Chronology of the universe (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Chronology of the universe" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

32harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

31doi.org

2^nd place

28arxiv.org

69^th place

59^th place

18web.archive.org

1^st place

17semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

17worldcat.org

5^th place

6loc.gov

70^th place

63^rd place

4annualreviews.org

3,867^th place

3,957^th place

4books.google.com

3^rd place

3nih.gov

4^th place

2handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

2ucla.edu

782^nd place

585^th place

2nature.com

234^th place

397^th place

2eso.org

3,034^th place

2,650^th place

2aps.org

1,503^rd place

1,378^th place

2forbes.com

54^th place

48^th place

2space.com

936^th place

713^th place

2nasa.gov

75^th place

83^rd place

1uoregon.edu

3,144^th place

2,101^st place

1lbl.gov

2,509^th place

2,329^th place

1iop.org

1,725^th place

1,828^th place

1code.google.com

4,942^nd place

4,061^st place

1astronomy.com

low place

8,690^th place

1cambridge.org

305^th place

264^th place

1nepjol.info

low place

1mpg.de

1,624^th place

1,592^nd place

1physicsoftheuniverse.com

low place

1mediacollege.com

low place

1bbc.com

20^th place

30^th place

1caltech.edu

887^th place

714^th place

1yale.edu

565^th place

460^th place

1spacetelescope.org

8,860^th place

6,620^th place

1sciencealert.com

5,043^rd place

3,807^th place

1briankoberlein.com

low place

1quantamagazine.org

6,413^th place

4,268^th place

1archive.today

14^th place

1ucl.ac.uk

1,306^th place

885^th place

1cnn.com

28^th place

26^th place

1nytimes.com

7^th place

1archive.org

6^th place

1mit.edu

415^th place

327^th place

annualreviews.org

Turner, Michael S. (2022-09-26). "The Road to Precision Cosmology". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 72 (1): 1–35. arXiv:2201.04741. Bibcode:2022ARNPS..72....1T. doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-041046. ISSN 0163-8998.
Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. Bibcode:2010ARA&A..48..581S. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.
Galli, Daniele; Palla, Francesco (2013-08-18). "The Dawn of Chemistry". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 (1): 163–206. arXiv:1211.3319. Bibcode:2013ARA&A..51..163G. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141029. ISSN 0066-4146.
Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. Bibcode:2010ARA&A..48..581S. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.

aps.org

journals.aps.org

Lidsey, James E. (1997). "Reconstructing the inflaton potential—an overview". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (2): 373–410. arXiv:astro-ph/9508078. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..373L. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.373.
Schramm, David N.; Turner, Michael S. (1998-01-01). "Big-bang nucleosynthesis enters the precision era". Reviews of Modern Physics. 70 (1): 303–318. arXiv:astro-ph/9706069. Bibcode:1998RvMP...70..303S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.70.303.

archive.org

Thomson, William (July 1852). "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr. Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. IV (Fourth Series). §§ 1–14. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- Thomson, William (1857) [Read 1 May 1854]. "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat. Part V. Thermo-electric Currents". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. XXI. §§ 99–100. Retrieved 16 January 2020.

archive.today

Wood, Charlie (14 August 2023). "JWST Spots Giant Black Holes All Over the Early Universe – Giant black holes were supposed to be bit players in the early cosmic story. But recent James Webb Space Telescope observations are finding an unexpected abundance of the beasts". Quanta Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.

arxiv.org

Planck Collaboration (October 2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594: Article A13. arXiv:1502.01589. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. S2CID 119262962. The Planck Collaboration in 2015 published the estimate of 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago (68% confidence interval). See PDF: page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column.
Notes: Edward L. Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator (last modified 23 July 2018). With a default $H_{0}$ = 69.6 (based on WMAP9+SPT+ACT+6dFGS+BOSS/DR11+H₀/Riess) parameters, the calculated age of the universe with a redshift of z = 1100 is in agreement with Olive and Peacock (about 370,000 years).
Hinshaw et al. 2009. See PDF: p. 242, Table 7, Age at decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of decoupling occurred 376971+3162
−3167 years after the Big Bang. Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; Bennett, C. L.; Dunkley, J.; Gold, B.; Greason, M. R.; Jarosik, N.; Komatsu, E.; Nolta, M. R.; Page, L.; Spergel, D. N.; Wollack, E.; Halpern, M.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Tucker, G. S.; Wright, E. L. (1 February 2009). "Five-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. hdl:2152/43109. S2CID 3629998.
S.V. Pilipenko (2013–2021) "Paper-and-pencil cosmological calculator" arxiv:1303.5961, including Fortran-90 code upon which the citing charts and formulae are based.
Turner, Michael S. (2022-09-26). "The Road to Precision Cosmology". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 72 (1): 1–35. arXiv:2201.04741. Bibcode:2022ARNPS..72....1T. doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-041046. ISSN 0163-8998.
Chen, Ke-Jung; Heger, Alexander; Woosley, Stan; et al. (1 September 2014). "Pair Instability Supernovae of Very Massive Population III Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 792 (1): Article 44. arXiv:1402.5960. Bibcode:2014ApJ...792...44C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/44. S2CID 119296923.
Sander Schouws; Rychard J. Bouwens; Katherine Ormerod; Renske Smit; Hiddo Algera; Laura Sommovigo; Jacqueline Hodge; Andrea Ferrara; Pascal A. Oesch; Lucie E. Rowland; Ivana van Leeuwen; Mauro Stefanon; Thomas Herard-Demanche; Yoshinobu Fudamoto; Huub Rottgering; Paul van der Werf (17 March 2025). "Detection of [OIII]88µm in JADES-GS-z14-0 at z=14.1793" (PDF). arXiv:2409.20549. Retrieved 4 April 2025. The ALMA detection yields a spectroscopic redshift of z = 14.1793±0.0007
Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. Bibcode:2010ARA&A..48..581S. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.
Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1 April 1997). "A dying universe: The long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (2): 337–372. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337. S2CID 12173790.
Lidsey, James E. (1997). "Reconstructing the inflaton potential—an overview". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (2): 373–410. arXiv:astro-ph/9508078. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..373L. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.373.
D'Onofrio, Michela; Rummukainen, Kari (15 January 2016). "Standard model cross-over on the lattice". Physical Review D. 93 (2): 025003. arXiv:1508.07161. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..93b5003D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.025003. S2CID 119261776.
Siegel, Ethan (9 September 2016). "Cosmic Neutrinos Detected, Confirming The Big Bang's Last Great Prediction" (Blog). Science. Forbes. Jersey City, NJ. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Primary source: Follin, Brent; Knox, Lloyd; Millea, Marius; et al. (26 August 2015). "First Detection of the Acoustic Oscillation Phase Shift Expected from the Cosmic Neutrino Background". Physical Review Letters. 115 (9): 091301. arXiv:1503.07863. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115i1301F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.091301. PMID 26371637. S2CID 24763212.
- Schramm, David N.; Turner, Michael S. (1998-01-01). "Big-bang nucleosynthesis enters the precision era". Reviews of Modern Physics. 70 (1): 303–318. arXiv:astro-ph/9706069. Bibcode:1998RvMP...70..303S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.70.303.
- Elcio Abdalla; Guillermo Franco Abellán; et al. (11 Mar 2022). "Cosmology Intertwined: A Review of the Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Associated with the Cosmological Tensions and Anomalies". Journal of High Energy Astrophysics. 34: 49. arXiv:2203.06142v1. Bibcode:2022JHEAp..34...49A. doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2022.04.002. S2CID 247411131.
- Bennett, Charles L.; Larson, Davin; Weiland, Janet L.; et al. (October 2013). "Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 208 (2): Article 20. arXiv:1212.5225. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208...20B. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20. S2CID 119271232.
- Wright 2004, p. 291 Wright, Edward L. (2004). "Theoretical Overview of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy". In Freedman, Wendy L. (ed.). Measuring and Modeling the Universe. Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 291. arXiv:astro-ph/0305591. Bibcode:2004mmu..symp..291W. ISBN 978-0-521-75576-4. LCCN 2005277053. OCLC 937330165.
- Sunyaev, R. A.; Chluba, J. (August 2009). "Signals From the Epoch of Cosmological Recombination". Astronomical Notes. 330 (7): 657–674. arXiv:0908.0435. doi:10.1002/asna.200911237.
- Galli, Daniele; Palla, Francesco (2013-08-18). "The Dawn of Chemistry". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 (1): 163–206. arXiv:1211.3319. Bibcode:2013ARA&A..51..163G. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141029. ISSN 0066-4146.
- Oesch, P. A.; Brammer, G.; van Dokkum, P.; et al. (March 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2). 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
- Dijkstra, Mark (22 October 2014). "Lyα Emitting Galaxies as a Probe of Reionization". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 31: e040. arXiv:1406.7292. Bibcode:2014PASA...31...40D. doi:10.1017/pasa.2014.33. S2CID 119237814.
- Madau, Piero; Haardt, Francesco; Rees, Martin J. (1 April 1999). "Radiative Transfer in a Clumpy Universe. III. The Nature of Cosmological Ionizing Source". The Astrophysical Journal. 514 (2): 648–659. arXiv:astro-ph/9809058. Bibcode:1999ApJ...514..648M. doi:10.1086/306975. S2CID 17932350.
- Barkana, Rennan; Loeb, Abraham (July 2001). "In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe". Physics Reports. 349 (2): 125–238. arXiv:astro-ph/0010468. Bibcode:2001PhR...349..125B. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(01)00019-9. S2CID 119094218.
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Ostriker, Jeremiah P. (10 September 1997). "Reionization of the Universe and the Early Production of Metals". The Astrophysical Journal. 486 (2): 581–598. arXiv:astro-ph/9612127. Bibcode:1997ApJ...486..581G. doi:10.1086/304548. S2CID 5758398.
- Lu, Limin; Sargent, Wallace L. W.; Barlow, Thomas A.; et al. (13 February 1998). "The Metal Contents of Very Low Column Density Lyman-alpha Clouds: Implications for the Origin of Heavy Elements in the Intergalactic Medium". arXiv:astro-ph/9802189.
- Bouwens, Rychard J.; Illingworth, Garth D.; Oesch, Pascal A.; et al. (10 June 2012). "Lower-luminosity Galaxies Could Reionize the Universe: Very Steep Faint-end Slopes to the UV Luminosity Functions at z ≥ 5–8 from the HUDF09 WFC3/IR Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 752 (1): Article L5. arXiv:1105.2038. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752L...5B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/1/L5. S2CID 118856513.
- Xiaohu, Fan; Narayanan, Vijay K.; Lupton, Robert H.; et al. (December 2001). "A Survey of z > 5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z ~ 6". The Astrophysical Journal. 122 (6): 2833–2849. arXiv:astro-ph/0108063. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2833F. doi:10.1086/324111. S2CID 119339804.
- Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. Bibcode:2010ARA&A..48..581S. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.
- Peebles, P. J. E.; Ratra, Bharat (22 April 2003). "The cosmological constant and dark energy". Reviews of Modern Physics. 75 (2): 559–606. arXiv:astro-ph/0207347. Bibcode:2003RvMP...75..559P. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559. S2CID 118961123.

astronomy.com

Bruce, Dorminey (1 February 2021). "The Beginning to the End of the Universe: The mystery of dark energy". Astronomy.com. Retrieved 27 March 2021.

bbc.com

Amos, Jonathan (13 November 2012). "Quasars illustrate dark energy's roller coaster ride". Science & Environment. BBC News. London: BBC. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.

books.google.com

Silk, Joseph (2005-01-03). On the Shores of the Unknown: A Short History of the Universe. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-521-83627-2.
Baggott, Jim (2018-06-07). Origins: The Scientific Story of Creation. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-256196-1.
Petter 2013, p. 68 Petter, Patrick (2013). Basic Knowledge of Astrophysic: A New Way. Berlin: epubli GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8442-7203-1. OCLC 863893991.
Morison 2015, p. 298 Morison, Ian (2015). A Journey Through the Universe: Gresham Lectures on Astronomy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07346-3. LCCN 2014016830. OCLC 910903969.

briankoberlein.com

"A Deeper Sky | by Brian Koberlein". briankoberlein.com.

caltech.edu

astro.caltech.edu

Ellis, Richard. "Searching for First Light in the Early Universe". Richard Ellis's Homepage. Pasadena, CA: Astronomy Department, California Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 12 December 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2007.

cambridge.org

Peacock, J. A. (1998-12-28). Cosmological Physics (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804533. ISBN 978-0-521-41072-4.

cnn.com

Landau, Elizabeth (25 October 2013) [Originally published 23 October 2013]. "Scientists confirm most distant galaxy ever". CNN. New York: Warner Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2018.

code.google.com

S.V. Pilipenko (2013–2021) "Paper-and-pencil cosmological calculator" arxiv:1303.5961, including Fortran-90 code upon which the citing charts and formulae are based.

doi.org

Planck Collaboration (October 2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594: Article A13. arXiv:1502.01589. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. S2CID 119262962. The Planck Collaboration in 2015 published the estimate of 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago (68% confidence interval). See PDF: page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column.
Navas, S. 2024, p. [1], chpt. 22: "Big-Bang Cosmology" (Revised August 2023) by Keith A. Olive and John A. Peacock. Navas, S.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2024). "Review of Particle Physics". Physical Review D. 110 (3): 1–708. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.110.030001. hdl:11384/149923.
Hinshaw et al. 2009. See PDF: p. 242, Table 7, Age at decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of decoupling occurred 376971+3162
−3167 years after the Big Bang. Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; Bennett, C. L.; Dunkley, J.; Gold, B.; Greason, M. R.; Jarosik, N.; Komatsu, E.; Nolta, M. R.; Page, L.; Spergel, D. N.; Wollack, E.; Halpern, M.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Tucker, G. S.; Wright, E. L. (1 February 2009). "Five-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. hdl:2152/43109. S2CID 3629998.
Turner, Michael S. (2022-09-26). "The Road to Precision Cosmology". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 72 (1): 1–35. arXiv:2201.04741. Bibcode:2022ARNPS..72....1T. doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-041046. ISSN 0163-8998.
Chen, Ke-Jung; Heger, Alexander; Woosley, Stan; et al. (1 September 2014). "Pair Instability Supernovae of Very Massive Population III Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 792 (1): Article 44. arXiv:1402.5960. Bibcode:2014ApJ...792...44C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/44. S2CID 119296923.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D’Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-09-12). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 11390484.
Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. Bibcode:2010ARA&A..48..581S. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.
Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (2019-08-22). "Challenges in evidencing the earliest traces of life". Nature. 572 (7770): 451–460. Bibcode:2019Natur.572..451J. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1436-4. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31435057.
Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1 April 1997). "A dying universe: The long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (2): 337–372. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337. S2CID 12173790.
Peacock, J. A. (1998-12-28). Cosmological Physics (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804533. ISBN 978-0-521-41072-4.
Lidsey, James E. (1997). "Reconstructing the inflaton potential—an overview". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (2): 373–410. arXiv:astro-ph/9508078. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..373L. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.373.
D'Onofrio, Michela; Rummukainen, Kari (15 January 2016). "Standard model cross-over on the lattice". Physical Review D. 93 (2): 025003. arXiv:1508.07161. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..93b5003D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.025003. S2CID 119261776.
Karki, Ravi (May 2010). "The Foreground of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis" (PDF). The Himalayan Physics. 1 (1): 79–82. doi:10.3126/hj.v1i0.5186. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
Siegel, Ethan (9 September 2016). "Cosmic Neutrinos Detected, Confirming The Big Bang's Last Great Prediction" (Blog). Science. Forbes. Jersey City, NJ. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Primary source: Follin, Brent; Knox, Lloyd; Millea, Marius; et al. (26 August 2015). "First Detection of the Acoustic Oscillation Phase Shift Expected from the Cosmic Neutrino Background". Physical Review Letters. 115 (9): 091301. arXiv:1503.07863. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115i1301F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.091301. PMID 26371637. S2CID 24763212.
- Schramm, David N.; Turner, Michael S. (1998-01-01). "Big-bang nucleosynthesis enters the precision era". Reviews of Modern Physics. 70 (1): 303–318. arXiv:astro-ph/9706069. Bibcode:1998RvMP...70..303S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.70.303.
- Elcio Abdalla; Guillermo Franco Abellán; et al. (11 Mar 2022). "Cosmology Intertwined: A Review of the Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Associated with the Cosmological Tensions and Anomalies". Journal of High Energy Astrophysics. 34: 49. arXiv:2203.06142v1. Bibcode:2022JHEAp..34...49A. doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2022.04.002. S2CID 247411131.
- Bennett, Charles L.; Larson, Davin; Weiland, Janet L.; et al. (October 2013). "Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 208 (2): Article 20. arXiv:1212.5225. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208...20B. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20. S2CID 119271232.
- Sunyaev, R. A.; Chluba, J. (August 2009). "Signals From the Epoch of Cosmological Recombination". Astronomical Notes. 330 (7): 657–674. arXiv:0908.0435. doi:10.1002/asna.200911237.
- Loeb, Abraham (November 2006). "The Dark Ages of the Universe" (PDF). Scientific American. Vol. 295, no. 5. pp. 46–53. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1106-46. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- Galli, Daniele; Palla, Francesco (2013-08-18). "The Dawn of Chemistry". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 (1): 163–206. arXiv:1211.3319. Bibcode:2013ARA&A..51..163G. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141029. ISSN 0066-4146.
- Oesch, P. A.; Brammer, G.; van Dokkum, P.; et al. (March 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2). 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
- Dijkstra, Mark (22 October 2014). "Lyα Emitting Galaxies as a Probe of Reionization". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 31: e040. arXiv:1406.7292. Bibcode:2014PASA...31...40D. doi:10.1017/pasa.2014.33. S2CID 119237814.
- Madau, Piero; Haardt, Francesco; Rees, Martin J. (1 April 1999). "Radiative Transfer in a Clumpy Universe. III. The Nature of Cosmological Ionizing Source". The Astrophysical Journal. 514 (2): 648–659. arXiv:astro-ph/9809058. Bibcode:1999ApJ...514..648M. doi:10.1086/306975. S2CID 17932350.
- Barkana, Rennan; Loeb, Abraham (July 2001). "In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe". Physics Reports. 349 (2): 125–238. arXiv:astro-ph/0010468. Bibcode:2001PhR...349..125B. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(01)00019-9. S2CID 119094218.
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Ostriker, Jeremiah P. (10 September 1997). "Reionization of the Universe and the Early Production of Metals". The Astrophysical Journal. 486 (2): 581–598. arXiv:astro-ph/9612127. Bibcode:1997ApJ...486..581G. doi:10.1086/304548. S2CID 5758398.
- Bouwens, Rychard J.; Illingworth, Garth D.; Oesch, Pascal A.; et al. (10 June 2012). "Lower-luminosity Galaxies Could Reionize the Universe: Very Steep Faint-end Slopes to the UV Luminosity Functions at z ≥ 5–8 from the HUDF09 WFC3/IR Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 752 (1): Article L5. arXiv:1105.2038. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752L...5B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/1/L5. S2CID 118856513.
- Shapiro, Paul R.; Giroux, Mark L. (15 October 1987). "Cosmological H II Regions and the Photoionization of the Intergalactic Medium". The Astrophysical Journal. 321: L107 – L112. Bibcode:1987ApJ...321L.107S. doi:10.1086/185015.
- Xiaohu, Fan; Narayanan, Vijay K.; Lupton, Robert H.; et al. (December 2001). "A Survey of z > 5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z ~ 6". The Astrophysical Journal. 122 (6): 2833–2849. arXiv:astro-ph/0108063. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2833F. doi:10.1086/324111. S2CID 119339804.
- Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. Bibcode:2010ARA&A..48..581S. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.
- Peebles, P. J. E.; Ratra, Bharat (22 April 2003). "The cosmological constant and dark energy". Reviews of Modern Physics. 75 (2): 559–606. arXiv:astro-ph/0207347. Bibcode:2003RvMP...75..559P. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559. S2CID 118961123.
- Turner, Michael S.; Wilczek, Frank (12 August 1982). "Is our vacuum metastable?" (PDF). Nature. 298 (5875): 633–634. Bibcode:1982Natur.298..633T. doi:10.1038/298633a0. S2CID 4274444. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2015.

eso.org

Sander Schouws; Rychard J. Bouwens; Katherine Ormerod; Renske Smit; Hiddo Algera; Laura Sommovigo; Jacqueline Hodge; Andrea Ferrara; Pascal A. Oesch; Lucie E. Rowland; Ivana van Leeuwen; Mauro Stefanon; Thomas Herard-Demanche; Yoshinobu Fudamoto; Huub Rottgering; Paul van der Werf (17 March 2025). "Detection of [OIII]88µm in JADES-GS-z14-0 at z=14.1793" (PDF). arXiv:2409.20549. Retrieved 4 April 2025. The ALMA detection yields a spectroscopic redshift of z = 14.1793±0.0007
information@eso.org. "Oxygen discovered in most distant known galaxy". www.eso.org. Retrieved 2025-04-02.

forbes.com

Siegel, Ethan (9 September 2016). "Cosmic Neutrinos Detected, Confirming The Big Bang's Last Great Prediction" (Blog). Science. Forbes. Jersey City, NJ. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Primary source: Follin, Brent; Knox, Lloyd; Millea, Marius; et al. (26 August 2015). "First Detection of the Acoustic Oscillation Phase Shift Expected from the Cosmic Neutrino Background". Physical Review Letters. 115 (9): 091301. arXiv:1503.07863. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115i1301F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.091301. PMID 26371637. S2CID 24763212.
- Siegel, Ethan. "No, Black Holes Will Never Consume The Universe". Forbes.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Navas, S. 2024, p. [1], chpt. 22: "Big-Bang Cosmology" (Revised August 2023) by Keith A. Olive and John A. Peacock. Navas, S.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2024). "Review of Particle Physics". Physical Review D. 110 (3): 1–708. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.110.030001. hdl:11384/149923.
Hinshaw et al. 2009. See PDF: p. 242, Table 7, Age at decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of decoupling occurred 376971+3162
−3167 years after the Big Bang. Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; Bennett, C. L.; Dunkley, J.; Gold, B.; Greason, M. R.; Jarosik, N.; Komatsu, E.; Nolta, M. R.; Page, L.; Spergel, D. N.; Wollack, E.; Halpern, M.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Tucker, G. S.; Wright, E. L. (1 February 2009). "Five-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. hdl:2152/43109. S2CID 3629998.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Planck Collaboration (October 2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594: Article A13. arXiv:1502.01589. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. S2CID 119262962. The Planck Collaboration in 2015 published the estimate of 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago (68% confidence interval). See PDF: page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column.
Ryden 2006, eq. 6.41 Ryden, Barbara Sue (13 January 2006). Introduction to Cosmology. Bibcode:2006hep..conf...77C.
Hinshaw et al. 2009. See PDF: p. 242, Table 7, Age at decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of decoupling occurred 376971+3162
−3167 years after the Big Bang. Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; Bennett, C. L.; Dunkley, J.; Gold, B.; Greason, M. R.; Jarosik, N.; Komatsu, E.; Nolta, M. R.; Page, L.; Spergel, D. N.; Wollack, E.; Halpern, M.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Tucker, G. S.; Wright, E. L. (1 February 2009). "Five-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. hdl:2152/43109. S2CID 3629998.
Ryden 2006, pp. 194–195. "Without going into the details of the non-equilibrium physics, let's content ourselves by saying, in round numbers, z_dec ≈ 1100, corresponding to a temperature T_dec ≈ 3000 K, when the age of the universe was t_dec ≈ 350,000 yr in the Benchmark Model. (...) The relevant times of various events around the time of recombination are shown in Table 9.1. (...) Note that all these times are approximate, and are dependent on the cosmological model you choose. (I have chosen the Benchmark Model in calculating these numbers.)" Ryden, Barbara Sue (13 January 2006). Introduction to Cosmology. Bibcode:2006hep..conf...77C.
Turner, Michael S. (2022-09-26). "The Road to Precision Cosmology". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 72 (1): 1–35. arXiv:2201.04741. Bibcode:2022ARNPS..72....1T. doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-041046. ISSN 0163-8998.
Chen, Ke-Jung; Heger, Alexander; Woosley, Stan; et al. (1 September 2014). "Pair Instability Supernovae of Very Massive Population III Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 792 (1): Article 44. arXiv:1402.5960. Bibcode:2014ApJ...792...44C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/44. S2CID 119296923.
Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. Bibcode:2010ARA&A..48..581S. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.
Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (2019-08-22). "Challenges in evidencing the earliest traces of life". Nature. 572 (7770): 451–460. Bibcode:2019Natur.572..451J. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1436-4. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31435057.
Ryden 2006, eq. 6.33 Ryden, Barbara Sue (13 January 2006). Introduction to Cosmology. Bibcode:2006hep..conf...77C.
Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1 April 1997). "A dying universe: The long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (2): 337–372. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337. S2CID 12173790.
Lidsey, James E. (1997). "Reconstructing the inflaton potential—an overview". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (2): 373–410. arXiv:astro-ph/9508078. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..373L. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.373.
D'Onofrio, Michela; Rummukainen, Kari (15 January 2016). "Standard model cross-over on the lattice". Physical Review D. 93 (2): 025003. arXiv:1508.07161. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..93b5003D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.025003. S2CID 119261776.
Siegel, Ethan (9 September 2016). "Cosmic Neutrinos Detected, Confirming The Big Bang's Last Great Prediction" (Blog). Science. Forbes. Jersey City, NJ. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Primary source: Follin, Brent; Knox, Lloyd; Millea, Marius; et al. (26 August 2015). "First Detection of the Acoustic Oscillation Phase Shift Expected from the Cosmic Neutrino Background". Physical Review Letters. 115 (9): 091301. arXiv:1503.07863. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115i1301F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.091301. PMID 26371637. S2CID 24763212.
- Schramm, David N.; Turner, Michael S. (1998-01-01). "Big-bang nucleosynthesis enters the precision era". Reviews of Modern Physics. 70 (1): 303–318. arXiv:astro-ph/9706069. Bibcode:1998RvMP...70..303S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.70.303.
- Elcio Abdalla; Guillermo Franco Abellán; et al. (11 Mar 2022). "Cosmology Intertwined: A Review of the Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Associated with the Cosmological Tensions and Anomalies". Journal of High Energy Astrophysics. 34: 49. arXiv:2203.06142v1. Bibcode:2022JHEAp..34...49A. doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2022.04.002. S2CID 247411131.
- Ryden 2006 Ryden, Barbara Sue (13 January 2006). Introduction to Cosmology. Bibcode:2006hep..conf...77C.
- Bennett, Charles L.; Larson, Davin; Weiland, Janet L.; et al. (October 2013). "Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 208 (2): Article 20. arXiv:1212.5225. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208...20B. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20. S2CID 119271232.
- Wright 2004, p. 291 Wright, Edward L. (2004). "Theoretical Overview of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy". In Freedman, Wendy L. (ed.). Measuring and Modeling the Universe. Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 291. arXiv:astro-ph/0305591. Bibcode:2004mmu..symp..291W. ISBN 978-0-521-75576-4. LCCN 2005277053. OCLC 937330165.
- Galli, Daniele; Palla, Francesco (2013-08-18). "The Dawn of Chemistry". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 (1): 163–206. arXiv:1211.3319. Bibcode:2013ARA&A..51..163G. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141029. ISSN 0066-4146.
- Oesch, P. A.; Brammer, G.; van Dokkum, P.; et al. (March 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2). 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
- Dijkstra, Mark (22 October 2014). "Lyα Emitting Galaxies as a Probe of Reionization". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 31: e040. arXiv:1406.7292. Bibcode:2014PASA...31...40D. doi:10.1017/pasa.2014.33. S2CID 119237814.
- Madau, Piero; Haardt, Francesco; Rees, Martin J. (1 April 1999). "Radiative Transfer in a Clumpy Universe. III. The Nature of Cosmological Ionizing Source". The Astrophysical Journal. 514 (2): 648–659. arXiv:astro-ph/9809058. Bibcode:1999ApJ...514..648M. doi:10.1086/306975. S2CID 17932350.
- Barkana, Rennan; Loeb, Abraham (July 2001). "In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe". Physics Reports. 349 (2): 125–238. arXiv:astro-ph/0010468. Bibcode:2001PhR...349..125B. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(01)00019-9. S2CID 119094218.
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Ostriker, Jeremiah P. (10 September 1997). "Reionization of the Universe and the Early Production of Metals". The Astrophysical Journal. 486 (2): 581–598. arXiv:astro-ph/9612127. Bibcode:1997ApJ...486..581G. doi:10.1086/304548. S2CID 5758398.
- Bouwens, Rychard J.; Illingworth, Garth D.; Oesch, Pascal A.; et al. (10 June 2012). "Lower-luminosity Galaxies Could Reionize the Universe: Very Steep Faint-end Slopes to the UV Luminosity Functions at z ≥ 5–8 from the HUDF09 WFC3/IR Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 752 (1): Article L5. arXiv:1105.2038. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752L...5B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/1/L5. S2CID 118856513.
- Shapiro, Paul R.; Giroux, Mark L. (15 October 1987). "Cosmological H II Regions and the Photoionization of the Intergalactic Medium". The Astrophysical Journal. 321: L107 – L112. Bibcode:1987ApJ...321L.107S. doi:10.1086/185015.
- Xiaohu, Fan; Narayanan, Vijay K.; Lupton, Robert H.; et al. (December 2001). "A Survey of z > 5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z ~ 6". The Astrophysical Journal. 122 (6): 2833–2849. arXiv:astro-ph/0108063. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2833F. doi:10.1086/324111. S2CID 119339804.
- Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. Bibcode:2010ARA&A..48..581S. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.
- Peebles, P. J. E.; Ratra, Bharat (22 April 2003). "The cosmological constant and dark energy". Reviews of Modern Physics. 75 (2): 559–606. arXiv:astro-ph/0207347. Bibcode:2003RvMP...75..559P. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559. S2CID 118961123.
- Turner, Michael S.; Wilczek, Frank (12 August 1982). "Is our vacuum metastable?" (PDF). Nature. 298 (5875): 633–634. Bibcode:1982Natur.298..633T. doi:10.1038/298633a0. S2CID 4274444. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
cfa.harvard.edu
- Chaisson, Eric J. (2013). "First Few Minutes". Cosmic Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Loeb, Abraham (November 2006). "The Dark Ages of the Universe" (PDF). Scientific American. Vol. 295, no. 5. pp. 46–53. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1106-46. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.

iop.org

iopscience.iop.org

Hinshaw et al. 2009. See PDF: p. 242, Table 7, Age at decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of decoupling occurred 376971+3162
−3167 years after the Big Bang. Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; Bennett, C. L.; Dunkley, J.; Gold, B.; Greason, M. R.; Jarosik, N.; Komatsu, E.; Nolta, M. R.; Page, L.; Spergel, D. N.; Wollack, E.; Halpern, M.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Tucker, G. S.; Wright, E. L. (1 February 2009). "Five-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. hdl:2152/43109. S2CID 3629998.

lbl.gov

pdg.lbl.gov

Navas, S. 2024, p. [1], chpt. 22: "Big-Bang Cosmology" (Revised August 2023) by Keith A. Olive and John A. Peacock. Navas, S.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2024). "Review of Particle Physics". Physical Review D. 110 (3): 1–708. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.110.030001. hdl:11384/149923.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Gibbons, Hawking & Siklos 1983, pp. 171–204, "Phase transitions in the very early Universe" by Alan H. Guth.. Gibbons, Gary W.; Hawking, Stephen W.; Siklos, Stephen T.C., eds. (1983). The Very Early Universe: Proceedings of the Nuffield Workshop, Cambridge, 21 June to 9 July, 1982. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-25349-9. LCCN 83007330. OCLC 9488764.
Ryden 2003, p. 196 Ryden, Barbara Sue (2003). Introduction to Cosmology. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-8053-8912-8. LCCN 2002013176. OCLC 1087978842.
Morison 2015, p. 298 Morison, Ian (2015). A Journey Through the Universe: Gresham Lectures on Astronomy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07346-3. LCCN 2014016830. OCLC 910903969.
Zeilik & Gregory 1998, p. 497. Zeilik, Michael; Gregory, Stephen A. (1998). Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics. Saunders Golden Sunburst Series (4th ed.). Fresno, CA: Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-03-006228-5. LCCN 97069268. OCLC 813279385.
Wright 2004, p. 291 Wright, Edward L. (2004). "Theoretical Overview of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy". In Freedman, Wendy L. (ed.). Measuring and Modeling the Universe. Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 291. arXiv:astro-ph/0305591. Bibcode:2004mmu..symp..291W. ISBN 978-0-521-75576-4. LCCN 2005277053. OCLC 937330165.
Mukhanov 2005, p. 120. Mukhanov, Viatcheslav (2005). Physical Foundations of Cosmology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-79055-3. LCCN 2006295735. OCLC 859642394.

mediacollege.com

"Color Temperature Chart". MediaCollege.com. Te Awamutu: Wavelength Media. Retrieved 21 September 2018.

mit.edu

ctp.lns.mit.edu

Turner, Michael S.; Wilczek, Frank (12 August 1982). "Is our vacuum metastable?" (PDF). Nature. 298 (5875): 633–634. Bibcode:1982Natur.298..633T. doi:10.1038/298633a0. S2CID 4274444. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2015.

mpg.de

wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de

Kauffmann, Guinevere. "Thermal history of the universe and early growth of density fluctuations" (PDF) (Lecture). Garching: Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2020.

nasa.gov

jwst.nasa.gov

"FAQ for Scientists Webb Telescope/NASA". jwst.nasa.gov.

apod.nasa.gov

Nemiroff, Robert J.; Bonnell, Jerry, eds. (9 March 2004). "The Hubble Ultra Deep Field". Astronomy Picture of the Day. Washington, D.C.; Houghton, MI: NASA; Michigan Technological University. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2018.

nature.com

Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D’Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-09-12). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 11390484.
Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (2019-08-22). "Challenges in evidencing the earliest traces of life". Nature. 572 (7770): 451–460. Bibcode:2019Natur.572..451J. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1436-4. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31435057.

nepjol.info

Karki, Ravi (May 2010). "The Foreground of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis" (PDF). The Himalayan Physics. 1 (1): 79–82. doi:10.3126/hj.v1i0.5186. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (2019-08-22). "Challenges in evidencing the earliest traces of life". Nature. 572 (7770): 451–460. Bibcode:2019Natur.572..451J. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1436-4. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31435057.
Siegel, Ethan (9 September 2016). "Cosmic Neutrinos Detected, Confirming The Big Bang's Last Great Prediction" (Blog). Science. Forbes. Jersey City, NJ. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Primary source: Follin, Brent; Knox, Lloyd; Millea, Marius; et al. (26 August 2015). "First Detection of the Acoustic Oscillation Phase Shift Expected from the Cosmic Neutrino Background". Physical Review Letters. 115 (9): 091301. arXiv:1503.07863. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115i1301F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.091301. PMID 26371637. S2CID 24763212.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D’Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-09-12). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 11390484.

nytimes.com

Overbye, Dennis (20 February 2017). "Cosmos Controversy: The Universe Is Expanding, but How Fast?". Out There. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2017. "A version of this article appears in print on Feb. 21, 2017, Section D, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: A Runaway Universe."

physicsoftheuniverse.com

"Timeline of the Big Bang". The Physics of the Universe. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2020.

quantamagazine.org

Wood, Charlie (14 August 2023). "JWST Spots Giant Black Holes All Over the Early Universe – Giant black holes were supposed to be bit players in the early cosmic story. But recent James Webb Space Telescope observations are finding an unexpected abundance of the beasts". Quanta Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.

sciencealert.com

Atkinson, Nancy. "Hubble Has Looked Back in Time as Far as It Can And Still Can't Find The First Stars". Universe Today – via ScienceAlert.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Planck Collaboration (October 2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594: Article A13. arXiv:1502.01589. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. S2CID 119262962. The Planck Collaboration in 2015 published the estimate of 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago (68% confidence interval). See PDF: page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column.
Hinshaw et al. 2009. See PDF: p. 242, Table 7, Age at decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of decoupling occurred 376971+3162
−3167 years after the Big Bang. Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; Bennett, C. L.; Dunkley, J.; Gold, B.; Greason, M. R.; Jarosik, N.; Komatsu, E.; Nolta, M. R.; Page, L.; Spergel, D. N.; Wollack, E.; Halpern, M.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Tucker, G. S.; Wright, E. L. (1 February 2009). "Five-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. hdl:2152/43109. S2CID 3629998.
Chen, Ke-Jung; Heger, Alexander; Woosley, Stan; et al. (1 September 2014). "Pair Instability Supernovae of Very Massive Population III Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 792 (1): Article 44. arXiv:1402.5960. Bibcode:2014ApJ...792...44C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/44. S2CID 119296923.
Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1 April 1997). "A dying universe: The long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (2): 337–372. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337. S2CID 12173790.
D'Onofrio, Michela; Rummukainen, Kari (15 January 2016). "Standard model cross-over on the lattice". Physical Review D. 93 (2): 025003. arXiv:1508.07161. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..93b5003D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.025003. S2CID 119261776.
Siegel, Ethan (9 September 2016). "Cosmic Neutrinos Detected, Confirming The Big Bang's Last Great Prediction" (Blog). Science. Forbes. Jersey City, NJ. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Primary source: Follin, Brent; Knox, Lloyd; Millea, Marius; et al. (26 August 2015). "First Detection of the Acoustic Oscillation Phase Shift Expected from the Cosmic Neutrino Background". Physical Review Letters. 115 (9): 091301. arXiv:1503.07863. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115i1301F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.091301. PMID 26371637. S2CID 24763212.
- Elcio Abdalla; Guillermo Franco Abellán; et al. (11 Mar 2022). "Cosmology Intertwined: A Review of the Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Associated with the Cosmological Tensions and Anomalies". Journal of High Energy Astrophysics. 34: 49. arXiv:2203.06142v1. Bibcode:2022JHEAp..34...49A. doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2022.04.002. S2CID 247411131.
- Bennett, Charles L.; Larson, Davin; Weiland, Janet L.; et al. (October 2013). "Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 208 (2): Article 20. arXiv:1212.5225. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208...20B. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20. S2CID 119271232.
- Oesch, P. A.; Brammer, G.; van Dokkum, P.; et al. (March 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2). 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.
- Dijkstra, Mark (22 October 2014). "Lyα Emitting Galaxies as a Probe of Reionization". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 31: e040. arXiv:1406.7292. Bibcode:2014PASA...31...40D. doi:10.1017/pasa.2014.33. S2CID 119237814.
- Madau, Piero; Haardt, Francesco; Rees, Martin J. (1 April 1999). "Radiative Transfer in a Clumpy Universe. III. The Nature of Cosmological Ionizing Source". The Astrophysical Journal. 514 (2): 648–659. arXiv:astro-ph/9809058. Bibcode:1999ApJ...514..648M. doi:10.1086/306975. S2CID 17932350.
- Barkana, Rennan; Loeb, Abraham (July 2001). "In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe". Physics Reports. 349 (2): 125–238. arXiv:astro-ph/0010468. Bibcode:2001PhR...349..125B. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(01)00019-9. S2CID 119094218.
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Ostriker, Jeremiah P. (10 September 1997). "Reionization of the Universe and the Early Production of Metals". The Astrophysical Journal. 486 (2): 581–598. arXiv:astro-ph/9612127. Bibcode:1997ApJ...486..581G. doi:10.1086/304548. S2CID 5758398.
- Bouwens, Rychard J.; Illingworth, Garth D.; Oesch, Pascal A.; et al. (10 June 2012). "Lower-luminosity Galaxies Could Reionize the Universe: Very Steep Faint-end Slopes to the UV Luminosity Functions at z ≥ 5–8 from the HUDF09 WFC3/IR Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 752 (1): Article L5. arXiv:1105.2038. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752L...5B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/1/L5. S2CID 118856513.
- Xiaohu, Fan; Narayanan, Vijay K.; Lupton, Robert H.; et al. (December 2001). "A Survey of z > 5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z ~ 6". The Astrophysical Journal. 122 (6): 2833–2849. arXiv:astro-ph/0108063. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2833F. doi:10.1086/324111. S2CID 119339804.
- Peebles, P. J. E.; Ratra, Bharat (22 April 2003). "The cosmological constant and dark energy". Reviews of Modern Physics. 75 (2): 559–606. arXiv:astro-ph/0207347. Bibcode:2003RvMP...75..559P. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559. S2CID 118961123.
- Turner, Michael S.; Wilczek, Frank (12 August 1982). "Is our vacuum metastable?" (PDF). Nature. 298 (5875): 633–634. Bibcode:1982Natur.298..633T. doi:10.1038/298633a0. S2CID 4274444. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2015.

space.com

Gannon, Megan (21 December 2012). "New 'Baby Picture' of Universe Unveiled". Space.com. New York: Future plc. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
Mathewson, Samantha (18 April 2019). "Astronomers Finally Spot Universe's First Molecule in Distant Nebula". Space.com. New York: Future plc. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.

spacetelescope.org

"Hubble breaks cosmic distance record". SpaceTelescope.org. March 3, 2016. heic1604. Retrieved March 3, 2016.

ucl.ac.uk

"Illuminating illumination: what lights up the universe?" (Press release). London: University College London. UCL Media Relations. 27 August 2014. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2020.

ucla.edu

astro.ucla.edu

Notes: Edward L. Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator (last modified 23 July 2018). With a default $H_{0}$ = 69.6 (based on WMAP9+SPT+ACT+6dFGS+BOSS/DR11+H₀/Riess) parameters, the calculated age of the universe with a redshift of z = 1100 is in agreement with Olive and Peacock (about 370,000 years).
Wright, Edward L. (26 September 2012). "Big Bang Nucleosynthesis". Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial. Los Angeles: Division of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2018.

uoregon.edu

abyss.uoregon.edu

Schombert, James. "Birth of the Universe". HC 441: Cosmology. University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2022.

web.archive.org

Schombert, James. "Birth of the Universe". HC 441: Cosmology. University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
Karki, Ravi (May 2010). "The Foreground of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis" (PDF). The Himalayan Physics. 1 (1): 79–82. doi:10.3126/hj.v1i0.5186. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
Siegel, Ethan (9 September 2016). "Cosmic Neutrinos Detected, Confirming The Big Bang's Last Great Prediction" (Blog). Science. Forbes. Jersey City, NJ. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Primary source: Follin, Brent; Knox, Lloyd; Millea, Marius; et al. (26 August 2015). "First Detection of the Acoustic Oscillation Phase Shift Expected from the Cosmic Neutrino Background". Physical Review Letters. 115 (9): 091301. arXiv:1503.07863. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115i1301F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.091301. PMID 26371637. S2CID 24763212.
- Kauffmann, Guinevere. "Thermal history of the universe and early growth of density fluctuations" (PDF) (Lecture). Garching: Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Chaisson, Eric J. (2013). "First Few Minutes". Cosmic Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- "Timeline of the Big Bang". The Physics of the Universe. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Wright, Edward L. (26 September 2012). "Big Bang Nucleosynthesis". Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial. Los Angeles: Division of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
- Gannon, Megan (21 December 2012). "New 'Baby Picture' of Universe Unveiled". Space.com. New York: Future plc. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- Mathewson, Samantha (18 April 2019). "Astronomers Finally Spot Universe's First Molecule in Distant Nebula". Space.com. New York: Future plc. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- Amos, Jonathan (13 November 2012). "Quasars illustrate dark energy's roller coaster ride". Science & Environment. BBC News. London: BBC. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- Loeb, Abraham (November 2006). "The Dark Ages of the Universe" (PDF). Scientific American. Vol. 295, no. 5. pp. 46–53. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1106-46. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- Ellis, Richard. "Searching for First Light in the Early Universe". Richard Ellis's Homepage. Pasadena, CA: Astronomy Department, California Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 12 December 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
- "First stars formed even later than we thought". ESA Science & Technology. Paris: European Space Agency. 31 August 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
- "Illuminating illumination: what lights up the universe?" (Press release). London: University College London. UCL Media Relations. 27 August 2014. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- Nemiroff, Robert J.; Bonnell, Jerry, eds. (9 March 2004). "The Hubble Ultra Deep Field". Astronomy Picture of the Day. Washington, D.C.; Houghton, MI: NASA; Michigan Technological University. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- Landau, Elizabeth (25 October 2013) [Originally published 23 October 2013]. "Scientists confirm most distant galaxy ever". CNN. New York: Warner Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
- Overbye, Dennis (20 February 2017). "Cosmos Controversy: The Universe Is Expanding, but How Fast?". Out There. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2017. "A version of this article appears in print on Feb. 21, 2017, Section D, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: A Runaway Universe."
- Turner, Michael S.; Wilczek, Frank (12 August 1982). "Is our vacuum metastable?" (PDF). Nature. 298 (5875): 633–634. Bibcode:1982Natur.298..633T. doi:10.1038/298633a0. S2CID 4274444. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2015.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Turner, Michael S. (2022-09-26). "The Road to Precision Cosmology". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 72 (1): 1–35. arXiv:2201.04741. Bibcode:2022ARNPS..72....1T. doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-041046. ISSN 0163-8998.
Carniani, Stefano; Hainline, Kevin; D’Eugenio, Francesco; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Jakobsen, Peter; Witstok, Joris; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Chevallard, Jacopo; Maiolino, Roberto; Helton, Jakob M.; Willott, Chris; Robertson, Brant; Alberts, Stacey; Arribas, Santiago; Baker, William M. (2024-09-12). "Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14". Nature. 633 (8029): 318–322. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07860-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 11390484.
Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. Bibcode:2010ARA&A..48..581S. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.
Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (2019-08-22). "Challenges in evidencing the earliest traces of life". Nature. 572 (7770): 451–460. Bibcode:2019Natur.572..451J. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1436-4. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31435057.
Gibbons, Hawking & Siklos 1983, pp. 171–204, "Phase transitions in the very early Universe" by Alan H. Guth.. Gibbons, Gary W.; Hawking, Stephen W.; Siklos, Stephen T.C., eds. (1983). The Very Early Universe: Proceedings of the Nuffield Workshop, Cambridge, 21 June to 9 July, 1982. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-25349-9. LCCN 83007330. OCLC 9488764.
Ryden 2003, p. 196 Ryden, Barbara Sue (2003). Introduction to Cosmology. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-8053-8912-8. LCCN 2002013176. OCLC 1087978842.
Cox, Brian; Forshaw, J. R. (2017). Universal: a guide to the cosmos (1 ed.). Boston, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82270-4. OCLC 973019447.
Petter 2013, p. 68 Petter, Patrick (2013). Basic Knowledge of Astrophysic: A New Way. Berlin: epubli GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8442-7203-1. OCLC 863893991.
Morison 2015, p. 298 Morison, Ian (2015). A Journey Through the Universe: Gresham Lectures on Astronomy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07346-3. LCCN 2014016830. OCLC 910903969.
Siegel, Ethan (9 September 2016). "Cosmic Neutrinos Detected, Confirming The Big Bang's Last Great Prediction" (Blog). Science. Forbes. Jersey City, NJ. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- Primary source: Follin, Brent; Knox, Lloyd; Millea, Marius; et al. (26 August 2015). "First Detection of the Acoustic Oscillation Phase Shift Expected from the Cosmic Neutrino Background". Physical Review Letters. 115 (9): 091301. arXiv:1503.07863. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115i1301F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.091301. PMID 26371637. S2CID 24763212.
- Zeilik & Gregory 1998, p. 497. Zeilik, Michael; Gregory, Stephen A. (1998). Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics. Saunders Golden Sunburst Series (4th ed.). Fresno, CA: Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-03-006228-5. LCCN 97069268. OCLC 813279385.
- Wright 2004, p. 291 Wright, Edward L. (2004). "Theoretical Overview of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy". In Freedman, Wendy L. (ed.). Measuring and Modeling the Universe. Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 291. arXiv:astro-ph/0305591. Bibcode:2004mmu..symp..291W. ISBN 978-0-521-75576-4. LCCN 2005277053. OCLC 937330165.
- Mukhanov 2005, p. 120. Mukhanov, Viatcheslav (2005). Physical Foundations of Cosmology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-79055-3. LCCN 2006295735. OCLC 859642394.
- Galli, Daniele; Palla, Francesco (2013-08-18). "The Dawn of Chemistry". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 (1): 163–206. arXiv:1211.3319. Bibcode:2013ARA&A..51..163G. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141029. ISSN 0066-4146.
- Soderblom, David R. (2010-08-01). "The Ages of Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 (1): 581–629. arXiv:1003.6074. Bibcode:2010ARA&A..48..581S. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. ISSN 0066-4146.
- Overbye, Dennis (20 February 2017). "Cosmos Controversy: The Universe Is Expanding, but How Fast?". Out There. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2017. "A version of this article appears in print on Feb. 21, 2017, Section D, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: A Runaway Universe."
worldcat.org
- Cox, Brian; Forshaw, J. R. (2017). Universal: a guide to the cosmos (1 ed.). Boston, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82270-4. OCLC 973019447.

yale.edu

news.yale.edu

Shelton, Jim (March 3, 2016). "Shattering the cosmic distance record, once again". Yale University. Retrieved March 4, 2016.

Chronology of the universe (English Wikipedia)

annualreviews.org

aps.org

journals.aps.org

archive.org

archive.today

arxiv.org

astronomy.com

bbc.com

books.google.com

briankoberlein.com

caltech.edu

astro.caltech.edu

cambridge.org

cnn.com

code.google.com

doi.org

eso.org

forbes.com

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

cfa.harvard.edu

iop.org

iopscience.iop.org

lbl.gov

pdg.lbl.gov

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

mediacollege.com

mit.edu

ctp.lns.mit.edu

mpg.de

wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de

nasa.gov

jwst.nasa.gov

apod.nasa.gov

nature.com

nepjol.info

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nytimes.com

physicsoftheuniverse.com

quantamagazine.org

sciencealert.com

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

space.com

spacetelescope.org

ucl.ac.uk

ucla.edu

astro.ucla.edu

uoregon.edu

abyss.uoregon.edu

web.archive.org

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

worldcat.org

yale.edu

news.yale.edu