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Classical compass winds (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Classical compass winds" in English language version.

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  • Aristotle, Meteorology (Bk2, c6 ). For the full E.W. Webster translation, 1913, Works, vol. 3,full txt. For the Greek original with Latin translation, see Meteorologicorum, 1854 ed.Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine, Vol. 3, Paris: Firmin-Didot. p.588. See also D'Avezac (1874: p.18), Thompson (1918), Molte-Brun (1824:p.628).
  • Pseudo-Aristotle, Ventorum Situs is translated into English by E.S. Forster in Vol. 6 of The Works of Aristotle (1913) online txt (p.252-3. For the Greek original with Latin translation, see Ventorum Situs et Adpellationes, 1857 ed.Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine, Vol. 4, Paris: Firmin-Didot. p.45-46. See also Gosselin (1805: cx)
  • For the E.S. Forster translation (1914, Works, vol. 3,full txt (p.159ff). For the Greek original with Latin translation, see De Mundo at Alexandrum, 1854 ed.Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine, Vol. 3, Paris: Firmin-Didot. p.627

biblegateway.com (Global: 487th place; English: 842nd place)

  • e.g. Genesis 13:14, Gen. 28:14; Deuteronomy 3:27
  • Jeremiah 49:36, Ezekiel 37: 9, Daniel 8.8, Zechariah 2: 6)
  • Genesis (41:6), Ezekiel 19:12.
  • Ezekiel 5:10
  • Although often transcribed in English as "euroclydon" (KJV) from the Greek εὐροκλύδων, it is euroaquilo in the Latin vulgate. (Acts 27:14). εὐροκλύδων is a variant form of εὐρακύλων, i.e. euroaquilo. εὐροκλύδων, εὐρακύλων in Liddell and Scott. Although the Biblical name, Euro-Aquilo, implies an east-northeast wind, it might be considered east southeast relative to Vitruvius's Italy. The "circias" may be a reference to a "circular" or a bending wind in the southeast Mediterranean, an insinuation of its violence (as St. Paul found out in the Acts). It may be the same violent wind Jesus is said to have stilled in (Mark 4:37) Luke (8:23).

bl.uk (Global: 1,234th place; English: 779th place)

  • The British Library has images of Matthew Paris's manuscript pages online. On one page, there is a normal 12-wind rose (copied by Matthew from Elias of Dereham, with the notes on the northwest corner of the page giving his tentative list of new classical names for 16 winds), the second is the 16-wind rose, where he assigns the classical names to various points on the mariner's compass. For a review of Matthew Paris's efforts, see Taylor (1937).

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

  • D'Avezac (1874: p.10); Aczel (2001: p.39-40)
  • d'Avezac (1874: p.11)
  • Iliad (18: 489 (Gk, Eng)), Odyssey (5: 275)
  • A.v. Humboldt (1851: v.3, p.160)
  • At least that is claimed by Thrasyalcus of Thasos, as reported by Strabo (I.21). See also Gosselin (1805: xcviii). This should not be surprising, as Brown (1983) finds in his global language survey, winds tend to be far more frequently associated with north-south points than with west-east points (which are primarily sun-driven).
  • E.T. Roe et al., editors, (1907) New American Encyclopaedic Dictionary, p.574. St. Isidore of Seville (c. 620 CE), in his Etymologia, also relates "Boreas" to "mountains" (Lat: p.480; Eng)
  • Valpy (1860: p.26)
  • Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, Ch.22 p.146-7
  • Valpy (1860: p.114)
  • C.R.Ward (1894) "Current Notes: Names of the Winds", American Meteorological Journal, Vol. 11, (p.67); Valpy (1860: p.52).
  • e.g. Homer, Odyssey, Bk. 5, 295
  • Homer, Iliad: Bk. 2 (145), Bk. 9 (5), Bk. 11 (305), etc.
  • e.g. a "north and west wind that both blow from Thrace" (Iliad, Bk.9, 5) and the south and west together in the Iliad Bk.11, 306, with the paradoxical "Argestes Notos", read variously as northwest-south wind by some interpreters, or simply a "cloud-clearing" South wind by others. See D'Avezac (1874).
  • e.g. Gosselin (1805: xcviii).
  • e.g. Falconer (1811:p.294), D'Avezac (1874: p.12)
  • Strabo, Geography, Bk.1.2.21 p.44. (this translation is confusing. It should read

    Some say that there are two cardinal winds, Boreas and Notus; the rest of the winds differ by slight inclination: the one that blows from the summer sunrise is Eurus, and from winter sunrise Apeliotes; the one from summer setting is Zephyrus, and from winter setting, Argestes."

    (as translated by I.G. Kidd (1999) in Posidonius, vol.3, Translations of the Fragments, Cambridge University Press, p.196.)
  • Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Bk. II, Ch.46 p.73)
  • Wood (1894: p.78-79); Hesiod does seem to mention Argestes as a fourth; see Theogony, (379) and (870)
  • Hippocrates, On Airs, Waters and Places, refers to the southerly winds as "winds that blow between the winter sunrise and winter sunset" (C.9). Similarly, the northerly winds generally blow between summer sunrise and sunset (c.15), easterly winds blow between summer and winter sunrise (c.22) and westerlies between the summer and winter sunset (c. 25). Brown (1948: p.124) says "Hippocrates said there were six winds, but there is some uncertainty as to where they blew from", but no reference to where exactly it is stated in Hippocrates. Only four general winds are described by Hippocrates, but Brown might be referring to the six stated compass directions (N, S, winter & summer sunsets & sunrises) that form their boundaries.
  • Aristotle, Meteorology (Bk2, c6 ). For the full E.W. Webster translation, 1913, Works, vol. 3,full txt. For the Greek original with Latin translation, see Meteorologicorum, 1854 ed.Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine, Vol. 3, Paris: Firmin-Didot. p.588. See also D'Avezac (1874: p.18), Thompson (1918), Molte-Brun (1824:p.628).
  • Valpy (1860: p.45)
  • Strabo, Bk II, c.20 (p.43)
  • Valpy (1860: p.67)
  • Valpy (1860: p.97
  • Valpy (1860: p.61)
  • Valpy (1860: p.104)
  • Thomson (1948: p.117)
  • See Wood(1894: 80); Thompson (1918: p.53),
  • On the periodic Etesian and Ornithian winds, see Malte-Brun (1824: vol. 6 p.136); Hutchison (1843: p.245)
  • This distinction is suggested in the 1894 translation of J.G. Wood (p.17, p.83). However, Hort's 1916 translation considers them used interchangeably (e.g. p.416)
  • Pseudo-Aristotle, Ventorum Situs is translated into English by E.S. Forster in Vol. 6 of The Works of Aristotle (1913) online txt (p.252-3. For the Greek original with Latin translation, see Ventorum Situs et Adpellationes, 1857 ed.Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine, Vol. 4, Paris: Firmin-Didot. p.45-46. See also Gosselin (1805: cx)
  • There are several published versions of Agathemerus's Geographia. One early one, entitled Hypotyposis Geographiae can be found in the 1697 edition published in Leiden (which we shall call GH). The other, titled Geographiae Informatio can be found in the 1861 edition published in Paris (which we shall call (GI). A more recent version is found in Diller (1975).
  • GH (Lib.1, Ch.2 p.178), GI (Lib.2.6, p.472)
  • Agathemerus gives a diagram of their relative position in GH (Lib. 2, Ch.12). It is identical in GI (Lib.2.7)
  • This list is principally based on Agathemerus GI, 2.7 p.473. The GH version (p.179-80) seems to omit some of the phrase between "Thrascias" and "Scythians", thereby leaving the Celts unmentioned and Aparctias unassociated. See also Diller (1975).
  • D'Avezac (1874: p.19).
  • John of Damascus, Orthodoxou Pisteos/De Fide Orthodoxa, Lib. II, ch. 8 p.899-902. See also Uhden (1936: p.5)
  • For the E.S. Forster translation (1914, Works, vol. 3,full txt (p.159ff). For the Greek original with Latin translation, see De Mundo at Alexandrum, 1854 ed.Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine, Vol. 3, Paris: Firmin-Didot. p.627
  • De Mundo Ch.4, Grk-Lat (p.632); Forster trans. (p.171)
  • As reported in Vitruvius (Bk.1, Ch.4: p.27). See also Brown (1948: p.124)
  • Indeed, Marcian of Heraclea goes so far as to accuse Eratosthenes of plagiarizing Timothenes work wholesale. See Bunbury (1879: p.588)
  • Virgil, Georgics, e.g. Lib. II, lines 106-7 (p.161), lines 404 (p.225) Lib. III lines 273-79 (p.333ff) and line 356 (p.354)
  • Seneca, Naturales Questiones, Bk. 5, Q.16 (1819 ed.: p.144) (1620 Lodge trans., p.857)
  • Seneca (p.146). Wood (1894: p.88n) sees the Seneca's implied meridian to be Euronotos-Thrascias.
  • Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Bk.2, c.46 (Lat: p.170)(Eng:p.73); Pliny repeats the winds more descriptively in a later chapter on the "layout of the lands" according to the points of the wind (Pliny, Natural History, Bk. 18, ch.77 (vol. 4: p.114)
  • Bk.2, c.46 (p.73). But in Pliny's later Bk. 18, Ch.77 (vol. 4:p.116), he mentions that Aquilo-Boreas is in the summer sunrise (NE), but that the Greeks, like Aristotle, placed another wind, Caecias, in that vicinity.
  • Pliny, Bk. 18, Ch.77, (p.116)
  • Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights Lib. II, Ch. 22 (Gk: p.95; Eng: p.146)
  • Thompson (1918: p.55)
  • As given in Wood (1894: p.89)
  • Isidore, Etymologiarum, Lib. 13, c.11 p.479. For an English translation, see P. Throop (2005) Isidore of Seville's Etymologies: Complete English Translation,here
  • Bk. 18, ch.77 (vol. 4: p.117)
  • Ward (1894: p.68)
  • Valpy (1852: p.9). Valpy also proposes other etymologies for Aquilo, e.g. relating to "biting, nipping" wind, or the speedy flight of eagles, etc.
  • Seneca (Lat: p.145, Eng: p.858)
  • Aulus Gellius (p.146)
  • Virgil, Georgics, Lib. 3: 378 (p.336). Curiously, Virgil mentions the rain is cold, which is incorrect – Auster was hot and humid. But he uses it the same phrase as the Boreas and Caurus, which were cold, wet winds.
  • Pliny (Book 2, ch.46, p.75)
  • Aulus Gellius (Lat: 96; Eng:p.149)
  • Vitruvius, Lib.I, c.6.s10 (Lat: p. 24; Eng: p. 28)
  • In the original Latin of Vitruvius, as found in the 1892 Leipzig edition (p.24), "Boreas" occupies the ENE position, "Eurocircias" in ESE and "Leuconotos" in S by E on this list. In the English of the 1914 Morgan translation, Boreas (ENE) is mistakenly replaced with "Caecias". In the enumeration of Gosselin (1805: p.cvii), "Caecias" mistakenly appears in the position of ESE (instead of Eurocircias) and "Euronotus" in S by E (instead of Leuconotos). Neither Caecias nor Euronotos appear in the original Latin edition.
  • Not, apparently, Vitruvius's 24, but a conventional 12-rose compass bisected into "days and nights". This rare and eccentric map has merited much discussion. See d'Avezac (1888) and Uhden (1936).
  • Georgius Agricola (1556: Bk. 3, Lat: p.37; Eng: p.58)
  • Einhard, Vita Karoli Imp., (Lat: p.22; Eng: p.68)
  • Wood, p.93. Also Skeat (1882).
  • Lettinck (1999: p.173)

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  • Aristotle, Meteorology (Bk2, c6 ). For the full E.W. Webster translation, 1913, Works, vol. 3,full txt. For the Greek original with Latin translation, see Meteorologicorum, 1854 ed.Aristotelis Opera Omnia, Graece et Latine, Vol. 3, Paris: Firmin-Didot. p.588. See also D'Avezac (1874: p.18), Thompson (1918), Molte-Brun (1824:p.628).