Christiaan Barnard (English Wikipedia)

The operation that took medicine into the media age, BBC, Ayesha Nathoo (Centre for Medical History, University of Exeter), 3 December 2017. The photo caption incorrectly states Louis Washkansky was the first heart transplant recipient, when in actuality he was second. Boyd Rush with physician James D. Hardy was the first person to receive a heart transplant in 1964.

bmj.com (Global: 1,341^st place; English: 1,425^th place)

pmj.bmj.com

"A tale of two hearts", Postgrad Medical Journal, 27 July 2016. "... HHT [Heterotopic Heart Transplantation] involves transplanting the donor heart without removing the recipient heart, effectively forming a 'double heart'. It was widely used in the pre-cyclosporine era when the donor was not strong enough (eg, the recipient had a much larger body) or the recipient had pre-existing pulmonary hypertension. Christiaan Barnard performed the first HHT ('piggy back' transplant) in 1974 ..."

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Organ Donation, GlobalViewpoints, Margaret Haerens editor, Detroit, New York, San Francisco, New Haven, Conn., Waterville, Maine, U.S.; London, England, UK: Greenhaven Press, 2013.
Calculated Risks: How to Know When Numbers Deceive You, Gerd Gigerenzer, Simon & Schuster, 2002.
A Companion to Bioethics, Second Edition, Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
Every Second Counts, McRae, pages 48–49.
Every Second Counts, McRae, page 51.
Every Second Counts, McRae, page 53.
McRae, Donald (7 August 2007). Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart. Penguin. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4406-2887-0.
Every Second Counts, McRae, page 49.
Every Second Counts, McRae, page 54.
Dictionary of African Biography, Volume 6, Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., editors-in-chief, Barnard, Christiaan Neethling, Anne Digby, Oxford University Press, 2012.
Fricke, T. A.; Konstantinov, I. E. (2013) Dawn and Evolution of Cardiac Procedures, Springer
Lederer, Susan E. (2008). Flesh and Blood: Organ Transplantation and Blood Transfusion in Twentieth-Century America. Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-19-516150-2.
Every Second Counts, McRae, see Ch. 7 "Mississippi Gambling", esp. pages bottom 122 through 127 which talk about the 23 January 1964, operation in which surgeon James Hardy transplanted a chimp's heart into patient Boyd Rush.
Ethics of Scientific Research, Kristin Shrader-Frechette, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994, page 38. Along a similar line, this author states, "Barnard's failure to tell Washkansky's wife that her husband was dying," although it's not clear whether this was pre- or post-transplant.
Every Second Counts, McRae, page 189, "Coert Venter .. [and] Bertie Bosman .. withdrew, stressing that he should take as long as he needed to consider their request. They would understand if he declined to give his consent." Edward Darvall took four minutes to reach his decision, mainly thinking about his daughter, including how she tried to help others. He then told the doctors, "If you can't save my daughter, you must try and save this man."
Every Second Counts, McRae, 2006, page 187.
Every Second Counts, McRae, see page 207 and, regarding publicity in the Soviet Union, pages 208–09 in which Pravda states, "in spite of South Africa's backward place in the community of nations, positive, creative forces seem to thrive there, as proven by the immense feat of Dr. Chris Barnard."

cbheartfoundation.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Foundation – Christiaan Barnard Heart Foundation". Christiaan Barnard Heart Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.

chicagotribune.com (Global: 143^rd place; English: 80^th place)

archives.chicagotribune.com

Philip Blaiberg was dying—this time for certain, Chicago Tribune, Mrs. Philip Blaiberg, 12 October 1969, page 68.

consejoculturalmundial.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"About Us". World Cultural Council. Retrieved 8 November 2016.

ctsnet.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Christiaan N. Barnard". CTSNet. Archived from the original on 17 December 2006. Retrieved 14 January 2025.

cyprus-mail.com (Global: 6,209^th place; English: 4,200^th place)

"Autopsy confirms asthma killed Barnard". Cyprus Mail. 5 September 2001. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.

dailyherald.com (Global: 4,141^st place; English: 2,196^th place)

"Trump comments prompt congresswoman to share assault story". Associated Press. 13 October 2016.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Hoffenberg R (2001). "Christiaan Barnard: his first transplants and their impact on concepts of death". BMJ. 323 (7327): 1478–80. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1478. PMC 1121917. PMID 11751363.
Toledo-Pereyra LH (2010). "Christiaan Barnard". J Invest Surg. 23 (2): 72–78. doi:10.3109/08941939.2010.484321. PMID 20497008. S2CID 44625805. under pioneer surgeons C. Walton Lillehei and Richard L. Varco. Many future distinguished cardiac surgeons, such as Shumway, Cabrol, and many others, were his contemporaries at Minnesota.
Moosa, M.R. (2019). "The state of kidney transplantation in South Africa". South African Medical Journal. 109 (4): 235–240. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i4.13548 (inactive 10 July 2025). ISSN 2078-5135. PMID 31084688. S2CID 132459822.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Hardy, James D.; Chavez, Carlos M.; Kurrus, Fred D.; Neely, William A.; Eraslan, Sadan; Turner, M. Don; Fabian, Leonard W.; Labecki, Thaddeus D. (29 June 1964). "Heart Transplantation in Man: Developmental Studies and Report of a Case". Journal of the American Medical Association. 188 (13): 1132–1140. doi:10.1001/jama.1964.03060390034008. PMID 14163110.
Cooper DK (2012). "A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 25 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1080/08998280.2012.11928783. PMC 3246856. PMID 22275786.
Koretzky, Maya Overby (2016). "'A Change of Heart': Racial Politics, Scientific Metaphor and Coverage of 1968 Interracial Heart Transplants in the African American Press". Social History of Medicine. 30 (2): 408–428. doi:10.1093/shm/hkw052. PMC 5914447. PMID 29713117.
Massad, Malek G. (January 2002). "Christiaan Neethling Barnard (1922–2001)". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 123 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1067/mtc.2002.121042. PMID 11782747.
"Heart and Blood Vessel Surgery", The First Transplant Surgeon, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 13 September 2016, pp. 165–187, doi:10.1142/9789814699389_0007, ISBN 9789814699365
Cooper, D. K. (2018). "Christiaan Barnard—The surgeon who dared: The story of the first human-to-human heart transplant". Global Cardiology Science & Practice. 2018 (2): 11. doi:10.21542/gcsp.2018.11. PMC 6062759. PMID 30083541.

grandroundsjournal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

S Afr Med J, "A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town", Barnard CN, 30 December 1967; 41(48): 1271–74.

haaretz.com (Global: 379^th place; English: 278^th place)

1967: First Heart Transplant Patient Goes Under the Knife, Haaretz, This Day in Jewish History, David B. Green, 3 December 2013. ".. When he was 9, his mother took him [Louis Washkansky] and his three siblings to Cape Town, to join their father, who had come ahead of the family .."

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Barnard, C.N.; Wolpowitz, A.; Losman, J.G. (1 December 1977). "Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass". South African Medical Journal. 52 (26): 1035–1038. hdl:10520/AJA20785135_18333. PMID 416502.

jamanetwork.com (Global: 3,157^th place; English: 3,607^th place)

Hardy, James D.; Chavez, Carlos M.; Kurrus, Fred D.; Neely, William A.; Eraslan, Sadan; Turner, M. Don; Fabian, Leonard W.; Labecki, Thaddeus D. (29 June 1964). "Heart Transplantation in Man: Developmental Studies and Report of a Case". Journal of the American Medical Association. 188 (13): 1132–1140. doi:10.1001/jama.1964.03060390034008. PMID 14163110.

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

Milestones in Cardiac Care, Los Angeles Times, Jill Gottesman, 20 March 1988.

news.google.com (Global: 67^th place; English: 32^nd place)

"Pope Tells Barnard Of 'Heart' Prayers". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh. 30 January 1968. Retrieved 8 October 2016.

nh1.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rep. Annie Kuster tells Concord Monitor famous doctor sexually assaulted her decades ago". NH1. 13 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hoffenberg R (2001). "Christiaan Barnard: his first transplants and their impact on concepts of death". BMJ. 323 (7327): 1478–80. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1478. PMC 1121917. PMID 11751363.
Toledo-Pereyra LH (2010). "Christiaan Barnard". J Invest Surg. 23 (2): 72–78. doi:10.3109/08941939.2010.484321. PMID 20497008. S2CID 44625805. under pioneer surgeons C. Walton Lillehei and Richard L. Varco. Many future distinguished cardiac surgeons, such as Shumway, Cabrol, and many others, were his contemporaries at Minnesota.
Moosa, M.R. (2019). "The state of kidney transplantation in South Africa". South African Medical Journal. 109 (4): 235–240. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i4.13548 (inactive 10 July 2025). ISSN 2078-5135. PMID 31084688. S2CID 132459822.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Hardy, James D.; Chavez, Carlos M.; Kurrus, Fred D.; Neely, William A.; Eraslan, Sadan; Turner, M. Don; Fabian, Leonard W.; Labecki, Thaddeus D. (29 June 1964). "Heart Transplantation in Man: Developmental Studies and Report of a Case". Journal of the American Medical Association. 188 (13): 1132–1140. doi:10.1001/jama.1964.03060390034008. PMID 14163110.
Cooper DK (2012). "A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 25 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1080/08998280.2012.11928783. PMC 3246856. PMID 22275786.
Koretzky, Maya Overby (2016). "'A Change of Heart': Racial Politics, Scientific Metaphor and Coverage of 1968 Interracial Heart Transplants in the African American Press". Social History of Medicine. 30 (2): 408–428. doi:10.1093/shm/hkw052. PMC 5914447. PMID 29713117.
Barnard, C.N.; Wolpowitz, A.; Losman, J.G. (1 December 1977). "Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass". South African Medical Journal. 52 (26): 1035–1038. hdl:10520/AJA20785135_18333. PMID 416502.
Massad, Malek G. (January 2002). "Christiaan Neethling Barnard (1922–2001)". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 123 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1067/mtc.2002.121042. PMID 11782747.
Cooper, D. K. (2018). "Christiaan Barnard—The surgeon who dared: The story of the first human-to-human heart transplant". Global Cardiology Science & Practice. 2018 (2): 11. doi:10.21542/gcsp.2018.11. PMC 6062759. PMID 30083541.
Brink JG, Hassoulas J (2009). "The first human heart transplant and further advances in cardiac transplantation at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town – with reference to : the operation. A human cardiac transplant : an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town". Cardiovasc J Afr. 20 (1): 31–5. PMC 4200566. PMID 19287813.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hoffenberg R (2001). "Christiaan Barnard: his first transplants and their impact on concepts of death". BMJ. 323 (7327): 1478–80. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1478. PMC 1121917. PMID 11751363.
Cooper DK (2012). "A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 25 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1080/08998280.2012.11928783. PMC 3246856. PMID 22275786.
Koretzky, Maya Overby (2016). "'A Change of Heart': Racial Politics, Scientific Metaphor and Coverage of 1968 Interracial Heart Transplants in the African American Press". Social History of Medicine. 30 (2): 408–428. doi:10.1093/shm/hkw052. PMC 5914447. PMID 29713117.
Cooper, D. K. (2018). "Christiaan Barnard—The surgeon who dared: The story of the first human-to-human heart transplant". Global Cardiology Science & Practice. 2018 (2): 11. doi:10.21542/gcsp.2018.11. PMC 6062759. PMID 30083541.
Brink JG, Hassoulas J (2009). "The first human heart transplant and further advances in cardiac transplantation at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town – with reference to : the operation. A human cardiac transplant : an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town". Cardiovasc J Afr. 20 (1): 31–5. PMC 4200566. PMID 19287813.

profiles.nlm.nih.gov

"The Adrian Kantrowitz Papers, Replacing Hearts: Left Ventricle Assist Devices and Transplants, 1960–1970". U.S. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. 12 March 2019. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. ...Two Stanford surgeons, Norman Shumway and Richard Lower, had started transplanting dog hearts while experimenting with hypothermia during the late 1950s...

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Altman, Lawrence K. (3 September 2001). "Christiaan Barnard, 78, Surgeon For First Heart Transplant, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
"James D. Hardy, 84, Dies; Paved Way for Transplants – Obituary; Biography". The New York Times. 21 February 2003. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
Wines, Michael (27 August 2005). "Accounts of South African's Career Now Seen as Overstated". The New York Times.
"Dirk van Zyl, 68; Had '71 Transplant". The New York Times. 7 July 1994. Retrieved 28 March 2009.

sabcnews.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

ABRAHAMS, JOHANN (2 June 2009). "THE HAMILTON NAKI STORY" (PDF). sabcnews.co.za. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011.

sahistory.org.za (Global: 2,349^th place; English: 1,541^st place)

Christiaan Neethling Barnard, South African History Online, updated 11 January 2017.

samj.org.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

Transplantation of the heart: An overview of 40 years' clinical and research experience at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, South African Medical Journal, "Part I. Surgical experience and clinical studies." J Hassoulas, Vol. 102, No. 6 (2012).

sciencemuseum.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 8,101^st place)

Louis Washkansky (1913–1967) Archived 4 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Science Museum. Louis was born in Lithuania in 1913 and moved to South Africa in 1922.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

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Toledo-Pereyra LH (2010). "Christiaan Barnard". J Invest Surg. 23 (2): 72–78. doi:10.3109/08941939.2010.484321. PMID 20497008. S2CID 44625805. under pioneer surgeons C. Walton Lillehei and Richard L. Varco. Many future distinguished cardiac surgeons, such as Shumway, Cabrol, and many others, were his contemporaries at Minnesota.
Moosa, M.R. (2019). "The state of kidney transplantation in South Africa". South African Medical Journal. 109 (4): 235–240. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i4.13548 (inactive 10 July 2025). ISSN 2078-5135. PMID 31084688. S2CID 132459822.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; English: 27^th place)

"James Hardy". Obituary. The Daily Telegraph. 20 March 2003.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

McRae, Donald (25 June 2006). "A new heart, a new era". The Guardian.
Smith, David (31 May 2009). "Film on black surgeon in first heart transplant team rekindles controversy". The Guardian. Refers to documentary film Hidden Heart about Hamilton Naki.
Cooper, David K. C. (3 September 2001). "Obituary: Christiaan Barnard". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

content.time.com

"Surgery: Progress, Then a Setback". Time. 22 December 1967. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 1 May 2022.

ucalgary.ca (Global: 3,492^nd place; English: 2,416^th place)

dspace.ucalgary.ca

Major Medical Milestones Leading Up to the FirstHuman Heart Transplantation Archived 14 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Kate Elzinga, from Proceedings of the 18th Annual History of Medicine Days Conference 2009: The University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Alberta, Canada, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011. ".. following Barnard's landmark heart transplantation on December 3, 1967, 107 human heart transplants were performed by 64 surgical teams in 24 countries in 1968. . "

umc.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Dr. James D. Hardy". University of Mississippi Medical Center.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

usnews.com (Global: 720^th place; English: 417^th place)

"Trump comments prompt congresswoman to share assault story". Archived from the original on 14 October 2016.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

"Heart Surgeon Christiaan Barnard Dies". The Washington Post. 3 September 2001. Retrieved 16 March 2021.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Louis Washkansky (1913–1967) Archived 4 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Science Museum. Louis was born in Lithuania in 1913 and moved to South Africa in 1922.
"Christiaan N. Barnard". CTSNet. Archived from the original on 17 December 2006. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
"The Adrian Kantrowitz Papers, Replacing Hearts: Left Ventricle Assist Devices and Transplants, 1960–1970". U.S. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. 12 March 2019. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. ...Two Stanford surgeons, Norman Shumway and Richard Lower, had started transplanting dog hearts while experimenting with hypothermia during the late 1950s...
ABRAHAMS, JOHANN (2 June 2009). "THE HAMILTON NAKI STORY" (PDF). sabcnews.co.za. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011.
Major Medical Milestones Leading Up to the FirstHuman Heart Transplantation Archived 14 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Kate Elzinga, from Proceedings of the 18th Annual History of Medicine Days Conference 2009: The University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Alberta, Canada, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011. ".. following Barnard's landmark heart transplantation on December 3, 1967, 107 human heart transplants were performed by 64 surgical teams in 24 countries in 1968. . "
Barnard, Christiaan (1–14 November 1997). "'It's the quality of survival that's important'". Frontline: India's National Magazine. Vol. 14, no. 22. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007.
"Christiaan Barnard, celebrated pioneer of heart transplant surgery, dies aged 78", The Independent, 3 September 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
"Christiaan Barnard Biography". Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
"Rep. Annie Kuster tells Concord Monitor famous doctor sexually assaulted her decades ago". NH1. 13 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
"Trump comments prompt congresswoman to share assault story". Archived from the original on 14 October 2016.
"The Foundation – Christiaan Barnard Heart Foundation". Christiaan Barnard Heart Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
"Autopsy confirms asthma killed Barnard". Cyprus Mail. 5 September 2001. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

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Moosa, M.R. (2019). "The state of kidney transplantation in South Africa". South African Medical Journal. 109 (4): 235–240. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i4.13548 (inactive 10 July 2025). ISSN 2078-5135. PMID 31084688. S2CID 132459822.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
"Surgery: Progress, Then a Setback". Time. 22 December 1967. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 1 May 2022.

Christiaan Barnard (English Wikipedia)

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