190537.

efloras.org

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harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

"Hard to swallow". Nature. 448 (7150): 105–6. 2007. Bibcode:2007Natur.448S.105.. doi:10.1038/448106a. PMID 17625521.
Zhao, P.; Wang, C.; Liu, W.; Chen, G.; Liu, X.; Wang, X.; Wang, B.; Yu, L.; Sun, Y.; Liang, X.; Yang, H.; Zhang, F. (2013). Avila, Matias A (ed.). "Causes and Outcomes of Acute Liver Failure in China". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80991. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880991Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080991. PMC 3838343. PMID 24278360.
McGraw, J. B.; Lubbers, A. E.; Van Der Voort, M; Mooney, E. H.; Furedi, M. A.; Souther, S; Turner, J. B.; Chandler, J (2013). "Ecology and conservation of ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in a changing world". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1286 (1): 62–91. Bibcode:2013NYASA1286...62M. doi:10.1111/nyas.12032. PMID 23398402. S2CID 20938136.

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info.gov.hk

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itmonline.org

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jcimjournal.com

Heyadri, Mojtaba; Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem; Ayati, Mohammad Hosein; Quintern, Detlev; Nimrouzi, Majid; Mosavat, Seyed Hamdollah (2015). "The use of Chinese herbal drugs in Islamic medicine". Journal of Integrative Medicine. 13 (6): 363–367. doi:10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60205-9. PMID 26559361. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25.

legislation.gov.hk

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nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"Hard to swallow". Nature. 448 (7150): 105–6. 2007. Bibcode:2007Natur.448S.105.. doi:10.1038/448106a. PMID 17625521.
Shang, A.; Huwiler, K.; Nartey, L.; Jüni, P.; Egger, M. (2007). "Placebo-controlled trials of Chinese herbal medicine and conventional medicine comparative study". International Journal of Epidemiology. 36 (5): 1086–92. doi:10.1093/ije/dym119. PMID 17602184.
Siegfried, N. L; Hughes, G (2012). "Herbal medicine, randomised controlled trials and global core competencies". South African Medical Journal. 102 (12): 912–3. doi:10.7196/samj.6392. PMID 23498035.
Shaw D (2012). "Toxicological risks of Chinese herbs". Planta Medica. 76 (17): 2012–8. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1250533. PMID 21077025.
Heyadri, Mojtaba; Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem; Ayati, Mohammad Hosein; Quintern, Detlev; Nimrouzi, Majid; Mosavat, Seyed Hamdollah (2015). "The use of Chinese herbal drugs in Islamic medicine". Journal of Integrative Medicine. 13 (6): 363–367. doi:10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60205-9. PMID 26559361. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25.
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Hesketh, T; Zhu, WX (1997). "Health in China. Traditional Chinese medicine: One country, two systems". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 315 (7100): 115–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7100.115. PMC 2127090. PMID 9240055.
Ernst, E (November 2000). "Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology". The British Journal of Dermatology. 143 (5): 923–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03822.x. PMID 11069498. S2CID 6036692.
Ernst, E (March 2002). "Toxic heavy metals and undeclared drugs in Asian herbal medicines". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 23 (3): 136–9. doi:10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01972-6. PMID 11879681.
Ko, RJ; Greenwald, MS; Loscutoff, SM; Au, AM; Appel, BR; Kreutzer, RA; Haddon, WF; Jackson, TY; Boo, FO; Presicek, G (1996). "Lethal ingestion of Chinese herbal tea containing ch'an su". The Western Journal of Medicine. 164 (1): 71–5. PMC 1303306. PMID 8779214.
Tsuneo, N; Ma, M; Inagaki, I (1988). "Insect derived crude drugs in the chinese song dynasty". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 24 (2–3): 247–85. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(88)90157-2. PMID 3075674.
Wang, X.P.; Yang, R.M. (2003). "Movement Disorders Possibly Induced by Traditional Chinese Herbs". European Neurology. 50 (3): 153–9. doi:10.1159/000073056. PMID 14530621. S2CID 43878555.
Gill, S. K.; Rieder, M. J. (2008). "Toxicity of a traditional Chinese medicine, Ganoderma lucidum, in children with cancer". Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 15 (2): e275–e285. PMID 18603664.
Efferth T, Kaina B (2011). "Toxicities by herbal medicines with emphasis to traditional Chinese medicine". Curr Drug Metab (Review). 12 (10): 989–96. doi:10.2174/138920011798062328. PMID 21892916.
Ernst E (2002). "Adulteration of Chinese herbal medicines with synthetic drugs: a systematic review". J Intern Med (Systematic Review). 252 (2): 107–13. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.00999.x. PMID 12190885. S2CID 29077682.
Zhao, P.; Wang, C.; Liu, W.; Chen, G.; Liu, X.; Wang, X.; Wang, B.; Yu, L.; Sun, Y.; Liang, X.; Yang, H.; Zhang, F. (2013). Avila, Matias A (ed.). "Causes and Outcomes of Acute Liver Failure in China". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80991. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880991Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080991. PMC 3838343. PMID 24278360.
Zhu, X; Liew, Y; Liu, ZL (15 March 2016). "Chinese herbal medicine for menopausal symptoms". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (5): CD009023. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009023.pub2. PMC 4951187. PMID 26976671.
Liu, X.; Zhang, M.; He, L.; Li, Y. (2012). Li, Youping (ed.). "Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (10): CD004882. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004882.pub3. PMC 6993561. PMID 23076910.
Gan, T.; Liu, Y. D.; Wang, Y.; Yang, J. (2010). Gan, Tao (ed.). "Traditional Chinese Medicine herbs for stopping bleeding from haemorrhoids". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (10): CD006791. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006791.pub2. PMID 20927750.
Zhu, X.; Proctor, M.; Bensoussan, A.; Wu, E.; Smith, C. A. (2008). Zhu, Xiaoshu (ed.). "Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD005288. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005288.pub3. PMID 18425916.
Jiang, Lanhui; Deng, Linyu; Wu, Taixiang (2013-03-28). "Chinese medicinal herbs for influenza". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (3): CD004559. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004559.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8957659. PMID 23543533.
Wang, Q.; Yiping, Z.; Jinlin, P.; Tao, Y.; Zhen, T.; Pengcheng, J. (2005). Wang, Qiong (ed.). "Chinese herbal medicines for acute pancreatitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (1): CD003631. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003631.pub2. PMC 8724804. PMID 15674909.
McGraw, J. B.; Lubbers, A. E.; Van Der Voort, M; Mooney, E. H.; Furedi, M. A.; Souther, S; Turner, J. B.; Chandler, J (2013). "Ecology and conservation of ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in a changing world". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1286 (1): 62–91. Bibcode:2013NYASA1286...62M. doi:10.1111/nyas.12032. PMID 23398402. S2CID 20938136.
Cao, Yu; Pistillo, Onofrio Marco; Lou, Yibin; D'Isita, Ilaria; Maggi, Filippo; Hu, Qiqi; Germinara, Giacinto Salvatore; Li, Can (August 2022). "Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of Stegobium paniceum to volatile compounds from Chinese medicinal plant materials". Pest Management Science. 78 (8): 3697–3703. doi:10.1002/ps.7012. ISSN 1526-498X. PMC 9542140. PMID 35620873.
Zhang, J; Wider, B; Shang, H; Li, X; Ernst, E (2012). "Quality of herbal medicines: Challenges and solutions". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 20 (1–2): 100–6. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2011.09.004. PMID 22305255.
Newmaster, S. G.; Grguric, M; Shanmughanandhan, D; Ramalingam, S; Ragupathy, S (2013). "DNA barcoding detects contamination and substitution in North American herbal products". BMC Medicine. 11 (1): 222. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-222. PMC 3851815. PMID 24120035. (Retracted, see doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03504-x, PMID 38965520. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace {{retracted|...}} with {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}.)
Wu, Leihong; Wang, Yi; Li, Zheng; Zhang, Boli; Cheng, Yiyu; Fan, Xiaohui (2014). "Identifying roles of "Jun-Chen-Zuo-Shi" component herbs of QiShenYiQi formula in treating acute myocardial ischemia by network pharmacology". Chinese Medicine. 9 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/1749-8546-9-24. PMC 4196468. PMID 25342960.
Su, X.; Yao, Z.; Li, S.; Sun, H. (2016). "Synergism of Chinese Herbal Medicine: Illustrated by Danshen Compound". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (1): 1–10. doi:10.1155/2016/7279361. PMC 4846759. PMID 27190537.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hesketh, T; Zhu, WX (1997). "Health in China. Traditional Chinese medicine: One country, two systems". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 315 (7100): 115–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7100.115. PMC 2127090. PMID 9240055.
Ko, RJ; Greenwald, MS; Loscutoff, SM; Au, AM; Appel, BR; Kreutzer, RA; Haddon, WF; Jackson, TY; Boo, FO; Presicek, G (1996). "Lethal ingestion of Chinese herbal tea containing ch'an su". The Western Journal of Medicine. 164 (1): 71–5. PMC 1303306. PMID 8779214.
Zhao, P.; Wang, C.; Liu, W.; Chen, G.; Liu, X.; Wang, X.; Wang, B.; Yu, L.; Sun, Y.; Liang, X.; Yang, H.; Zhang, F. (2013). Avila, Matias A (ed.). "Causes and Outcomes of Acute Liver Failure in China". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80991. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880991Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080991. PMC 3838343. PMID 24278360.
Zhu, X; Liew, Y; Liu, ZL (15 March 2016). "Chinese herbal medicine for menopausal symptoms". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (5): CD009023. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009023.pub2. PMC 4951187. PMID 26976671.
Liu, X.; Zhang, M.; He, L.; Li, Y. (2012). Li, Youping (ed.). "Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (10): CD004882. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004882.pub3. PMC 6993561. PMID 23076910.
Jiang, Lanhui; Deng, Linyu; Wu, Taixiang (2013-03-28). "Chinese medicinal herbs for influenza". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (3): CD004559. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004559.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8957659. PMID 23543533.
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