Circassian genocide (English Wikipedia)

Bodio, Tadeusz; Sieradzan, Przemysław J. (15 December 2012). "Źródła nacjonalizmu czerkieskiego i jego konsekwencje polityczne" [Sources of Circassian nationalism and its political consequences]. Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne (in Polish) (4): 47–74. doi:10.14746/ssp.2012.4.03. ISSN 1731-7517.

apsnyteka.org

Viacheslav A. Chirikba Abkhaz, p. 6.

archive.org

Richmond 2013, pp. 1–2; Shenfield 1999, p. 154; King 2008, p. ^{[page needed]}; Jones 2016, p. 109 Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6. Jones, Adam (2016). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-53386-3 – via Google Books.
King 2008, p. 95. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1974). "Russian penetration of the Caucasus". In Hunczak, Taras (ed.). Russian Imperialism from Ivan the Great to the revolution. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-0737-8.
King 2008, p. ^{[page needed]}. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, pp. 37–39. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, pp. 47–49: "This, in turn, demanded ... above all the stomach to carry the war to the highlanders themselves, including putting aside any scruples about destroying, forests, and any other place where raiding parties might seek refuge ... Targeted assassinations, kidnappings, the killing of entire families and the disproportionate use of force became central to Russian operations ..." King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, p. 74. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, pp. 93–94. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, pp. 92–93. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, pp. 95, 96. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
King 2008, pp. 96–97. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.

archive.today

"145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue". Reuters. 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2009.

ausisjournal.com

Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide". American University: Journal of International Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024.
Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide". American University: Journal of International Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. According to an 1830 census, prior to deportation, there was a population of approximately four million Circassians.
Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide". American University: Journal of International Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. The corroboration between both Turkish and Russian documents puts the number of Circassian deaths by military operations and pre-planned massacres between 1.5 – 2 million; ...
Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide". American University: Journal of International Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024.

bbc.com

"О черкесах, зеленых ленточках и Кавказской войне". 20 May 2014.(in Russian)

berkeley.edu

iseees.berkeley.edu

Gnolidze-Swanson, Manana (2003). "Activity of the Russian Orthodox Church Among the Muslim Natives of the Caucasus in Imperial Russia" (PDF). Caucasus and Central Asia Newsletter (4). University of California, Berkeley: 9–20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2008.

beylikduzu.istanbul

"Çerkes soykirim ve sürgün aniti Beyli̇kdüzü'nde açildi" [Circassian genocide and exile monument unveiled in Beylikdüzü]. www.beylikduzu.istanbul (in Turkish). Retrieved 22 April 2022.

bianet.org

"'Recognize Circassian Genocide, grant Circassians their rights'". Bianet. 2021.

books.google.com

"In the 1860s Russia killed 1.5 million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands." Ahmed 2013, p. 357 Ahmed, Akbar (2013). The Thistle and the Drone. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2379-0.
Richmond 2013, pp. 8, 79–83, 91–92. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Shenfield 1999, pp. 153–154. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Richmond 2013, pp. 1–2; Shenfield 1999, p. 154; King 2008, p. ^{[page needed]}; Jones 2016, p. 109 Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2. King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6. Jones, Adam (2016). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-53386-3 – via Google Books.
Richmond 2013, p. 132. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jones 2016, p. 110. Jones, Adam (2016). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-53386-3 – via Google Books.
Richmond 2013, back cover. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Geçmişten günümüze Kafkasların trajedisi: uluslararası konferans, 21 Mayıs 2005 [The tragedy of the Caucasus from past to present: international conference, 21 May 2005] (in Turkish). Kafkas Vakfı Yayınları. 2006. ISBN 978-975-00909-0-5 – via Google Books.
Geçmişten günümüze Kafkasların trajedisi: uluslararası konferans, 21 Mayıs 2005 [The tragedy of the Caucasus from past to present: international conference, 21 May 2005] (in Turkish). Kafkas Vakfı Yayınları. 2006. ISBN 978-975-00909-0-5 – via Google Books.
Richmond 2013, pp. 85–86. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, pp. 93–94, 108–109. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Burnaby 1877, p. 352. Burnaby, Frederick (1877). On Horseback Through Asia Minor. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.
Grassi 2018; Shenfield 1999, p. 154 Grassi, Fabio L. (2018). A new homeland: The Massacre of The Circassians, Their Exodus To The Ottoman Empire and Their Place In Modern Turkey. Aydin University International. ISBN 9781642261349. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Richmond 2013, p. 132: "If we assume that Berzhe's middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported." Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Dowling, Timothy C. (2 December 2014). Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. pp. 728–729. ISBN 978-1598849486 – via Google Books.
Shenfield 1999, p. 150. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Richmond 2013, pp. 35–36. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. 12. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. 56. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Ahmed 2013, p. 161. Ahmed, Akbar (2013). The Thistle and the Drone. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2379-0.
Richmond 2013, pp. 13–18. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Bashqawi, Adel (2017). Circassia: Born to Be Free. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1543447651.
Bashqawi, Adel (2019). The Circassian Miracle: the Nation Neither Tsars, nor Commissars, nor Russia Could Stop. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1796076851.
Kingston, William Henry Giles (2020). The Circassian Chief: A Romance of Russia. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1465593184.
Kingston, William Henry G. (1854). The Circassian chief. Vol. 101. p. 192.
Family Herald. The definitive visual guide. Vol. 17. George Biggs. 1859. p. 287.
Burnaby 1877, p. 88. Burnaby, Frederick (1877). On Horseback Through Asia Minor. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.
Bashqawi, Adel (2017). Circassia: Born to Be Free. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1543447651 – via Google Books.
Richmond 2013, p. 55. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
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Richmond 2013, p. 96. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
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Richmond 2013, p. 63. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. 76. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2008, p. 79. "In his memoirs Milutin, who proposed deporting Circassians from the mountains as early as 1857, recalls: "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population". Richmond, Walter (2008). The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-00249-8.
Richmond 2013, p. 72. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. 65, 66, 71, 74-75. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. 77. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. 80. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. 78-79. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. 79. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Shenfield 1999, p. 151. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Ahmed 2013, p. 162. Ahmed, Akbar (2013). The Thistle and the Drone. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2379-0.
Shenfield 1999, p. 152. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Richmond 2013, p. 2. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Trakho, cited in Shenfield 1999, p. 152 Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Jersild 2002, p. 12. Jersild, Austin (2002). Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier, 1845–1917. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 9780773523296. JSTOR j.ctt8018p. OCLC 123470225.
Ahmed 2013, pp. 162–163. Ahmed, Akbar (2013). The Thistle and the Drone. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2379-0.
Richmond 2013, p. 87. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. 88. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. 86: "Not only refugees but entire crews were wiped out. After a Russian captain and crew met this fate in April, the Russians refused to transport any more on state-owned ships and left the rest of the deportation to the Turks and private vessels. Evdokimov investigated the possibility of hiring ships to transport the Circassians, but his quibbling over fees delayed the exploitation of private boats for several months. However, he apparently requested no food, water, or medical help." Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Ahmed 2013, p. 163. Ahmed, Akbar (2013). The Thistle and the Drone. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2379-0.
Richmond 2013, p. 89. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Ahmed 2013, p. 357 "In the 1860s Russia killed 1.5 million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands." Ahmed, Akbar (2013). The Thistle and the Drone. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-2379-0.
Shenfield 1999, p. 154. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Richmond 2013, p. 97. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. 3. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Richmond 2013, p. ^{[page needed]}. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Shenfield 1999. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Richmond 2013, p. 66. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Shenfield 1999, p. 154: "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, be less than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million". Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Richmond 2013, p. 97, 132. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
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Richmond 2013, pp. 90–91. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Shenfield 1999, p. 153. Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?". In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. ISBN 978-1-57181-935-2.
Richmond 2013, p. 33. Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
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caucasustimes.com

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cbc.ca

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cerkesfed.org

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cherkessia.net

"A requisition is sent to Romania for recognizing the Circassian genocide". cherkessia.net. 1 December 2015.
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circassianworld.com

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