Kistemaker, Jacob; Yang, Zhengzong (1987). "A New Approach to Traditional Chinese Astronomy". Mapping the Sky: Past Heritage and Future Directions: Proceedings of the 133rd Symposium of the International Astronomical Union: 24. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
This constellation is not documented in Yixiang Kaocheng. I have used this image to reconstruct its fourteen stars.
This constellation is not documented in Yixiang Kaocheng. Sun & Kistemaker (p. 186) identify q Velorum as the principal star, citing the star catalogue of Zhou Cong of the Song Dynasty. I have used this image to reconstruct the constellation. Note than Dong'ou is given the alternative title Barbarians
Polaris is another possible identity of this star. For example, in Song dynasty Taoist text Shangqing Dingbao Dafa: "A bright star located right in the middle [of Gōu Chén] is Tiān Huáng Dà Dì." (其下一大星，正居其中，是為天皇大帝也。 Shangqing Lingbao Dafa Volume 4)
