Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Clarion (instrument)" in English language version.
[Summary: King Tut's trumpets and also close reproductions were tested using modern mouthpieces as well as without a mouthpiece. The latter was how they originally were played. Using a mouthpiece allowed more notes to be played, but one of the original trumpets was damaged from the pressure made by playing the highest note. Without the modern mouthpiece, only two notes were playable.
Herodotus likened the sound of the ancient trumpet to the braying of an ass.
According to Sachs, the trumpet disappeared from Europe after the fall of Rome and was not reintroduced until the time of the crusades, when instruments were taken from the Saracens...the Slide trumpet was developed with a mouthpipe that telescoped inside the first length of tubing to enable the player to alter the instrument's length while playing.
It is generally acknowledged...that the cylindrical bore instruments were borrowed from the East. Perhaps those buccins Turcs and cors sarrasinois which the Crusading chroniclers record included the nafīr and karnā...
It is generally acknowledged...that the cylindrical bore instruments were borrowed from the East. Perhaps those buccins Turcs and cors sarrasinois which the Crusading chroniclers record included the nafīr and karnā...
There is no evidence available on the use of the trumpet in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. It made its appearance again from the Orient, via the Crusades, beginning in the eleventh centuru
The looped trumpet is a European development adopted by Eastern cultures; from the 14th century new forms of trumpets with curved tubes started to appear in Europe, and European instruments then began to supersede the straight trumpet in Islamic societies...
In the 16th century the trumpet's range increased up to the 13th natural...from the 8th partial upward was called clarino...a special clarino mouthpiece, a narrow-bore cup-shaped mouthpiece with a sharp-angled rim
Horn of brass - Nafir. Culture: Moroccan. Origin: North Africa / Maghreb / Morocco. before 1955. approx. 176cm (69 5/16in.))
