Class struggle (English Wikipedia)

Isaac, Larry W.; Harrison, Daniel M.; Lipold, Paul F. (2022). "Class Conflict in Capitalist Society". Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict. pp. 118–136. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-820195-4.00248-X. ISBN 978-0-12-820312-5.
Hunt, Stephen (22 September 2017). "Class Conflict". Wiley Online Library.
Kennedy, Andrew B. (2026). Rebellious Follower: China's Search for Science, Technology, + Innovation. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/9780197824689.001.0001. ISBN 9780197824658.
Volscho, Thomas (2015). "The Revenge of the Capitalist Class: Crisis, the Legitimacy of Capitalism and the Restoration of Finance from the 1970s to Present". Critical Sociology. 43 (2). doi:10.1177/0896920515589003.
Collins, Patricia Hill (March 2000). "Gender, black feminism, and black political economy". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 568 (1): 41–53. doi:10.1177/000271620056800105. S2CID 146255922.

ebsco.com (Global: 3,424^th place; English: 2,154^th place)

Cox, Kimberley (2021). "Marx and Stratification". EBSCO. Research Starters.

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

Jefferson, Thomas (16 January 1787). "Letter to Edward Carrington".

ernestmandel.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ernest, Mandel. "Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class (1979)". Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

"The World's Billionaires". Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2018.

gregpalast.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Palast, Greg (26 October 2007). "Burn Baby Burn - The California Celebrity Fires". Retrieved 1 August 2024.

gutenberg.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 427^th place)

Plato. The Republic, Book IV. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. Project Gutenberg.
Plato. The Republic, Book VIII.
Plutarch. Lives, Solon. Translated by John Dryden. Project Gutenberg.
Plutarch. Lives, Agis.
Plutarch. Lives, Camillus.
Plutarch. Lives, Tiberius Gracchus.
Plutarch. Lives, Tiberius Gracchus.
Plutarch. Lives, Coriolanus.
Gibbon, Edward. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Volume Three, Chapter XXXI, Part III – via Project Gutenberg.
Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Book IV, Chapter 7, Part 1. :The citizens, therefore, who had no land, had scarce any other means of subsistence but the bounties of the candidates at the annual elections. The tribunes, when they had a mind to animate the people against the rich and the great, put them in mind of the ancient divisions of lands, and represented that law which restricted this sort of private property as the fundamental law of the republic. The people became clamorous to get land, and the rich and the great, we may believe, were perfectly determined not to give them any part of theirs. To satisfy them in some measure, therefore, they frequently proposed to send out a new colony." – via Project Gutenberg.
Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter 1, Part 2. – via Project Gutenberg.
Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Book IV, Chapter 7, Part 2.
Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter 8.
John Stuart Mill. Representative Government, Chapter 3. "Yet does Parliament, or almost any of the members composing it, ever for an instant look at any question with the eyes of a working man? When a subject arises in which the laborers as such have an interest, is it regarded from any point of view but that of the employers of labor? I do not say that the working men's view of these questions is in general nearer to the truth than the other, but it is sometimes quite as near; and in any case it ought to be respectfully listened to, instead of being, as it is, not merely turned away from, but ignored." – via Project Gutenberg.
Mill. Representative Government, Chapter 6. "In a state of society thus composed, if the representative system could be made ideally perfect, and if it were possible to maintain it in that state, its organization must be such that these two classes, manual laborers and their affinities on one side, employers of labor and their affinities on the other, should be, in the arrangement of the representative system, equally balanced, each influencing about an equal number of votes in Parliament".
Mill, John Stuart. "Chapter 5: On the Connexion Between Justice and Utility". Utilitarianism. Mill cites progressive taxation as a source of class tension: "People feel obliged to argue that the State does more for the rich than for the poor, as a justification for its taking more [in taxation] from them: though this is in reality not true, for the rich would be far better able to protect themselves, in the absence of law or government, than the poor, and indeed would probably be successful in converting the poor into their slaves."

ifpri.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Breisinger, Clemens; Ecker, Olivier; Al-Riffai, Perrihan. "Economics of the Arab Awakening". International Food Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.

investopedia.com (Global: 2,021^st place; English: 1,613^th place)

"Understanding Marxism: Differences vs. Communism, Socialism, Capitalism". Investopedia. 17 August 2025.

jacobin.com (Global: 5,265^th place; English: 3,048^th place)

Allen, Kieran (17 May 2023). "Max Weber Was a Class-Conscious Champion of the Bourgeoisie". Jacobin.

kirkusreviews.com (Global: 933^rd place; English: 444^th place)

"The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome". Kirkus Reviews. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 12 November 2014. Populist historian Parenti [...] views ancient Rome's most famous assassination not as a tyrannicide but as a sanguinary scene in the never-ending drama of class warfare.

libertyfund.org (Global: low place; English: 7,553^rd place)

oll.libertyfund.org

Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The Social Contract and Discourses, On Political Economy.
Rousseau. The Social Contract and Discourses, On Political Economy. "The law, which they thus abuse, serves the powerful at once as a weapon of offence, and as a shield against the weak; and the pretext of the public good is always the most dangerous scourge of the people. What is most necessary, and perhaps most difficult, in government, is rigid integrity in doing strict justice to all, and above all in protecting the poor against the tyranny of the rich.' Liberty Fund.
Rousseau. The Social Contract and Discourses, On Political Economy. "It is therefore one of the most important functions of government to prevent extreme inequality of fortunes; not by taking away wealth from its possessors, but by depriving all men of means to accumulate it; not by building hospitals for the poor, but by securing the citizens from becoming poor."

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

guides.loc.gov

James Madison. The Federalist Papers, Federalist No. 10. Library of Congress. "The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern legislation, and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary operations of the government."

lccn.loc.gov

Torr, Dona, ed. (1942). "Engels to Marx: Paris, 23–24 November 1847". Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Selected Correspondence, 1846–1895, with explanatory notes. Marxist Library, Volume XXIX. New York: International Publishers. p. 57. LCCN 43011421.

marxists.org (Global: 952^nd place; English: 914^th place)

Bakunin, Mikhail (1873). "Stateless Socialism: Anarchism" – via Mikhail Bakunin Reference Archive.
Bakunin, Mikhail (1867). "Solidarity in Liberty: The Workers' Path to Freedom" – via Mikhail Bakunin Reference Archive.
Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1848). "Manifesto of the Communist Party". Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians – via Marx-Engels Archive.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Elements of the Philosophy of Right, Part III, Paragraph 244. "When a large number of people sink below the standard of living regarded as essential for the members of society, and lose that sense of right, rectitude, and honour which is derived from self-support, a pauper class arises, and wealth accumulates disproportionately in the hands of a few." – via Marxists Internet Archive.
Hegel. The Philosophy of Right, Addition 149.

mcmaster.ca (Global: 6,115^th place; English: 4,025^th place)

socialsciences.mcmaster.ca

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, The Philosophy of History, Part II: "An antagonism had early arisen between ancient and wealthy families and such as were poorer.... The polity of the state was wavering between Aristocracy and Democracy. Solon effected, by his division into four property-classes, a medium between these opposites." McMaster University.
Hegel. The Philosophy of History, Part III. McMaster University.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. The Philosophy of History, Part II. "Nevertheless a part of the poorer classes would not submit to the degradations of poverty, for everyone felt himself a free citizen. The only expedient, therefore, that remained, was colonization. In another country, those who suffered distress in their own, might seek a free soil, and gain a living as free citizens by its cultivation." McMaster University.

mises.org (Global: 3,879^th place; English: 3,367^th place)

"James Mill and Libertarian Class Analysis". 28 March 2012.

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

classics.mit.edu

Thucydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War. Book Three, Chapter X, Translated by Richard Crawley. The Internet Classics Archive.
Aristotle. Politics, Book Four, Part IV.
Aristotle. Politics, Book Two, Part IX.
Aristotle. Politics, Book Three, Part X.

shakespeare.mit.edu

William Shakespeare. The Tragedy of Coriolanus, Act I, Scene I. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare

monthlyreview.org (Global: low place; English: 8,151^st place)

Foster, John Bellamy (July–August 2025). "Marx and Communal Society". Monthly Review. Vol. 77, no. 3.

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

"Insurance executive's killing sparks online praise and hate". NBC News. 5 December 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.

networkcontagion.us (Global: low place; English: low place)

"12/5/24 - Praise for United Healthcare CEO Assassination Goes Viral". Network Contagion Research Institute. Retrieved 12 December 2024.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Tavernise, Sabrina (11 January 2012). "Survey Finds Rising Perception of Class Tension". The New York Times.
Buffett, Warren (26 November 2006). "In Class Warfare, Guess Which Class is Winning". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017.
Friedman, Thomas L. (7 April 2012). "Opinion | The Other Arab Spring". Archived from the original on 29 November 2016 – via NYTimes.com.

oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu. The Spirit of Laws, Volume 1, Book XI, Chapter 13. Liberty Fund.
Montesquieu. The Spirit of Laws, Volume 1, Book XI, Chapter 14.
Montesquieu. The Spirit of Laws, Volume 1, Book XI, Chapter 16.
Montesquieu. The Spirit of Laws, Volume 1, Book XI, Chapter 18.
Montesquieu. The Spirit of Laws, Volume 1, Book XI, Chapter 15. "Tiberius Gracchus (says Cicero) caused the free-men to be admitted into the tribes, not by the force of his eloquence, but by a word, by a gesture; which had he not effected, the republic, whose drooping head we are at present scarce able to uphold, would not even exist."
Montesquieu. The Spirit of Laws, Volume 1, Book XI, Chapter 18.

polsci.institute (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Communism: The Ideal Classless and Stateless Society". PolSci Institute. 14 December 2025.

publishersweekly.com (Global: 619^th place; English: 303^rd place)

"The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome". Publishers Weekly. 26 May 2003. Retrieved 12 November 2011. Parenti [...] narrates a provocative history of the late republic in Rome (100–33 BC) to demonstrate that Caesar's death was the culmination of growing class conflict, economic disparity and political corruption.

scheerpost.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hedges, Chris (18 January 2022). "America's New Class War". Scheerpost. Retrieved 21 January 2022.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Collins, Patricia Hill (March 2000). "Gender, black feminism, and black political economy". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 568 (1): 41–53. doi:10.1177/000271620056800105. S2CID 146255922.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Walker, Peter (12 May 2011). "Amnesty International hails WikiLeaks and Guardian as Arab spring 'catalysts'". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
Mason, Paul (5 February 2013). "From Arab Spring to global revolution". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 October 2021.

therealnews.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Pathology of the Rich – Chris Hedges on Reality Asserts Itself pt 1 Archived 9 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Real News. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.

truthdig.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hedges, Chris (20 October 2013). Let's Get This Class War Started Archived 21 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Truthdig. Retrieved 25 January 2014.

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

penelope.uchicago.edu

Cornelius Tacitus. Annals, Book VI, Section 42, Translated by John Jackson. LacusCurtius.
Cornelius Tacitus. The Histories, Book II, Section 38. Translated by C. H. Moore. LacusCurtius.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Augustin Thierry: Recueil des monuments inédits de l'histoire du Tiers état
Ernest, Mandel. "Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class (1979)". Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
"The World's Billionaires". Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
Buffett, Warren (26 November 2006). "In Class Warfare, Guess Which Class is Winning". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017.
Chomsky, Noam (2013). Ruggiero, Greg (ed.). Occupy: Class War, Rebellion and Solidarity (2nd ed.). Westfield, New Jersey: Zuccotti Park Press. ISBN 978-1884519253. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
Moyers, Bill (12 December 2013). The Great American Class War Archived 22 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
The Pathology of the Rich – Chris Hedges on Reality Asserts Itself pt 1 Archived 9 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Real News. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
Hedges, Chris (20 October 2013). Let's Get This Class War Started Archived 21 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Truthdig. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
Korotayev A, Zinkina J (2011). "Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis". Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar. 13: 139–165. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016.
"Demographics of the Arab League, computed by Wolfram Alpha". Archived from the original on 2 March 2011.
Breisinger, Clemens; Ecker, Olivier; Al-Riffai, Perrihan. "Economics of the Arab Awakening". International Food Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
Friedman, Thomas L. (7 April 2012). "Opinion | The Other Arab Spring". Archived from the original on 29 November 2016 – via NYTimes.com.

westtexastribune.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Miller, Floyd (6 May 2022). "Why Thomas Jefferson and I applaud the West Texas Tribune". West Texas Tribune.

wolframalpha.com (Global: 7,246^th place; English: 9,747^th place)

"Demographics of the Arab League, computed by Wolfram Alpha". Archived from the original on 2 March 2011.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Beard, Charles A. (1922). The Economic Basis of Politics. New York: A. A. Knopf. pp. 20–21. OCLC 1437092.
Toynbee, Arnold (1947). "The Nature of Disintegration". In Dorothea Grace Somervell (ed.). A Study of History: Abridgment of Volumes I–VI. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 365. OCLC 891822269.
Zinn, Howard (2003). A People's History of the United States: 1492–2001. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-052842-3. OCLC 50622172.^{[page needed]}

Class struggle (English Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

alternet.org (Global: low place; English: 8,921st place)

billmoyers.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

bns.institute (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

brennancenter.org (Global: low place; English: 8,486th place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36th place; English: 26th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

ebsco.com (Global: 3,424th place; English: 2,154th place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82nd place; English: 41st place)

ernestmandel.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

forbes.com (Global: 71st place; English: 54th place)

gregpalast.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

gutenberg.org (Global: 629th place; English: 427th place)

ifpri.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

investopedia.com (Global: 2,021st place; English: 1,613th place)

jacobin.com (Global: 5,265th place; English: 3,048th place)

kirkusreviews.com (Global: 933rd place; English: 444th place)

libertyfund.org (Global: low place; English: 7,553rd place)

oll.libertyfund.org

loc.gov (Global: 63rd place; English: 47th place)

guides.loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

marxists.org (Global: 952nd place; English: 914th place)

mcmaster.ca (Global: 6,115th place; English: 4,025th place)

socialsciences.mcmaster.ca

mises.org (Global: 3,879th place; English: 3,367th place)

mit.edu (Global: 476th place; English: 340th place)

classics.mit.edu

shakespeare.mit.edu

monthlyreview.org (Global: low place; English: 8,151st place)

nbcnews.com (Global: 156th place; English: 101st place)

networkcontagion.us (Global: low place; English: low place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

polsci.institute (Global: low place; English: low place)

publishersweekly.com (Global: 619th place; English: 303rd place)

scheerpost.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

theguardian.com (Global: 16th place; English: 11th place)

therealnews.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

truthdig.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226th place; English: 199th place)

penelope.uchicago.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

westtexastribune.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

wolframalpha.com (Global: 7,246th place; English: 9,747th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

alternet.org (Global: low place; English: 8,921^st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

brennancenter.org (Global: low place; English: 8,486^th place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ebsco.com (Global: 3,424^th place; English: 2,154^th place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

gutenberg.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 427^th place)

investopedia.com (Global: 2,021^st place; English: 1,613^th place)

jacobin.com (Global: 5,265^th place; English: 3,048^th place)

kirkusreviews.com (Global: 933^rd place; English: 444^th place)

libertyfund.org (Global: low place; English: 7,553^rd place)

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

marxists.org (Global: 952^nd place; English: 914^th place)

mcmaster.ca (Global: 6,115^th place; English: 4,025^th place)

mises.org (Global: 3,879^th place; English: 3,367^th place)

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

monthlyreview.org (Global: low place; English: 8,151^st place)

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

publishersweekly.com (Global: 619^th place; English: 303^rd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wolframalpha.com (Global: 7,246^th place; English: 9,747^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)