Chronology of the universe (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Chronology of the universe" in English language version.

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del Peloso, Eduardo F.; da Silva, Licio; Porto de Mello, Gustavo F.; et al. (5 September 2005). "The age of the Galactic thin disk from Th/Eu nucleocosmochronology – III. Extended sample" (PDF). Stellar atmospheres. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 440 (3): 1153–1159. arXiv:astro-ph/0506458. Bibcode:2005A&A...440.1153D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053307. S2CID 16484977. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2019.

annualreviews.org

Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.

archive.org

Thomson, William (July 1852). "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr. Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. IV (Fourth Series). §§ 1–14. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- Thomson, William (1857) [Read 1 May 1854]. "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat. Part V. Thermo-electric Currents". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. XXI. §§ 99–100. Retrieved 16 January 2020.

archive.today

Wood, Charlie (14 August 2023). "JWST Spots Giant Black Holes All Over the Early Universe – Giant black holes were supposed to be bit players in the early cosmic story. But recent James Webb Space Telescope observations are finding an unexpected abundance of the beasts". Quanta Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.

arxiv.org

Planck Collaboration (October 2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594: Article A13. arXiv:1502.01589. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. S2CID 119262962. The Planck Collaboration in 2015 published the estimate of 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago (68% confidence interval). See PDF: page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column.
Notes: Edward L. Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator (last modified 23 July 2018). With a default $H_{0}$ = 69.6 (based on WMAP9+SPT+ACT+6dFGS+BOSS/DR11+H₀/Riess) parameters, the calculated age of the universe with a redshift of z = 1100 is in agreement with Olive and Peacock (about 370,000 years).
Hinshaw et al. 2009. See PDF: p. 242, Table 7, Age at decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of decoupling occurred 376971+3162
−3167 years after the Big Bang. Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; Bennett, C. L.; Dunkley, J.; Gold, B.; Greason, M. R.; Jarosik, N.; Komatsu, E.; Nolta, M. R.; Page, L.; Spergel, D. N.; Wollack, E.; Halpern, M.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Tucker, G. S.; Wright, E. L. (1 February 2009). "Five-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. hdl:2152/43109. S2CID 3629998.
S.V. Pilipenko (2013–2021) "Paper-and-pencil cosmological calculator" arxiv:1303.5961, including Fortran-90 code upon which the citing charts and formulae are based.
Chen, Ke-Jung; Heger, Alexander; Woosley, Stan; et al. (1 September 2014). "Pair Instability Supernovae of Very Massive Population III Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 792 (1): Article 44. arXiv:1402.5960. Bibcode:2014ApJ...792...44C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/44. S2CID 119296923.
Curtis-Lake, Emma; et al. (December 2022). "Spectroscopy of four metal-poor galaxies beyond redshift ten" (PDF). Nature. arXiv:2212.04568.
del Peloso, Eduardo F.; da Silva, Licio; Porto de Mello, Gustavo F.; et al. (5 September 2005). "The age of the Galactic thin disk from Th/Eu nucleocosmochronology – III. Extended sample" (PDF). Stellar atmospheres. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 440 (3): 1153–1159. arXiv:astro-ph/0506458. Bibcode:2005A&A...440.1153D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053307. S2CID 16484977. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2019.
Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1 April 1997). "A dying universe: The long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (2): 337–372. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337. S2CID 12173790.
Ade, Peter A.R.; et al. (BICEP2 Collaboration) (20 June 2014). "Detection of B-Mode Polarization at Degree Angular Scales by BICEP2". Physical Review Letters. 112 (24): 241101. arXiv:1403.3985. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112x1101B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.241101. PMID 24996078. S2CID 22780831.
Ade, Peter A.R.; et al. (BICEP2/Keck, Planck Collaborations) (13 March 2015). "Joint Analysis of BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck Data". Physical Review Letters. 114 (10): 101301. arXiv:1502.00612. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114j1301B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.101301. PMID 25815919. S2CID 218078264.
D'Onofrio, Michela; Rummukainen, Kari (15 January 2016). "Standard model cross-over on the lattice". Physical Review D. 93 (2): 025003. arXiv:1508.07161. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..93b5003D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.025003. S2CID 119261776.
Siegel, Ethan (9 September 2016). "Cosmic Neutrinos Detected, Confirming The Big Bang's Last Great Prediction" (Blog). Science. Forbes. Jersey City, NJ. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Coverage of original paper: Follin, Brent; Knox, Lloyd; Millea, Marius; et al. (26 August 2015). "First Detection of the Acoustic Oscillation Phase Shift Expected from the Cosmic Neutrino Background". Physical Review Letters. 115 (9): 091301. arXiv:1503.07863. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115i1301F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.091301. PMID 26371637. S2CID 24763212.
- Harada, Tomohiro; Yoo, Chul-Moon; Khori, Kazunori (15 October 2013). "Threshold of primordial black hole formation". Physical Review D. 88 (8): 084051. arXiv:1309.4201. Bibcode:2013PhRvD..88h4051H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.88.084051. S2CID 119305036.
- Kusakabe, Motohiko; Kim, K. S.; Cheoun, Myung-Ki; et al. (September 2014). "Revised Big Bang Nucleosynthesis with Long-lived, Negatively Charged Massive Particles: Updated Recombination Rates, Primordial ⁹Be Nucleosynthesis, and Impact of New ⁶Li Limits". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 214 (1): Article 5. arXiv:1403.4156. Bibcode:2014ApJS..214....5K. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/214/1/5. S2CID 118214861.
- Coc, Alain (2017). "Primordial Nucleosynthesis". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 665 (1): Article 012001. arXiv:1609.06048. Bibcode:2016JPhCS.665a2001C. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/665/1/012001. S2CID 250691040. Conference: "Nuclear Physics in Astrophysics VI (NPA6) 19–24 May 2013, Lisbon, Portugal".
- Coc, Alain; Uzan, Jean-Philippe; Vangioni, Elisabeth (October 2014). "Standard big bang nucleosynthesis and primordial CNO Abundances after Planck". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2014 (10): Article 050. arXiv:1403.6694. Bibcode:2014JCAP...10..050C. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2014/10/050. S2CID 118781638.
- Bennett, Charles L.; Larson, Davin; Weiland, Janet L.; et al. (October 2013). "Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 208 (2): Article 20. arXiv:1212.5225. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208...20B. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20. S2CID 119271232.
- Wright 2004, p. 291 Wright, Edward L. (2004). "Theoretical Overview of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy". In Freedman, Wendy L. (ed.). Measuring and Modeling the Universe. Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 291. arXiv:astro-ph/0305591. Bibcode:2004mmu..symp..291W. ISBN 978-0-521-75576-4. LCCN 2005277053. OCLC 937330165.
- Sunyaev, R. A.; Chluba, J. (August 2009). "Signals From the Epoch of Cosmological Recombination". Astronomical Notes. 330 (7): 657–674. arXiv:0908.0435. doi:10.1002/asna.200911237.
- Oesch, P. A.; Brammer, G.; van Dokkum, P.; et al. (March 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2). 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
- Dijkstra, Mark (22 October 2014). "Lyα Emitting Galaxies as a Probe of Reionization". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 31: e040. arXiv:1406.7292. Bibcode:2014PASA...31...40D. doi:10.1017/pasa.2014.33. S2CID 119237814.
- Madau, Piero; Haardt, Francesco; Rees, Martin J. (1 April 1999). "Radiative Transfer in a Clumpy Universe. III. The Nature of Cosmological Ionizing Source". The Astrophysical Journal. 514 (2): 648–659. arXiv:astro-ph/9809058. Bibcode:1999ApJ...514..648M. doi:10.1086/306975. S2CID 17932350.
- Barkana, Rennan; Loeb, Abraham (July 2001). "In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe". Physics Reports. 349 (2): 125–238. arXiv:astro-ph/0010468. Bibcode:2001PhR...349..125B. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(01)00019-9. S2CID 119094218.
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Ostriker, Jeremiah P. (10 September 1997). "Reionization of the Universe and the Early Production of Metals". The Astrophysical Journal. 486 (2): 581–598. arXiv:astro-ph/9612127. Bibcode:1997ApJ...486..581G. doi:10.1086/304548. S2CID 5758398.
- Lu, Limin; Sargent, Wallace L. W.; Barlow, Thomas A.; et al. (13 February 1998). "The Metal Contents of Very Low Column Density Lyman-alpha Clouds: Implications for the Origin of Heavy Elements in the Intergalactic Medium". arXiv:astro-ph/9802189.
- Bouwens, Rychard J.; Illingworth, Garth D.; Oesch, Pascal A.; et al. (10 June 2012). "Lower-luminosity Galaxies Could Reionize the Universe: Very Steep Faint-end Slopes to the UV Luminosity Functions at z ≥ 5–8 from the HUDF09 WFC3/IR Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 752 (1): Article L5. arXiv:1105.2038. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752L...5B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/1/L5. S2CID 118856513.
- Xiaohu, Fan; Narayanan, Vijay K.; Lupton, Robert H.; et al. (December 2001). "A Survey of z > 5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z ~ 6". The Astrophysical Journal. 122 (6): 2833–2849. arXiv:astro-ph/0108063. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2833F. doi:10.1086/324111. S2CID 119339804.
- Perry, Jill (10 July 2007). "Astronomers Claim to Find the Most Distant Known Galaxies" (Press release). Pasadena, CA: California Institute of Technology. Caltech Media Relations. Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  - Stark, Daniel P.; Ellis, Richard S.; Richard, Johan; et al. (1 July 2007). "A Keck Survey for Gravitationally Lensed Lyα Emitters in the Redshift Range 8.5 < z < 10.4: New Constraints on the Contribution of Low-Luminosity Sources to Cosmic Reionization". The Astrophysical Journal. 663 (1): 10–28. arXiv:astro-ph/0701279. Bibcode:2007ApJ...663...10S. doi:10.1086/518098. S2CID 204925632.
  - Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.
  - Peebles, P. J. E.; Ratra, Bharat (22 April 2003). "The cosmological constant and dark energy". Reviews of Modern Physics. 75 (2): 559–606. arXiv:astro-ph/0207347. Bibcode:2003RvMP...75..559P. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559. S2CID 118961123.

astronomy.com

Bruce, Dorminey (1 February 2021). "The Beginning to the End of the Universe: The mystery of dark energy". Astronomy.com. Retrieved 27 March 2021.

bbc.com

Amos, Jonathan (19 June 2014). "Cosmic inflation: Confidence lowered for Big Bang signal". Science & Environment. BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Amos, Jonathan (13 November 2012). "Quasars illustrate dark energy's roller coaster ride". Science & Environment. BBC News. London: BBC. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.

bicepkeck.org

"BICEP2 March 2014 Results and Data Products". The BICEP and Keck Array CMB Experiments. Cambridge, MA: FAS Research Computing, Harvard University. 16 December 2014 [Results originally released on 17 March 2014]. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2020.

books.google.com

Petter 2013, p. 68 Petter, Patrick (2013). Basic Knowledge of Astrophysic: A New Way. Berlin: epubli GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8442-7203-1. OCLC 863893991.
Morison 2015, p. 298 Morison, Ian (2015). A Journey Through the Universe: Gresham Lectures on Astronomy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07346-3. LCCN 2014016830. OCLC 910903969.

briankoberlein.com

"A Deeper Sky | by Brian Koberlein". briankoberlein.com.

caltech.edu

astro.caltech.edu

Ellis, Richard. "Searching for First Light in the Early Universe". Richard Ellis's Homepage. Pasadena, CA: Astronomy Department, California Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 12 December 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2007.

caltech.edu

Perry, Jill (10 July 2007). "Astronomers Claim to Find the Most Distant Known Galaxies" (Press release). Pasadena, CA: California Institute of Technology. Caltech Media Relations. Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- Stark, Daniel P.; Ellis, Richard S.; Richard, Johan; et al. (1 July 2007). "A Keck Survey for Gravitationally Lensed Lyα Emitters in the Redshift Range 8.5 < z < 10.4: New Constraints on the Contribution of Low-Luminosity Sources to Cosmic Reionization". The Astrophysical Journal. 663 (1): 10–28. arXiv:astro-ph/0701279. Bibcode:2007ApJ...663...10S. doi:10.1086/518098. S2CID 204925632.

cnn.com

Landau, Elizabeth (25 October 2013) [Originally published 23 October 2013]. "Scientists confirm most distant galaxy ever". CNN. New York: Warner Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2018.

code.google.com

S.V. Pilipenko (2013–2021) "Paper-and-pencil cosmological calculator" arxiv:1303.5961, including Fortran-90 code upon which the citing charts and formulae are based.

columbia.edu

math.columbia.edu

Woit, Peter (13 May 2014). "BICEP2 News". Not Even Wrong (Blog). New York: Department of Mathematics, Columbia University. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2020.

doi.org

Planck Collaboration (October 2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594: Article A13. arXiv:1502.01589. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. S2CID 119262962. The Planck Collaboration in 2015 published the estimate of 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago (68% confidence interval). See PDF: page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column.
Tanabashi, M. 2018, p. 358, chpt. 21.4.1: "Big-Bang Cosmology" (Revised September 2017) by Keith A. Olive and John A. Peacock. Tanabashi, M.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018). "Review of Particle Physics". Physical Review D. 98 (3): 1–708. Bibcode:2018PhRvD..98c0001T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001. hdl:10044/1/68623. PMID 10020536.
Hinshaw et al. 2009. See PDF: p. 242, Table 7, Age at decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of decoupling occurred 376971+3162
−3167 years after the Big Bang. Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; Bennett, C. L.; Dunkley, J.; Gold, B.; Greason, M. R.; Jarosik, N.; Komatsu, E.; Nolta, M. R.; Page, L.; Spergel, D. N.; Wollack, E.; Halpern, M.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Tucker, G. S.; Wright, E. L. (1 February 2009). "Five-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. hdl:2152/43109. S2CID 3629998.
Chen, Ke-Jung; Heger, Alexander; Woosley, Stan; et al. (1 September 2014). "Pair Instability Supernovae of Very Massive Population III Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 792 (1): Article 44. arXiv:1402.5960. Bibcode:2014ApJ...792...44C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/44. S2CID 119296923.
del Peloso, Eduardo F.; da Silva, Licio; Porto de Mello, Gustavo F.; et al. (5 September 2005). "The age of the Galactic thin disk from Th/Eu nucleocosmochronology – III. Extended sample" (PDF). Stellar atmospheres. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 440 (3): 1153–1159. arXiv:astro-ph/0506458. Bibcode:2005A&A...440.1153D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053307. S2CID 16484977. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2019.
Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1 April 1997). "A dying universe: The long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (2): 337–372. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337. S2CID 12173790.
Ade, Peter A.R.; et al. (BICEP2 Collaboration) (20 June 2014). "Detection of B-Mode Polarization at Degree Angular Scales by BICEP2". Physical Review Letters. 112 (24): 241101. arXiv:1403.3985. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112x1101B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.241101. PMID 24996078. S2CID 22780831.
Ade, Peter A.R.; et al. (BICEP2/Keck, Planck Collaborations) (13 March 2015). "Joint Analysis of BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck Data". Physical Review Letters. 114 (10): 101301. arXiv:1502.00612. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114j1301B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.101301. PMID 25815919. S2CID 218078264.
D'Onofrio, Michela; Rummukainen, Kari (15 January 2016). "Standard model cross-over on the lattice". Physical Review D. 93 (2): 025003. arXiv:1508.07161. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..93b5003D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.025003. S2CID 119261776.
Karki, Ravi (May 2010). "The Foreground of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis" (PDF). The Himalayan Physics. 1 (1): 79–82. doi:10.3126/hj.v1i0.5186. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
Siegel, Ethan (9 September 2016). "Cosmic Neutrinos Detected, Confirming The Big Bang's Last Great Prediction" (Blog). Science. Forbes. Jersey City, NJ. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Coverage of original paper: Follin, Brent; Knox, Lloyd; Millea, Marius; et al. (26 August 2015). "First Detection of the Acoustic Oscillation Phase Shift Expected from the Cosmic Neutrino Background". Physical Review Letters. 115 (9): 091301. arXiv:1503.07863. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115i1301F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.091301. PMID 26371637. S2CID 24763212.
- Harada, Tomohiro; Yoo, Chul-Moon; Khori, Kazunori (15 October 2013). "Threshold of primordial black hole formation". Physical Review D. 88 (8): 084051. arXiv:1309.4201. Bibcode:2013PhRvD..88h4051H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.88.084051. S2CID 119305036.
- Hawking, Stephen (April 1971). "Gravitationally Collapsed Objects of Very Low Mass". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 152 (1): 75–78. Bibcode:1971MNRAS.152...75H. doi:10.1093/mnras/152.1.75.
- Kusakabe, Motohiko; Kim, K. S.; Cheoun, Myung-Ki; et al. (September 2014). "Revised Big Bang Nucleosynthesis with Long-lived, Negatively Charged Massive Particles: Updated Recombination Rates, Primordial ⁹Be Nucleosynthesis, and Impact of New ⁶Li Limits". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 214 (1): Article 5. arXiv:1403.4156. Bibcode:2014ApJS..214....5K. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/214/1/5. S2CID 118214861.
- Coc, Alain (2017). "Primordial Nucleosynthesis". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 665 (1): Article 012001. arXiv:1609.06048. Bibcode:2016JPhCS.665a2001C. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/665/1/012001. S2CID 250691040. Conference: "Nuclear Physics in Astrophysics VI (NPA6) 19–24 May 2013, Lisbon, Portugal".
- Coc, Alain; Uzan, Jean-Philippe; Vangioni, Elisabeth (October 2014). "Standard big bang nucleosynthesis and primordial CNO Abundances after Planck". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2014 (10): Article 050. arXiv:1403.6694. Bibcode:2014JCAP...10..050C. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2014/10/050. S2CID 118781638.
- Bennett, Charles L.; Larson, Davin; Weiland, Janet L.; et al. (October 2013). "Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 208 (2): Article 20. arXiv:1212.5225. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208...20B. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20. S2CID 119271232.
- Sunyaev, R. A.; Chluba, J. (August 2009). "Signals From the Epoch of Cosmological Recombination". Astronomical Notes. 330 (7): 657–674. arXiv:0908.0435. doi:10.1002/asna.200911237.
- Loeb, Abraham (November 2006). "The Dark Ages of the Universe" (PDF). Scientific American. Vol. 295, no. 5. pp. 46–53. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1106-46. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
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