Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Citole" in English language version.
Now it is well known that the Greeks and Romans adopted many of the instruments which they found in popular use throughout Asia Minor...this instrument with vertical incurved sides and flat back was brought into Southern Europe, the first name given to the Guitar in medieval times being Guitare Latine...In this way, and popularized by the troubadours and minstrels, the Guitar reached our country in the thirteenth century...
...for at a sale by auction of the late Duke of Dorset's effects, a violin was bought, appearing to have been made in the year 1578...as appears by the following representation of it. [An engraving of the Warwick Castle Citole was the representation.]
...the neck...in the earlier instruments...instead of being free from the body at the back was attached to it, or rather was one with it, the thickness of the body being extended to the pegbox and an oval-shaped hole pierced in it just behind the finger-board, through which the player's thumb passed and stopped, when necessary, the fourth string.
One possible explanation for this easy acceptance was that both instruments required a basic playing technique that was easily transferred from the citole...
...the cittern (with four wire strings)...
According to the evidence we have, all the instruments so far were stung in gut. Late in the 14th century the craft of wire drawing started to use water power to draw iron wire. Previously the iron wire available was too uneven in thickness to be usable for musical purposes...before then, only Irish harpers and psaltery players used metal strings...brass, silver or gold...
All the available evidence indicates that, with the exception of Irish harps, medieval harps were generally strung with gut.
Albinus put together another tetrachord which he called the cithara; striking the Lydian system on it...which he put together this way...[c-d-g-c'].
These "renaissances", produced by deliberate and conscious selection from antiquity, are not the only form of borrowing from the past. There is also the hidden underground stream of tradition, unbroken since classical antiquity.
...the cittern (with four wire strings)...
According to the evidence we have, all the instruments so far were stung in gut. Late in the 14th century the craft of wire drawing started to use water power to draw iron wire. Previously the iron wire available was too uneven in thickness to be usable for musical purposes...before then, only Irish harpers and psaltery players used metal strings...brass, silver or gold...
All the available evidence indicates that, with the exception of Irish harps, medieval harps were generally strung with gut.
Albinus put together another tetrachord which he called the cithara; striking the Lydian system on it...which he put together this way...[c-d-g-c'].
These "renaissances", produced by deliberate and conscious selection from antiquity, are not the only form of borrowing from the past. There is also the hidden underground stream of tradition, unbroken since classical antiquity.
The citole is definite ancestor of the cittern.
The citole is definite ancestor of the cittern.
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: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)[See images:] Cítola de la Catedral de Burgos [2nd image with that caption], and Cítola de la Catedral de León
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