Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Chữ Hán" in English language version.
Discussing the history of translation in Vietnam without mentioning the history of the Vietnamese written languages would be a mistake because the systems of written language in Vietnam passed through three stages: Chữ Hán (Chinese characters), Nôm (ideograms specific to Vietnam) and Chữ quốc ngữ (modern Vietnamese, written using adapted Latinate script.
It is also known that Sino-Vietnamese readings were derived from the phonological system of Middle Chinese (MC) (Mineya 1972).
For most CNs, the choice of the phonetic component is based completely on the Sino-Vietnamese (SV) readings (Cách đọc Hán Việt 漢越音) of the Chinese characters, so the creation of CNs must have occurred later than the formation of SV readings (Nguyễn, 1985).
If ⿱亇針 is a case of dấu cá, all the non-Sino-Vietnamese readings, namely găm, kim (and probably ghim) are possible, with no implications on Old Chinese preinitials.
We then search for the stage where the Chữ Nôm reading and the SV reading of its phonetic component are the closest.
In the past, like Japanese and Korean people, Vietnamese people adopted and used official and variant characters imported from China, but they also created their own variant characters. By analysing the Chinese character variants in the book titled The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice of Precious Rites, we have realised that the number of variants created in Vietnam is double the number of variants adopted from China.
For example, the character Phật/Fó 佛 'Buddha' is written 𠏹 (亻+西+國 = person from western country) or 𫢋 (亻+ 天 = heavenly person), not 𠑵 (西域哲人 = wise person from western region) and 仸 (亻+ 夭 = ogreish person) as it is in Chinese variants.
The second variant, "𫢋", occurs 15 times; for example, in the following sentence: "化為𫢋(佛)𬽪(佛)給付" ("Become Buddha, Buddha will entrust immediately" [82b]).
It is also known that Sino-Vietnamese readings were derived from the phonological system of Middle Chinese (MC) (Mineya 1972).
We then search for the stage where the Chữ Nôm reading and the SV reading of its phonetic component are the closest.
âm phi Hán Việt
In the past, like Japanese and Korean people, Vietnamese people adopted and used official and variant characters imported from China, but they also created their own variant characters. By analysing the Chinese character variants in the book titled The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice of Precious Rites, we have realised that the number of variants created in Vietnam is double the number of variants adopted from China.
For example, the character Phật/Fó 佛 'Buddha' is written 𠏹 (亻+西+國 = person from western country) or 𫢋 (亻+ 天 = heavenly person), not 𠑵 (西域哲人 = wise person from western region) and 仸 (亻+ 夭 = ogreish person) as it is in Chinese variants.
The second variant, "𫢋", occurs 15 times; for example, in the following sentence: "化為𫢋(佛)𬽪(佛)給付" ("Become Buddha, Buddha will entrust immediately" [82b]).
If ⿱亇針 is a case of dấu cá, all the non-Sino-Vietnamese readings, namely găm, kim (and probably ghim) are possible, with no implications on Old Chinese preinitials.
In the past, like Japanese and Korean people, Vietnamese people adopted and used official and variant characters imported from China, but they also created their own variant characters. By analysing the Chinese character variants in the book titled The Complete Secrets for Buddhist Monks in Practice of Precious Rites, we have realised that the number of variants created in Vietnam is double the number of variants adopted from China.
For example, the character Phật/Fó 佛 'Buddha' is written 𠏹 (亻+西+國 = person from western country) or 𫢋 (亻+ 天 = heavenly person), not 𠑵 (西域哲人 = wise person from western region) and 仸 (亻+ 夭 = ogreish person) as it is in Chinese variants.
The second variant, "𫢋", occurs 15 times; for example, in the following sentence: "化為𫢋(佛)𬽪(佛)給付" ("Become Buddha, Buddha will entrust immediately" [82b]).
Về các âm Hán Việt, tức cách đọc bắt nguồn từ chữ Hán vào cuối đời Đường.
Giả tá : mượn âm của một chữ Hán đọc trại đi thành âm Nôm. Thí dụ: 牢 lao > sao, 停 đình > dừng, 朗 lãng > rạng.
Đặc biệt đến năm 1950, khi có cải cách giáo dục thì chữ Hán ra rìa hoàn toàn (chúng tôi nhấn-VTK).
Đặc biệt đến năm 1950, khi có cải cách giáo dục thì chữ Hán ra rìa hoàn toàn (chúng tôi nhấn-VTK).
