Christian theology (English Wikipedia)

Bobichon, Philippe. "Philippe Bobichon, Millénarisme et orthodoxie dans les écrits de Justin Martyr". In Mélanges Sur la Question Millénariste de l'Antiquité À Nos Jours, Martin Dumont (Dir.) [Bibliothèque d'Étude des Mondes Chrétiens, 11], Paris, 2018, P. 61-82. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.

allaboutjesuschrist.org

"What do you think?". AllAboutJesusChrist.org. Retrieved 5 October 2008.

apostoliki-diakonia.gr

The term "ancestral sin" is also used, as in Greek προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία (e.g. Πόλεμος και φτώχεια– η ορθόδοξη άποψη, Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Η νηστεία της Σαρακοστής Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Πώς στράφηκε ο Λούθηρος κατά του Μοναχισμού– του Γεωργίου Φλωρόφσκυ Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine) or προπατορικὸ ἁμάρτημα (e.g. Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά– Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου, εκδ. Αποστολικής Διακονίας, 1997, σελ. 156–161 Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Θεοτόκος και προπατορικό αμάρτημα Archived 27 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine)

archive.org

Olson, Roger E. (1999). The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1505-0.
Stagg, Frank (1962). New Testament Theology. Broadman Press. p. 38 ff. ISBN 978-0-8054-1613-8.
Grudem, Wayne A. (1994). Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-28670-0.
Lambert, J. C. (1978). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (reprint ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 0-8028-8045-2.

archive.today

"Biblical Reference: John 3:18". Ibs.org. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

bartleby.com

cf. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition 2000 Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine

bible.cc

"Parallel Translations". Bible.cc. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

biblegateway.com

2 Pet 1:20–21 Archived 11 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
"Bible Gateway passage: Revelation 21:1-4 - New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
"Bible Gateway passage: Revelation 20:7-10 - New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
"Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 45:7 – King James Version". Bible Gateway.
Paul's Epistle to the Romans, chapter 3 verse 23

biblicalhorizons.com

The Westminster Shorter Catechism's definition of God is merely an enumeration of his attributes: "God is a Spirit, infinite, eternal, and unchangeable in his being, wisdom, power, holiness, justice, goodness, and truth."Westminster Shorter Catechism, Question and Answer 4. The Westminster Larger Catechism adds certain attributes to this description, such as "all-sufficient", "incomprehensible", "every where present" and "knowing all things". Westminster Larger Catechism, Question and Answer 7. This answer has been criticised, however, as having "nothing specifically Christian about it."James B. Jordan, "What is God? Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine," Biblical Horizons Newsletter, No. 82.

bookofconcord.org

The Book of Concord, "The Thorough Declaration of the Formula of Concord," chapter II, sections 11 and 12 Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine; The Augsburg Confession, Article 2 Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Augsburg Confessional, Article XVIII, Of Free Will, saying: "(M)an's will has some liberty to choose civil righteousness, and to work things subject to reason. But it has no power, without the Holy Ghost, to work the righteousness of God, that is, spiritual righteousness; since the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God (1 Cor. 2:14); but this righteousness is wrought in the heart when the Holy Ghost is received through the Word."

books.google.com

Entwistle, David N. (30 June 2015). Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity. Cascade Books. p. 148. ISBN 9781498223485.
Compare: Jenson, Robert W. (1997). "1: What Systematic Theology Is About". Systematic Theology. Vol. 1: The Triune God (revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2001). p. 22. ISBN 9780195145984. Retrieved 5 February 2019. Systematic theology is so called because it takes up questions posed not only by current urgency but also by perceived inherent connections of the faith. Thus systematic theology may raise problems that have not yet emerged in the church's life, and maintain discussions whose immediate ecclesial-pastoral challenge is in abeyance. [...] 'Systematic' theology is [...] concerned with the truth of the gospel, whether dogmatically defined or not.
Dr, STEVE ESOMBA (6 June 2012). THE BOOK OF LIFE, KNOWLEDGE AND CONFIDENCE. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4717-3463-2.
Compare: "Bible Infallibility - 'Evangelical' Defenders of the Faith". The Westminster Review. 75. Leonard Scott Publication: 49. January 1861. Retrieved 6 September 2020. [...] the doctrine of the infallibility of the Bible, a doctrine which, according to Mr. Ayre and his school, the apostles held and Christ sanctioned; which from the earliest times the Church has adopted, and which the plenary as well as the verbal inspirationists still maintain.
Kesich, Veselin (2007). Formation and struggles : the church, A.D. 33–450. Crestwood, N.Y.: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-88141-319-9.
Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000). "Cherubim". Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.
Kim, Kirsteen; Fitchett-Climenhaga, Alison (2022). "Introduction to Mission Studies: Analyzing Missiology's Current Configuration and Charting Future Prospects". In Kim, Kirsteen; Jørgensen, Knud; Fitchett-Climenhaga, Alison (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Mission Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-256757-4.
Morreau, A. S. (2001). "Missiology". In Elwell, Walter A. (ed.). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. pp. 780–783. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9.

britannica.com

Encyclopædia Britannica: Purgatory in world religions: Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine "The idea of purification or temporary punishment after death has ancient roots and is well-attested in early Christian literature. The conception of purgatory as a geographically situated place is largely the achievement of medieval Christian piety and imagination."
Encyclopædia Britannica. "Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v. Eucharist". Britannica.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
"Most Christian traditions also teach that Jesus is present in the Eucharist in some special way, though they disagree about the mode, the locus, and the time of that presence" (Encyclopædia Britannica Online) Archived 19 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

britishorthodox.org

"The Oriental Orthodox Rejection of Chalcedon". Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2006.

catholic.com

forums.catholic.com

See discussion at http://forums.catholic.com/showthread.php?p=3322510 Archived 9 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, where a.o. Hebrews 12:22–24 is quoted.

ccel.org

"Tertullian, Against Praxeas, chapter II". Ccel.org. 1 June 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
* The Seven Ecumenical Councils Archived 29 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, from the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, vols. 2–14 (CCEL.org) Contains detailed statements from each of these councils. The First Council of Nicaea, Council of Ephesus and Council of Chalcedon are the "First," "Third" and "Fourth" Ecumenical Councils, respectively.
First Apology Archived 31 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 65–67

chabad.org

"Browse by Subject". www.chabad.org.

doi.org

Coleman (1975). "Biblical Inerrancy: Are We Going Anywhere?". Theology Today. 31 (4): 295–303. doi:10.1177/004057367503100404. S2CID 170389190.

dts.edu

library.dts.edu

Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy (1978), Online text Archived 17 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine: "Article XI
We affirm that Scripture, having been given by divine inspiration, is infallible, so that, far from misleading us, it is true and reliable in all the matters it addresses."

earlychristianwritings.com

"Athenagoras of Athens: A Plea for the Christians". Earlychristianwritings.com. 2 February 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
" ... (t)he eucharist is the flesh of our Saviour Jesus Christ, which flesh suffered for our sins, and which in His loving-kindness the Father raised up. ... Let that eucharist alone be considered valid which is under the bishop or him to whom he commits it. ... It is not lawful apart from the bishop either to baptize, or to hold a love-feast. But whatsoever he approves, that also is well-pleasing to God, that everything which you do may be secure and valid." Letter to the Smyrnaeans, 6, 8 Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine "Give heed to keep one Eucharist. For there is one flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ, and one cup unto union with His blood. There is one altar, as there is one bishop, together with the presbytery and deacons, my fellow-servants; that whatsoever you do, you may do according unto God."Letter to the Philadelphians, 4 Archived 29 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine

eauk.org

"The Nature of Hell. Conclusions and Recommendations". Evangelical Alliance. 2000. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

encyclopedia.com

Providence Archived 17 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions.

etymonline.com

"Etymology Online: Christ". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
"Etymonline.com". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

ewtn.com

"Advent Prayer and the Incarnation". Ewtn.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

ibs.org

"Biblical Reference: John 3:18". Ibs.org. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

jewishencyclopedia.com

"GEHENNA - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com.

lbk.cc

arkiv.lbk.cc

"WELS vs Assembly of God". WELS Topical Q&A. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. [P]eople by nature are dead in their transgressions and sin and therefore have no ability to decide of Christ (Ephesians 2:1, 5). We do not choose Christ, rather he chose us (John 15:16) We believe that human beings are purely passive in conversion.

merriam-webster.com

"soteriology– Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 25 April 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
"Bishop– Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 25 April 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

monipetraki.gr

The term "ancestral sin" is also used, as in Greek προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία (e.g. Πόλεμος και φτώχεια– η ορθόδοξη άποψη, Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Η νηστεία της Σαρακοστής Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Πώς στράφηκε ο Λούθηρος κατά του Μοναχισμού– του Γεωργίου Φλωρόφσκυ Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine) or προπατορικὸ ἁμάρτημα (e.g. Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά– Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου, εκδ. Αποστολικής Διακονίας, 1997, σελ. 156–161 Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Θεοτόκος και προπατορικό αμάρτημα Archived 27 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine)

mormon.org

See, for instance, LDS Life After Death Archived 14 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine

nd.edu

www2.nd.edu

"Jacques Maritain Center: GC 4.54". .nd.edu. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

newadvent.org

Catholic Encyclopedia: Canon of the New Testament Archived 18 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine: "The idea of a complete and clear-cut canon of the New Testament existing from the beginning, that is from Apostolic times, has no foundation in history."
"Catholic Encyclopedia:Holy Spirit".
Though the term "born again" is most frequently used by evangelical Christians, most denominations do consider that the new Christian is a "new creation" and "born again". See for example the Catholic Encyclopedia [1] Archived 28 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Forget, Jacques (1910). "Jansenius and Jansenism". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
Catholic Encyclopaedia: "Sacraments" http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13295a.htm Archived 14 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine

nnu.edu

wesley.nnu.edu

H. Orton Wiley, Christian Theology Chapter 22 [resource online] (Nampa, Idaho: 1993–2005, accessed 3 June 2006); available from http://wesley.nnu.edu/holiness_tradition/wiley/wiley-2-22.htm Archived 18 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine

oca.org

The Sacraments http://www.oca.org/QA.asp?ID=122&SID=3 Archived 17 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine

oed.com

"inspire". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

oikoumene.org

For example, Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglo-Catholics, Old Catholics; and cf. the presentation of the Eucharist as a sacrament in the Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry document Archived 9 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine of the World Council of Churches

online-literature.com

"Online-Literature.com". Online-Literature.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

oodegr.com

The term "ancestral sin" is also used, as in Greek προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία (e.g. Πόλεμος και φτώχεια– η ορθόδοξη άποψη, Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Η νηστεία της Σαρακοστής Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Πώς στράφηκε ο Λούθηρος κατά του Μοναχισμού– του Γεωργίου Φλωρόφσκυ Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine) or προπατορικὸ ἁμάρτημα (e.g. Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά– Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου, εκδ. Αποστολικής Διακονίας, 1997, σελ. 156–161 Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Θεοτόκος και προπατορικό αμάρτημα Archived 27 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine)

oremus.org

bible.oremus.org

John 4:24
1 Jn 5:7
Heb 1:2–5, Gal 4:1–7
Mt. 11:27
Eph 3:15
"God sent forth His Son... that we might receive the adoption as sons. And because you are sons, God has sent forth the Spirit of His Son into your hearts crying out, "Abba, Father!" Therefore you are no longer a slave but a son, and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ."; Galatians 4:4–7
Heb. 1:2–5
John 1:1
Matthew 1:18–25, Luke 1:35, Luke 3:23
Matt 16:16
Rom 1:3–4
Compare.Galatians 4:4;Jn 1:1–14;5:18–25;10:30–38
Jn 17:3
Mark 1:10
Mark 3:28–30, Matthew 12:30–32, Luke 12:8–10
1 Cor 3:16
Jn 14:26
Rom 12:6–8
Acts 1:4–8
John 3:16
(1 Corinthians 11:23–25

parembasis.gr

The term "ancestral sin" is also used, as in Greek προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία (e.g. Πόλεμος και φτώχεια– η ορθόδοξη άποψη, Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Η νηστεία της Σαρακοστής Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Πώς στράφηκε ο Λούθηρος κατά του Μοναχισμού– του Γεωργίου Φλωρόφσκυ Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine) or προπατορικὸ ἁμάρτημα (e.g. Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά– Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου, εκδ. Αποστολικής Διακονίας, 1997, σελ. 156–161 Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Θεοτόκος και προπατορικό αμάρτημα Archived 27 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine)

pelagia.org

The term "ancestral sin" is also used, as in Greek προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία (e.g. Πόλεμος και φτώχεια– η ορθόδοξη άποψη, Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Η νηστεία της Σαρακοστής Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Πώς στράφηκε ο Λούθηρος κατά του Μοναχισμού– του Γεωργίου Φλωρόφσκυ Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine) or προπατορικὸ ἁμάρτημα (e.g. Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά– Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου, εκδ. Αποστολικής Διακονίας, 1997, σελ. 156–161 Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Θεοτόκος και προπατορικό αμάρτημα Archived 27 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine)

reference.com

dictionary.reference.com

"hell– Definitions from Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
Soteriology. Dictionary.com. WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Soteriology Archived 13 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine (accessed: 2 March 2008).

reformed.org

John Calvin, Calvins Calvinism BOOK II Chapter 15 Centers for Reformed Theology and Apologetics [resource online] (1996–2002, accessed 3 June 2006);available from http://www.reformed.org/books/institutes/books/book2/bk2ch15.html#one.htm Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
The Book of Concord, "The Thorough Declaration of the Formula of Concord," chapter II, sections 11 and 12 Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine; The Augsburg Confession, Article 2 Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Canons of Dordrecht, "The Third and Fourth Main Points of Doctrine" Archived 29 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine; Westminster Confession of Faith, chapter 6 Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine; Westminster Larger Catechism, Question 25 Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine; Heidelberg Catechism, question 8 Archived 3 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine
The Westminster Confession of Faith, 9.3 Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine

scborromeo.org

"CCC Search Result– Paragraph # 291". Scborromeo.org. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

scripturetext.com

"ScriptureText.com". ScriptureText.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Coleman (1975). "Biblical Inerrancy: Are We Going Anywhere?". Theology Today. 31 (4): 295–303. doi:10.1177/004057367503100404. S2CID 170389190.

spurgeon.org

Spurgeon, Charles H. "The Comforter", 1855. Online: http://www.spurgeon.org/sermons/0005.htm Archived 27 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 29 April 2009

stanford.edu

plato.stanford.edu

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil Archived 6 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine", Michael Tooley

thefreedictionary.com

Monergism; thefreedictionary.com

thirdmill.org

Ra McLaughlin. "Total Depravity, part 1". Reformed Perspectives. Retrieved 14 July 2008. [Any person] can do outwardly good works, but these works come from a heart that hates God, and therefore fail to meet God's righteous standards.

ucalgary.ca

Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion "Sacrament" obtained at https://www.ucalgary.ca/~nurelweb/concise/WORDS-S.html Archived 3 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine

umc.org

"What happens after a person dies?". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 10 March 2011. Purgatory is believed to be a place where the souls of the faithful dead endure a period of purification and cleansing, aided by the prayers of the living, prior to their entrance into heaven. Although John Wesley believed in an intermediate state between death and the final judgment, that idea is not formally affirmed in Methodist doctrine, which "reject the idea of purgatory but beyond that maintain silence on what lies between death and the last judgment." (Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials by Ted A. Campbell)

umd.edu

esoptron.umd.edu

Orthodox Confession of Faith Archived 21 April 1999 at the Wayback Machine, questions 64–66.

umportal.org

Robin Russell. "Heavenly minded: It's time to get our eschatology right, say scholars, authors". UM Portal. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011. John Wesley believed in the intermediate state between death and the final judgment "where believers would share in the 'bosom of Abraham' or 'paradise,' even continuing to grow in holiness there," writes Ted Campbell, a professor at Perkins School of Theology, in his 1999 book Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials (Abingdon). That view has not been officially affirmed by the Church.

utm.edu

iep.utm.edu

"Thomas Aquinas (1224/6—1274)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil Archived 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine", Nick Trakakis

vatican.va

Catechism of the Catholic Church, Inspiration and Truth of Sacred Scripture (§105–108) Archived 9 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God Archived 21 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine,(23 July 2004), International Theological Commission, La Civiltà Cattolica 2004, IV, 254–286

web.archive.org

2 Pet 1:20–21 Archived 11 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
Catechism of the Catholic Church, Inspiration and Truth of Sacred Scripture (§105–108) Archived 9 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Heinrich Bullinger's Second Helvetic Confession (1566), Of the Holy Scripture Being the True Word of God - "We believe and confess the canonical Scriptures of the holy prophets and apostles of both Testaments to be the true Word of God, and to have sufficient authority of themselves, not of men. [...] And in this Holy Scripture, the universal Church of Christ has the most complete exposition of all that pertains to a saving faith, and also to the framing of a life acceptable to God [...]."
Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy (1978), Online text Archived 17 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine: "Article XI
We affirm that Scripture, having been given by divine inspiration, is infallible, so that, far from misleading us, it is true and reliable in all the matters it addresses."
Catechism of the Catholic Church: "Catechism of the Catholic Church - Sacred Scripture". Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - "107 The inspired books teach the truth. 'Since therefore all that the inspired authors or sacred writers affirm should be regarded as affirmed by the Holy Spirit, we must acknowledge that the books of Scripture firmly, faithfully, and without error teach that truth which God, for the sake of our salvation, wished to see confided to the Sacred Scriptures.'"
Catholic Encyclopedia: Canon of the New Testament Archived 18 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine: "The idea of a complete and clear-cut canon of the New Testament existing from the beginning, that is from Apostolic times, has no foundation in history."
The Westminster Shorter Catechism's definition of God is merely an enumeration of his attributes: "God is a Spirit, infinite, eternal, and unchangeable in his being, wisdom, power, holiness, justice, goodness, and truth."Westminster Shorter Catechism, Question and Answer 4. The Westminster Larger Catechism adds certain attributes to this description, such as "all-sufficient", "incomprehensible", "every where present" and "knowing all things". Westminster Larger Catechism, Question and Answer 7. This answer has been criticised, however, as having "nothing specifically Christian about it."James B. Jordan, "What is God? Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine," Biblical Horizons Newsletter, No. 82.
Providence Archived 17 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions.
Encyclopædia Britannica: Purgatory in world religions: Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine "The idea of purification or temporary punishment after death has ancient roots and is well-attested in early Christian literature. The conception of purgatory as a geographically situated place is largely the achievement of medieval Christian piety and imagination."
"Jacques Maritain Center: GC 4.54". .nd.edu. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
* The Seven Ecumenical Councils Archived 29 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, from the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, vols. 2–14 (CCEL.org) Contains detailed statements from each of these councils. The First Council of Nicaea, Council of Ephesus and Council of Chalcedon are the "First," "Third" and "Fourth" Ecumenical Councils, respectively.
"The Oriental Orthodox Rejection of Chalcedon". Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
John Calvin, Calvins Calvinism BOOK II Chapter 15 Centers for Reformed Theology and Apologetics [resource online] (1996–2002, accessed 3 June 2006);available from http://www.reformed.org/books/institutes/books/book2/bk2ch15.html#one.htm Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
H. Orton Wiley, Christian Theology Chapter 22 [resource online] (Nampa, Idaho: 1993–2005, accessed 3 June 2006); available from http://wesley.nnu.edu/holiness_tradition/wiley/wiley-2-22.htm Archived 18 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Spurgeon, Charles H. "The Comforter", 1855. Online: http://www.spurgeon.org/sermons/0005.htm Archived 27 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 29 April 2009
Though the term "born again" is most frequently used by evangelical Christians, most denominations do consider that the new Christian is a "new creation" and "born again". See for example the Catholic Encyclopedia [1] Archived 28 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God Archived 21 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine,(23 July 2004), International Theological Commission, La Civiltà Cattolica 2004, IV, 254–286
See discussion at http://forums.catholic.com/showthread.php?p=3322510 Archived 9 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, where a.o. Hebrews 12:22–24 is quoted.
Robin Russell. "Heavenly minded: It's time to get our eschatology right, say scholars, authors". UM Portal. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011. John Wesley believed in the intermediate state between death and the final judgment "where believers would share in the 'bosom of Abraham' or 'paradise,' even continuing to grow in holiness there," writes Ted Campbell, a professor at Perkins School of Theology, in his 1999 book Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials (Abingdon). That view has not been officially affirmed by the Church.
Orthodox Confession of Faith Archived 21 April 1999 at the Wayback Machine, questions 64–66.
See, for instance, LDS Life After Death Archived 14 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
"The Nature of Hell. Conclusions and Recommendations". Evangelical Alliance. 2000. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil Archived 6 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine", Michael Tooley
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil Archived 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine", Nick Trakakis
The term "ancestral sin" is also used, as in Greek προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία (e.g. Πόλεμος και φτώχεια– η ορθόδοξη άποψη, Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Η νηστεία της Σαρακοστής Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Πώς στράφηκε ο Λούθηρος κατά του Μοναχισμού– του Γεωργίου Φλωρόφσκυ Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine) or προπατορικὸ ἁμάρτημα (e.g. Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά– Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου, εκδ. Αποστολικής Διακονίας, 1997, σελ. 156–161 Archived 21 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Θεοτόκος και προπατορικό αμάρτημα Archived 27 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine)
The Book of Concord, "The Thorough Declaration of the Formula of Concord," chapter II, sections 11 and 12 Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine; The Augsburg Confession, Article 2 Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Canons of Dordrecht, "The Third and Fourth Main Points of Doctrine" Archived 29 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine; Westminster Confession of Faith, chapter 6 Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine; Westminster Larger Catechism, Question 25 Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine; Heidelberg Catechism, question 8 Archived 3 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine
The Westminster Confession of Faith, 9.3 Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
"Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2015. "Total Depravity – Lutherans and Calvinists agree." Yes this is correct. Both agree on the devastating nature of the fall and that man by nature has no power to aid in his conversions...and that election to salvation is by grace. In Lutheranism the German term for election is Gnadenwahl, election by grace--there is no other kind.
Soteriology. Dictionary.com. WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Soteriology Archived 13 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine (accessed: 2 March 2008).
"WELS vs Assembly of God". WELS Topical Q&A. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. [P]eople by nature are dead in their transgressions and sin and therefore have no ability to decide of Christ (Ephesians 2:1, 5). We do not choose Christ, rather he chose us (John 15:16) We believe that human beings are purely passive in conversion.
"Justification / Salvation". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2015. Romans 3:23-24, 5:9, 18 are other passages that lead us to say that it is most appropriate and accurate to say that universal justification is a finished fact. God has forgiven the sins of the whole world whether people believe it or not. He has done more than "made forgiveness possible." All this is for the sake of the perfect substitutionary work of Jesus Christ.
"Universal Justification". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Christ paid for all our sins. God the Father has therefore forgiven them. But to benefit from this verdict we need to hear about it and trust in it. If I deposit money in the bank for you, to benefit from it you need to hear about it and use it. Christ has paid for your sins, but to benefit from it you need to hear about it and believe in it. We need to have faith but we should not think of faith as our contribution. It is a gift of God which the Holy Spirit works in us.
"Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
"Once saved always saved". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2015. People can fall from faith. The Bible warns, "If you think you are standing firm, be careful that you don't fall" (1 Corinthians 10:12). Some among the Galatians had believed for a while, but had fallen into soul-destroying error. Paul warned them, "You who are trying to be justified by law have been alienated from Christ; you have fallen away from grace" (Galatians 5:4). In his explanation of the parable of the sower, Jesus says, "Those on the rock are the ones who receive the word with joy when they hear it, but they have no root. They believe for a while, but in time of testing they fall away" (Luke 8:13). According to Jesus a person can believe for a while and then fall away. While they believed they possessed eternal salvation, but when they fell from faith they lost God's gracious gift.
"Perseverence of the Saints (Once Saved Always Saved)". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2015. We cannot contribute one speck to our salvation, but by our own arrogance or carelessness we can throw it away. Therefore, Scripture urges us repeatedly to fight the good fight of faith (Ephesians 6 and 2 Timothy 4 for example). My sins threaten and weaken my faith, but the Spirit through the gospel in word and sacraments strengthens and preserves my faith. That's why Lutherans typically speak of God's preservation of faith and not the perseverance of the saints. The key is not our perseverance but the Spirit's preservation.
Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion "Sacrament" obtained at https://www.ucalgary.ca/~nurelweb/concise/WORDS-S.html Archived 3 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Catholic Encyclopaedia: "Sacraments" http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13295a.htm Archived 14 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
The Sacraments http://www.oca.org/QA.asp?ID=122&SID=3 Archived 17 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
cf. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition 2000 Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
" ... (t)he eucharist is the flesh of our Saviour Jesus Christ, which flesh suffered for our sins, and which in His loving-kindness the Father raised up. ... Let that eucharist alone be considered valid which is under the bishop or him to whom he commits it. ... It is not lawful apart from the bishop either to baptize, or to hold a love-feast. But whatsoever he approves, that also is well-pleasing to God, that everything which you do may be secure and valid." Letter to the Smyrnaeans, 6, 8 Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine "Give heed to keep one Eucharist. For there is one flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ, and one cup unto union with His blood. There is one altar, as there is one bishop, together with the presbytery and deacons, my fellow-servants; that whatsoever you do, you may do according unto God."Letter to the Philadelphians, 4 Archived 29 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
First Apology Archived 31 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 65–67
For example, Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglo-Catholics, Old Catholics; and cf. the presentation of the Eucharist as a sacrament in the Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry document Archived 9 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine of the World Council of Churches
"Most Christian traditions also teach that Jesus is present in the Eucharist in some special way, though they disagree about the mode, the locus, and the time of that presence" (Encyclopædia Britannica Online) Archived 19 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Bobichon, Philippe. "Philippe Bobichon, Millénarisme et orthodoxie dans les écrits de Justin Martyr". In Mélanges Sur la Question Millénariste de l'Antiquité À Nos Jours, Martin Dumont (Dir.) [Bibliothèque d'Étude des Mondes Chrétiens, 11], Paris, 2018, P. 61-82. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.

wels.net

"Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2015. "Total Depravity – Lutherans and Calvinists agree." Yes this is correct. Both agree on the devastating nature of the fall and that man by nature has no power to aid in his conversions...and that election to salvation is by grace. In Lutheranism the German term for election is Gnadenwahl, election by grace--there is no other kind.
"Justification / Salvation". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2015. Romans 3:23-24, 5:9, 18 are other passages that lead us to say that it is most appropriate and accurate to say that universal justification is a finished fact. God has forgiven the sins of the whole world whether people believe it or not. He has done more than "made forgiveness possible." All this is for the sake of the perfect substitutionary work of Jesus Christ.
"IV. Justification by Grace through Faith". This We Believe. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Retrieved 5 February 2015. We believe that God has justified all sinners, that is, he has declared them righteous for the sake of Christ. This is the central message of Scripture upon which the very existence of the church depends. It is a message relevant to people of all times and places, of all races and social levels, for "the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men" (Romans 5:18]). All need forgiveness of sins before God, and Scripture proclaims that all have been justified, for "the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men" (Romans 5:18). We believe that individuals receive this free gift of forgiveness not on the basis of their own works, but only through faith (Ephesians 2:8–9). ... On the other hand, although Jesus died for all, Scripture says that "whoever does not believe will be condemned" (Mark 16:16). Unbelievers forfeit the forgiveness won for them by Christ (John 8:24).
"Universal Justification". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Christ paid for all our sins. God the Father has therefore forgiven them. But to benefit from this verdict we need to hear about it and trust in it. If I deposit money in the bank for you, to benefit from it you need to hear about it and use it. Christ has paid for your sins, but to benefit from it you need to hear about it and believe in it. We need to have faith but we should not think of faith as our contribution. It is a gift of God which the Holy Spirit works in us.
Diehl, Walter A. "The Age of Accountability". Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. Retrieved 10 February 2015. In full accord with Scripture the Lutheran Confessions teach monergism. "In this manner, too, the Holy Scriptures ascribe conversion, faith in Christ, regeneration, renewal and all the belongs to their efficacious beginning and completion, not to the human powers of the natural free will, neither entirely, nor half, nor in any, even the least or most inconsiderable part, but in solidum, that is, entirely, solely, to the divine working and the Holy Ghost" (Trigl. 891, F.C., Sol. Decl., II, 25).
"Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
"Once saved always saved". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2015. People can fall from faith. The Bible warns, "If you think you are standing firm, be careful that you don't fall" (1 Corinthians 10:12). Some among the Galatians had believed for a while, but had fallen into soul-destroying error. Paul warned them, "You who are trying to be justified by law have been alienated from Christ; you have fallen away from grace" (Galatians 5:4). In his explanation of the parable of the sower, Jesus says, "Those on the rock are the ones who receive the word with joy when they hear it, but they have no root. They believe for a while, but in time of testing they fall away" (Luke 8:13). According to Jesus a person can believe for a while and then fall away. While they believed they possessed eternal salvation, but when they fell from faith they lost God's gracious gift.
"Perseverence of the Saints (Once Saved Always Saved)". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2015. We cannot contribute one speck to our salvation, but by our own arrogance or carelessness we can throw it away. Therefore, Scripture urges us repeatedly to fight the good fight of faith (Ephesians 6 and 2 Timothy 4 for example). My sins threaten and weaken my faith, but the Spirit through the gospel in word and sacraments strengthens and preserves my faith. That's why Lutherans typically speak of God's preservation of faith and not the perseverance of the saints. The key is not our perseverance but the Spirit's preservation.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

See discussion in Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Person" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1 Corinthians 10:16

wlsessays.net

Becker, Siegbert W. "Objective Justification" (PDF). Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. p. 1. Retrieved 26 January 2015.