Christianity in Syria (English Wikipedia)

Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11: 14. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2015.

acninternational.org

"Syria: "Many Christians are short of hope, but any they do find comes from the Church"". ACN International. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.

aina.org

"NGO report, Understanding recent movements of Christians from Syria and Iraq to other countries across the Middle East and Europe" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
"Kurdish YPG Forces Attack Assyrians in Syria, 1 Assyrian, 3 Kurds Killed". Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2018.

aljazeera.com

https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/6/25/deadly-church-attack-raises-security-fears-for-syrians-minorities

archive.md

"مجموعة مسلحة تضرم النار في كنيسة مار ميخائيل بريف السويداء" [Armed group sets fire to Mar Mikhael Church in Suwayda's countryside]. Syria TV (in Arabic). 16 July 2025. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
"Local factions retake large swaths of As-Suwayda Governorate". Hawar News Agency. 15 July 2025. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 15 July 2025.

archive.org

Bailey, Betty Jane; Bailey, J. Martin (2003). Who Are the Christians in the Middle East?. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. p. 191. ISBN 0-8028-1020-9.
John Platts (1825). A new universal biography, containing interesting accounts. Printed for Sherwood, Jones, and co. p. 479.
Pierre Claude François Daunou (1838). The Power of the Popes. Tims. p. 352.
Hourani, Albert Habib (1947). Minorities in the Arab World. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 76.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

BBC News Guide: Christians in the Middle East Archived 11 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, last update 15 December 2005.

bbc.com

"لمطران حنا إبراهيم في حلب بسوريا: ثلث المسيحيين هاجروا منذ بدء الانتفاضة" [Archbishop Yohanna Ibrahim in Aleppo, Syria: A third of Christians have emigrated since the start of the uprising]. BBC News Arabic. 13 April 2013. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021.

books.google.com

Archibald Bower, Samuel Hanson Cox (1845). The History of the Popes: From the Foundation of the See of Rome to A.D. 1758; with an Introd. and a Continuation to the Present Time, Volume 2. p. 14.
John Platts (1825). A New Universal Biography: Forming the first volume of series. p. 483.

britannica.com

"Saint Sergius I | pope". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014.

chathamhouse.org

Fahmi, Dr Georges. "Most Syrian Christians Aren't Backing Assad (or the Rebels)". Chatham House. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021.

churchinneed.org

"News". ACN United States. 16 November 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023.

churchtimes.co.uk

Paveley, Rebecca (11 December 2024). "Christians in Syria remain cautious after overthrow of Assad regime". Church Times. Retrieved 15 December 2024.

cia.gov

"CIA World Factbook, People and Society: Syria". Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"Syria". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. the Christian population may be considerably smaller as a result of Christians fleeing the country during the ongoing civil war

enabbaladi.net

english.enabbaladi.net

al-Salem, Majd (22 June 2023). "Emigration empties Qamishli of its Christian people". Enab Baladi. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023.
al-Salem, Majd (22 June 2023). "Emigration empties Qamishli of its Christian people". Enab Baladi. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023.
Enab Baladi website, article dated September 19, 2018

etccmena.com

"تقرير الطائفة المسيحية في إدلب". 15 April 2010. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.

europa.eu

euaa.europa.eu

European Union Agency for Asylum, Syria, Military Service Overview

freeburmarangers.org

"Destroyed by ISIS, a Church Reborn | Free Burma Rangers". Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.

freedomhouse.org

"Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08". Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2023.

geographical.co.uk

Heath, Victoria (12 December 2024). "Exploring Syria's religious landscape". Geographical. Retrieved 14 December 2024.

go.com

abcnews.go.com

"Report: Over 120 Syrian churches damaged by war since 2011". ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.

hawarnews.com

"Local factions retake large swaths of As-Suwayda Governorate". Hawar News Agency. 15 July 2025. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 15 July 2025.

lefigaro.fr

"Un chrétien élu à la tête du Parlement syrien". 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2017.

londoninsider.co.uk

Shepardson, David (28 December 2024). "HTS Orders its Militants to Stop Posting Videos of Crimes Against Christians and Alawites". London Insider. Retrieved 28 December 2024.

nationalreview.com

Safi, Marlo (13 September 2018). "U.N. Is Called to Recognize Christian Genocide". National Review. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

nbcnews.com

"Trump administration denounced ISIS for committing "genocide" against religious groups". NBC News. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

newsweek.com

Kino, Nuri (30 January 2024). "Don't Forget About the Persecuted Christians of Iraq and Syria". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Croucher, Shane (3 May 2019). "Persecution of Christians Becoming a Genocide, Report Warns". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Taheri, Mandy (8 March 2025). "Hundreds of minorities, including Christians, killed in Syria—Reports". Newsweek. Retrieved 8 March 2025.

noor-book.com

Samir Abdoh, "[1] Archived 2022-11-30 at the Wayback Machine", Christian Denominations in Syria, year 2003, p.33
Samir Abdoh, "[2] Archived 2022-11-30 at the Wayback Machine", Christian Denominations in Syria, year 2003, p.37-39

npasyria.com

Muhammad, Ihsan (9 March 2022). "قرى مسيحية في درعا تفتقر للجيل الشاب وعائلات تسعى للهجرة". NPA Syria. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.

nytimes.com

Saad, Hwaida; al-Omar, Asmaa; Hubbard, Ben (23 January 2022). "'Now There Is No One': The Lament of One of the Last Christians in a Syrian City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

opendoorsuk.org

"Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08". Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
"Open Doors website, article dated December 6, 2017". Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.

persecution.org

Campbell, Hannah (19 December 2023). "Aleppo's Christians Face Ongoing Struggles from War and Displacement". International Christian Concern. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

persee.fr

Etienne de Vaumas, "La population de la Syrie Archived 2018-05-04 at the Wayback Machine", Annales de géographie, Année 1955, Vol. 64, n° 341, p.75

popehistory.com

"Pope St. Sergius I - The 84th Pope". Pope History. 11 September 2024. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2024.

reliefweb.int

"Targeting Christian Places of Worship in Syria: 63% have been targeted by government's forces". reliefweb. 7 May 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015.

reuters.com

"More than 1,000 killed in Syrian crackdown on Alawite region, war monitor says". Reuters. 8 March 2025.

rewardsforjustice.net

"Rewards for Justice - Acts of Terror - ISIS Kidnapping Networks". 31 December 2020. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2024.

rozenbergquarterly.com

"Why Do So Few Christian Syrian Refugees Register With The United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees? : Rozenberg Quarterly". Retrieved 26 November 2024.

rudaw.net

"Syria's Christian population reduced by two-thirds since 2011: party". rudaw. 9 August 2021. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021.

snhr.org

"The Syrian Regime Bears Primary Responsibility for 61% of the Targeting of Christian Places of Worship in Syria". SNHR. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022.

state.gov

"US State Dept 2022 report". Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria". U.S Department of State. 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023.
"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria". U.S Department of State. 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Reports also stated that the authorities used sectarianism, including the politicization of religion, as a "survival strategy.".. human rights organizations reported that the regime intentionally destroyed churches and detained at least hundreds of Christian citizens.

syria.tv

"مجموعة مسلحة تضرم النار في كنيسة مار ميخائيل بريف السويداء" [Armed group sets fire to Mar Mikhael Church in Suwayda's countryside]. Syria TV (in Arabic). 16 July 2025. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.

syrianobserver.com

"Report: Number of Christians in Syria Dropped from 1.5 Million to 300,000". Syria Observer. 18 November 2022. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023.

syriatoday.ca

"قانون خدمة العلم رقم 30, Syria Today Toronto Canada". Archived from the original on 8 June 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.

telegraph.co.uk

Marlow, Christine (16 October 2013). "The damage done to 'Syria's oldest church' seen first hand". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

terezia.org

Saint Terzia Church in Aleppo Christians in Aleppo (in Arabic) Archived 30 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine

thearda.com

"National Profiles | World Religion". thearda.com. Retrieved 26 November 2024.

theatlantic.com

Kaplan, Robert (February 1993). "Syria: Identity Crisis". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.

theguardian.com

Wintour, Patrick (2 May 2019). "Persecution of Christians 'coming close to genocide' in Middle East". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Sherwood, Harriet (10 March 2016). "Calls grow to label attacks on Middle East Christians as genocide". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Holpuch, Amanda; Sherwood, Harriet; Bowcott, Owen (17 March 2016). "John Kerry: Isis is committing genocide in Syria and Iraq". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

thehill.com

Yamin, Moubayed, Barq, Stifo, Bahnan, Samira, Mirna, George (5 September 2017). "Don't be fooled: Assad is no friend of Syria's Christian minorities". The Hill. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

thenationalnews.com

"More than 120 churches in Syria damaged or destroyed by war". The National. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

thetimes.com

Pontifex, John (6 August 2024). "Christians in Syria hit new low". The Times. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

ucanews.com

Joseph, Ben (8 December 2022). "Churches in Middle East hapless as Christians migrate en masse". Union of Catholic Asian News. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

uio.no

duo.uio.no

Granli, Elisabet (2011). "Religious conversion in Syria : Alawite and Druze believers". University of Oslo. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2020.

uni-bonn.de

bonndoc.ulb.uni-bonn.de

Fauzi Mardam Bek, "[3] Archived 2022-01-26 at the Wayback Machine", Die christliche Minderheit in Syrien, yeae 2003, p.392-393

washingtonpost.com

El Chamaa, Mohamad; Georges, Salwan. "For Syria's Christians, Christmas is a time to grapple with hope and fear". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 December 2024.

web.archive.org

Pontifex, John (6 August 2024). "Christians in Syria hit new low". The Times. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
"Pope St. Sergius I - The 84th Pope". Pope History. 11 September 2024. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
Marlow, Christine (16 October 2013). "The damage done to 'Syria's oldest church' seen first hand". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Joseph, Ben (8 December 2022). "Churches in Middle East hapless as Christians migrate en masse". Union of Catholic Asian News. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Kino, Nuri (30 January 2024). "Don't Forget About the Persecuted Christians of Iraq and Syria". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
"More than 120 churches in Syria damaged or destroyed by war". The National. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Campbell, Hannah (19 December 2023). "Aleppo's Christians Face Ongoing Struggles from War and Displacement". International Christian Concern. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Saad, Hwaida; al-Omar, Asmaa; Hubbard, Ben (23 January 2022). "'Now There Is No One': The Lament of One of the Last Christians in a Syrian City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Wintour, Patrick (2 May 2019). "Persecution of Christians 'coming close to genocide' in Middle East". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Holpuch, Amanda; Sherwood, Harriet; Bowcott, Owen (17 March 2016). "John Kerry: Isis is committing genocide in Syria and Iraq". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Croucher, Shane (3 May 2019). "Persecution of Christians Becoming a Genocide, Report Warns". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
"US State Dept 2022 report". Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
al-Salem, Majd (22 June 2023). "Emigration empties Qamishli of its Christian people". Enab Baladi. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023.
"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria". U.S Department of State. 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023.
"CIA World Factbook, People and Society: Syria". Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
al-Salem, Majd (22 June 2023). "Emigration empties Qamishli of its Christian people". Enab Baladi. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023.
"Saint Sergius I | pope". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11: 14. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
Granli, Elisabet (2011). "Religious conversion in Syria : Alawite and Druze believers". University of Oslo. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
Samir Abdoh, "[1] Archived 2022-11-30 at the Wayback Machine", Christian Denominations in Syria, year 2003, p.33
Samir Abdoh, "[2] Archived 2022-11-30 at the Wayback Machine", Christian Denominations in Syria, year 2003, p.37-39
Fauzi Mardam Bek, "[3] Archived 2022-01-26 at the Wayback Machine", Die christliche Minderheit in Syrien, yeae 2003, p.392-393
Etienne de Vaumas, "La population de la Syrie Archived 2018-05-04 at the Wayback Machine", Annales de géographie, Année 1955, Vol. 64, n° 341, p.75
"Un chrétien élu à la tête du Parlement syrien". 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Saint Terzia Church in Aleppo Christians in Aleppo (in Arabic) Archived 30 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
BBC News Guide: Christians in the Middle East Archived 11 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, last update 15 December 2005.
Kaplan, Robert (February 1993). "Syria: Identity Crisis". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
"Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08". Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
"Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08". Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
"تقرير الطائفة المسيحية في إدلب". 15 April 2010. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
Muhammad, Ihsan (9 March 2022). "قرى مسيحية في درعا تفتقر للجيل الشاب وعائلات تسعى للهجرة". NPA Syria. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
"قانون خدمة العلم رقم 30, Syria Today Toronto Canada". Archived from the original on 8 June 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
"Syria". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. the Christian population may be considerably smaller as a result of Christians fleeing the country during the ongoing civil war
"NGO report, Understanding recent movements of Christians from Syria and Iraq to other countries across the Middle East and Europe" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
"Syria: Homs Christians return to rebuild homes and lives - World Watch Monitor". Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
"Open Doors website, article dated December 6, 2017". Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
"Syria's Christian population reduced by two-thirds since 2011: party". rudaw. 9 August 2021. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021.
"Kurdish YPG Forces Attack Assyrians in Syria, 1 Assyrian, 3 Kurds Killed". Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
"Syria's Christians pressured by forced PYD assimilation". Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
"Report: Over 120 Syrian churches damaged by war since 2011". ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
"Destroyed by ISIS, a Church Reborn | Free Burma Rangers". Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
"Church Dedication". YouTube. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
"Syria: "Many Christians are short of hope, but any they do find comes from the Church"". ACN International. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
Yamin, Moubayed, Barq, Stifo, Bahnan, Samira, Mirna, George (5 September 2017). "Don't be fooled: Assad is no friend of Syria's Christian minorities". The Hill. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"The Syrian Regime Bears Primary Responsibility for 61% of the Targeting of Christian Places of Worship in Syria". SNHR. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022.
"Targeting Christian Places of Worship in Syria: 63% have been targeted by government's forces". reliefweb. 7 May 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015.
"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria". U.S Department of State. 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Reports also stated that the authorities used sectarianism, including the politicization of religion, as a "survival strategy.".. human rights organizations reported that the regime intentionally destroyed churches and detained at least hundreds of Christian citizens.
Fahmi, Dr Georges. "Most Syrian Christians Aren't Backing Assad (or the Rebels)". Chatham House. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021.
"لمطران حنا إبراهيم في حلب بسوريا: ثلث المسيحيين هاجروا منذ بدء الانتفاضة" [Archbishop Yohanna Ibrahim in Aleppo, Syria: A third of Christians have emigrated since the start of the uprising]. BBC News Arabic. 13 April 2013. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021.
"Rewards for Justice - Acts of Terror - ISIS Kidnapping Networks". 31 December 2020. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
"Report: Number of Christians in Syria Dropped from 1.5 Million to 300,000". Syria Observer. 18 November 2022. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023.
"News". ACN United States. 16 November 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023.

worldatlas.com

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-syria.html

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Saad, Hwaida; al-Omar, Asmaa; Hubbard, Ben (23 January 2022). "'Now There Is No One': The Lament of One of the Last Christians in a Syrian City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Wintour, Patrick (2 May 2019). "Persecution of Christians 'coming close to genocide' in Middle East". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Sherwood, Harriet (10 March 2016). "Calls grow to label attacks on Middle East Christians as genocide". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
Holpuch, Amanda; Sherwood, Harriet; Bowcott, Owen (17 March 2016). "John Kerry: Isis is committing genocide in Syria and Iraq". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

worldwatchmonitor.org

"Syria: Homs Christians return to rebuild homes and lives - World Watch Monitor". Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2017.

youtube.com

"Church Dedication". YouTube. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.