Christianity (English Wikipedia)

Some scholars and historians attribute Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the Scientific Revolution:
- Harrison, Peter (8 May 2012). "Christianity and the rise of western science". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 August 2014.

abcnyheter.no

Løsere bånd, men fortsatt statskirke Archived 8 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, ABC Nyheter

abs.gov.au

censusdata.abs.gov.au

"Australian 2006 census – Religion". Censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 19 November 2010.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

academia.edu

Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11 (10): 1–19. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

acu.edu.au

dlibrary.acu.edu.au

"The Significance of the Death and Resurrection of Jesus for the Christian". Australian Catholic University National. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.

allaboutreligion.org

"Allaboutreligion.org". Allaboutreligion.org. Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.

allacademic.com

Barker, Isabelle V. (2005). "Engendering Charismatic Economies: Pentecostalism, Global Political Economy, and the Crisis of Social Reproduction". American Political Science Association. pp. 2, 8 and footnote 14 on page 8. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2010.

anglicansonline.org

"Holy Baptism is the sacrament by which God adopts us as his children and makes us members of Christ's Body, the Church, and inheritors of the kingdom of God" (Book of Common Prayer, 1979, Episcopal) Archived 19 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine

appiusforum.net

White, Howard A. The History of the Church Archived 30 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

archive-it.org

wayback.archive-it.org

"Sola Scriptura?". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 15 May 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2024. [M]any passages...state sola scriptura, such as Revelation 22:18-19. If we cannot add anything to the words of Scripture and we cannot take anything away from them, that is Scripture alone.

archive.org

Bokenkotter 2004, Preface. Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-50584-0.
Brunner, Borgna (2006). Time Almanac with Information Please 2007. New York: Time Home Entertainment. p. 685. ISBN 978-1-933405-49-0.
Browning 1992, pp. 198–208. Browning, Robert (1992). The Byzantine Empire. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-0754-4.
Browning 1992, p. 218. Browning, Robert (1992). The Byzantine Empire. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-0754-4.
Telushkin, Joseph (2008). Jewish Literacy. HarperCollins. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-0-688-08506-3.
Bokenkotter 2004, pp. 242–244. Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-50584-0.
Cummins, Duane D. (1991). A handbook for Today's Disciples in the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) (Revised ed.). St Louis, MO: Chalice. ISBN 978-0-8272-1425-5.
Bowden, John Stephen (2005). Encyclopedia of Christianity. Internet Archive. Oxford University Press. p. 1207. ISBN 978-0-19-522393-4.
Theophilus of Antioch. "Book II.15". Apologia ad Autolycum. Patrologiae Graecae Cursus Completus (in Greek and Latin). Vol. 6. Ὡσαύτως καὶ αἱ τρεῖς ἡμέραι τῶν φωστήρων γεγονυῖαι τύποι εἰσὶν τῆς Τριάδος, τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ τοῦ Λόγου αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς Σοφίας αὐτοῦ.
Engelder, Theodore E. W. (1934). Popular Symbolics: The Doctrines of the Churches of Christendom and of Other Religious Bodies Examined in the Light of Scripture. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. p. 28.
Elwell, Walter A. (1984). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. p. 565. ISBN 978-0-8010-3413-8.
Johnson, Elliott (1990). Expository hermeneutics : an introduction. Grand Rapids, MI: Academie Books. ISBN 978-0-310-34160-4.
Ehrman, Bart D. (2003). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-514183-2.
Fleming, John A.; Rowan, Michael J.; Chambers, James Albert (2004). Folk Furniture of Canada's Doukhobors, Hutterites, Mennonites and Ukrainians. University of Alberta. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-88864-418-3. The English Quakers, who had made contact with the Doukhobors earlier, as well as the Philadelphia Society of Friends, also determined to help with their emigration from Russia to some other country—the only action which seemed possible.
Koch, Carl (1994). The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission. Early Middle Ages: St. Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-298-4.
Cohen, H. (1994). The scientific revolution: a historiographical inquiry. University of Chicago Press. pp. 320–321. ISBN 978-0-226-11280-0. Google Print, pp. 320–321
Gariepy, Henry (2009). Christianity in Action: The History of the International Salvation Army. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8028-4841-3.
The Oxford Companion to Christian thought. Oxford University Press. 2000. p. 694. ISBN 978-0-19-860024-4.
Ferguson, Everett (1993). Backgrounds of Early Christianity (second ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. pp. 562–564. ISBN 978-0-8028-0669-7.
Ferguson, Everett (1993). Backgrounds of Early Christianity (second ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. pp. 556 561. ISBN 978-0-8028-0669-7.
Howson, Colin (2011). Objecting to God. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-139-49856-2. Nor is the agreement coincidental, according to a substantial constituency of religious apologists, who regard the inflationary Big Bang model as direct evidence for God. John Lennox, a mathematician at the University of Oxford, tells us that 'even if the non-believers don't like it, the Big Bang fits in exactly with the Christian narrative of creation'. ... William Lane Craig is another who claims that the Biblical account is corroborated by Big Bang cosmology. Lane Craig also claims that there is a prior proof that there is a God who created this universe.

archive.today

Christian History Institute, First Meeting of the Council of Chalcedon.

backriverumc.com

"Baptism is the sacrament of initiation and incorporation into the body of Christ" (By Water and The Spirit – The Official United Methodist Understanding of Baptism (PDF) Archived 13 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine

baptisthistory.org

"As an initiatory rite into membership of the Family of God, baptismal candidates are symbolically purified or washed as their sins have been forgiven and washed away" (William H. Brackney, Doing Baptism Baptist Style – Believer's Baptism Archived 7 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine)

bbc.co.uk

"Religion may become extinct in nine nations, study says". BBC News. 22 March 2011.

news.bbc.co.uk

"Christians in the Middle East". BBC News. 15 December 2005. Retrieved 19 November 2010.

bbc.com

Peter, Laurence (17 October 2018). "Orthodox Church split: Five reasons why it matters". BBC. The Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church has at least 150 million followers – more than half the total of Orthodox Christians. ... But Mr Shterin, who lectures on trends in ex-Soviet republics, says some Moscow-linked parishes will probably switch to a new Kiev-led church, because many congregations 'don't vary a lot in their political preferences.'
Peter, Laurence (17 October 2018). "Orthodox Church split: Five reasons why it matters". BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
"Christian persecution 'at near genocide levels'". BBC News. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.

bethel.edu

Lettinga, Neil. "A History of the Christian Church in Western North Africa". Archived from the original on 30 July 2001.

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"John 3:16 New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
"Matthew 6:9–13 Evangelical Heritage Version (EHV)". Retrieved 10 March 2020.

biblehub.com

"Acts 19 | Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary". biblehub.com. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
"Online Bible Study Suite | Gill, J., Gill's Exposition of the Bible, commentary on Acts 19:23". Retrieved 8 October 2015.
e.g., in his commentary on Matthew 1 (§III.1). Matthew Henry interprets the twin sons of Judah, Phares and Zara, as an allegory of the Gentile and Jewish Christians. For a contemporary treatment, see Glenny, Typology: A Summary Of The Present Evangelical Discussion.

biblicalstudies.org.uk

e.g., in his commentary on Matthew 1 (§III.1). Matthew Henry interprets the twin sons of Judah, Phares and Zara, as an allegory of the Gentile and Jewish Christians. For a contemporary treatment, see Glenny, Typology: A Summary Of The Present Evangelical Discussion.

books.google.com

Ehrman, Bart D. (2005) [2003]. "At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites". Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Vol. 74. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–112. doi:10.1017/s0009640700110273. ISBN 978-0-19-518249-1. S2CID 152458823. Retrieved 20 January 2021. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Hurtado, Larry W. (2005). "How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Approaches to Jesus-Devotion in Earliest Christianity". How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 13–55. ISBN 978-0-8028-2861-3. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
Freeman, Charles (2010). "Breaking Away: The First Christianities". A New History of Early Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 31–46. doi:10.12987/9780300166583. ISBN 978-0-300-12581-8. JSTOR j.ctt1nq44w. S2CID 170124789. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). "Beginning in Jerusalem". The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 6–16. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m. S2CID 160590164. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (2013). "How Antichrist Defeated Death: The Development of Christian Apocalyptic Eschatology in the Early Church". In Krans, Jan; Lietaert Peerbolte, L. J.; Smit, Peter-Ben; Zwiep, Arie W. (eds.). Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer. Novum Testamentum: Supplements. Vol. 149. Leiden: Brill. pp. 238–255. doi:10.1163/9789004250369_016. ISBN 978-90-04-25026-0. ISSN 0167-9732. S2CID 191738355. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
Willsky-Ciollo, Lydia (2015). "Epilogue: Seeking Authority in Contemporary Unitarian Universalism". American Unitarianism and the Protestant Dilemma: The Conundrum of Biblical Authority. Lanham, MD: Lexington. pp. 241–245. ISBN 978-0-7391-8892-7.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Perry, Marvin (2012). Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789. Cengage. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-111-83720-4.
Kim, Hyun-Sook; Osmer, Richard R.; Schweitzer, Friedrich (2018). The Future of Protestant Religious Education in an Age of Globalization. Waxmann Verlag. p. 8. ISBN 978-3-8309-8876-2.
Walsham, Alexandra; Cummings, Brian; Law, Ceri; Riley, Karis (4 June 2020). Remembering the Reformation. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-429-61992-2.
Cory, Catherine (2015). Christian Theological Tradition. Routledge. p. 20 and forward. ISBN 978-1-317-34958-7.
Benko, Stephen (1984). Pagan Rome and the Early Christians. Indiana University Press. p. 22 and forward. ISBN 978-0-253-34286-7.
Seifrid, Mark A. (1992). "'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument". Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme. Novum Testamentum. Leiden: Brill. pp. 210–211, 246–247. ISBN 9004095217. ISSN 0167-9732.
Harris, Jonathan (2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4742-5467-0.
Ricciotti 1999 Ricciotti, Giuseppe (1999). Julian the Apostate: Roman Emperor (361–363). TAN Books. ISBN 978-1-5051-0454-7.
MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2011). Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-18999-3.
Novak, Michael (1988). Catholic social thought and liberal institutions: Freedom with justice. Transaction. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-88738-763-0.
Adappur, Abraham (2000). Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West. Intercultural Publications. ISBN 978-8185574479. Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government—that of the Soviet Union under the Communists.
Jenkins, Philip (2011). "The Rise of the New Christianity". The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–133. ISBN 978-0-19-976746-5.
Hanciles, Jehu (2008). Beyond Christendom: Globalization, African Migration, and the Transformation of the West. Orbis. ISBN 978-1-60833-103-1.
Gambero, Luigi (1999). Mary and the Fathers of the Church: The Blessed Virgin Mary in Patristic Thought. Ignatius. ISBN 978-0-89870-686-4 – via Google Books.
Hanegraaff, Hank (2002). Resurrection: The Capstone in the Arch of Christianity. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 978-1-4185-1723-6.
L. W. Grensted, A Short History of the Doctrine of the Atonement (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1920), p. 191: 'Before the Reformation only a few hints of a Penal theory can be found.'
Heidi J. Hornik and Mikeal Carl Parsons, Interpreting Christian Art: Reflections on Christian art, Mercer University Press, 2003, ISBN 0865548501, pp. 32–35.
Olson, Roger E. (2002). The Trinity. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8028-4827-7.
Russell, Thomas Arthur (2010). Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions. Universal-Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-59942-877-2.
Witvliet, John D. (2007). The Biblical Psalms in Christian Worship: A Brief Introduction and Guide to Resources. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8028-0767-0. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
Benz, Ernst (2008). The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life. Transaction Publishers. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-202-36575-6.
Kimbrough, S. T. (2005). Orthodox And Wesleyan Scriptural Understanding And Practice. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-88141-301-4.
Mathison, Keith A. (2001). "Introduction". The Shape of Sola Scriptura. Canon Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-885767-74-5.
Terry, Milton (1974). Biblical hermeneutics: a treatise on the interpretation of the Old and New Testaments. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. p. 205. (1890 edition page 103, view1, view2)
Johnstone, Patrick (2011). The Future of the Global Church: History, Trends and Possibilities. InterVarsity. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8308-5695-4 – via Google Books.
Hillerbrand, Hans J., "Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set", p. 1815, "Observers carefully comparing all these figures in the total context will have observed the even more startling finding that for the first time ever in the history of Protestantism, Wider Protestants will by 2050 have become almost exactly as numerous as Catholics – each with just over 1.5 billion followers, or 17 percent of the world, with Protestants growing considerably faster than Catholics each year."
Juergensmeyer, Mark (2005). Religion in Global Civil Society. Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-19-804069-9.
Melton, J. Gordon (2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8160-6983-5.
Milne, Bruce (2010). Know the Truth: A Handbook of Christian Belief. InterVarsity. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-8308-2576-9.
White, Jenny (2014). Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-5125-6. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
Sydney E. Ahlstrom, characterized denominationalism in America as "a virtual ecclesiology" that "first of all repudiates the insistences of the Catholic Church, the churches of the 'magisterial' Reformation, and of most sects that they alone are the true Church." (Ahlstrom, Sydney E.; Hall, David D. (2004). A Religious History of the American People (Revised ed.). Yale University Press. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-300-10012-9.);
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- Eastern Churches Journal: A Journal of Eastern Christendom. Society of Saint John Chrysostom. 2004. p. 181. His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew is the 270th successor to the Apostle Andrew and spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.
- Meyendorff, John (1983). Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes. Fordham University Press.
- Lamport, Mark A. (2018). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 601. ISBN 978-1-4422-7157-9. Today these churches are also referred to as the Oriental Orthodox Churches and are made up of 50 million Christians.
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- S. T. Kimbrough, ed. (2005). Orthodox and Wesleyan Scriptural understanding and practice. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-301-4.
- Baumer, Christoph (2006). The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity. London & New York: Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-115-1.
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- Noll, Mark A. (2011). Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-19-162013-3.
- Ariel, Yaakov (2006). "Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism". In Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (eds.). Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 2. Westport, CN: Greenwood. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-275-98714-5. Retrieved 9 September 2015. For example, Messianic Jews, without exception, believe that the way to eternal life is through the acceptance of Jesus as one's personal savior and that no obedience to the Jewish law or "works" is necessary in order to obtain that goal....Remarkably, it has been exactly this adherence to the basic Christian evangelical faith that has allowed Messianic Jews to adopt and promote Jewish rites and customs. They are Christians in good standing and can retain whatever cultural attributes and rites they choose.
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Jan Pelikan, Jaroslav (13 August 2022). "Christianity". Christianity | Definition, Origin, History, Beliefs, Symbols, Types, & Facts | Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. ...there is a core of ideas that all New Testament scholars and believers would agree are central to ancient Christian beliefs. One British scholar, James G. Dunn, for example, says they would all agree that "the Risen Jesus is the Ascended Lord." That is to say, there would have been no faith tradition and no scriptures had not the early believers thought that Jesus was "Risen," raised from the dead, and, "Ascended," somehow above the ordinary plane of mortal and temporal experience.
Jan Pelikan, Jaroslav (13 August 2022). "Christianity". Christianity | Definition, Origin, History, Beliefs, Symbols, Types, & Facts | Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. It has become the largest of the world's religions and, geographically, the most widely diffused of all faiths.
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Some scholars suggest that Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religion in the world:
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Yang, Fenggang (20 January 2017). "Chinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity: The Importance of Social and Cultural Contexts". Sociology of Religion. 59 (3). Oxford University Press: 237–257. doi:10.2307/3711910. JSTOR 3711910.
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Acts 12:2
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Acts 1:9–11
Jn. 19:30–31 Mk. 16:1 16:6
1Cor 15:6
John 3:16, 5:24, 6:39–40, 6:47, 10:10, 11:25–26, and 17:3
1Cor 15:14
Gal. 3:29
Rom. 8:9,11,16
Acts 9:40
1Kings 17:19–22
James 5:16–18
1Cor 10:2

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Sydney E. Ahlstrom, characterized denominationalism in America as "a virtual ecclesiology" that "first of all repudiates the insistences of the Catholic Church, the churches of the 'magisterial' Reformation, and of most sects that they alone are the true Church." (Ahlstrom, Sydney E.; Hall, David D. (2004). A Religious History of the American People (Revised ed.). Yale University Press. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-300-10012-9.);
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"Sola Scriptura?". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 15 May 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2024. [M]any passages...state sola scriptura, such as Revelation 22:18-19. If we cannot add anything to the words of Scripture and we cannot take anything away from them, that is Scripture alone.
"Methodist Beliefs: In what ways are Lutherans different from United Methodists?". Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. 2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014. The United Methodists see Scripture as the primary source and criterion for Christian doctrine. They emphasize the importance of tradition, experience, and reason for Christian doctrine. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine. The truths of Scripture do not need to be authenticated by tradition, human experience, or reason. Scripture is self authenticating and is true in and of itself.

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It appears in the Acts of the Apostles, Acts 9:2, Acts 19:9 and Acts 19:23. Some English translations of the New Testament capitalize 'the Way' (e.g. the New King James Version and the English Standard Version), indicating that this was how 'the new religion seemed then to be designated'^[22] whereas others treat the phrase as indicative—'the way',^[23] 'that way'^[24] or 'the way of the Lord'.^[25] The Syriac version reads, "the way of God" and the Vulgate Latin version, "the way of the Lord".^[26]
s:Nicene Creed
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