Clean Development Mechanism (English Wikipedia)

Clifford Chance LLP (2013). "Clean Development Mechanism: CDM and the UNFCC" http://a4id.org/sites/default/files/user/CDM%26UNFCCCcorrected.pdf Archived 2013-09-21 at the Wayback Machine . Advocates for International Development. Retrieved 19 September 2013.

adaptation-undp.org

"The Adaptation Fund | UNDP Climate Change Adaptation". www.adaptation-undp.org. Retrieved 2019-08-06.

aph.gov.au

Report of the Senate Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts References Committee. "The Heat Is On: Australia's Greenhouse Future". Parliament of Australia.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

archive.org

Goldemberg, J.; et al. (1996). Introduction: scope of the assessment. In: Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (J.P. Bruce et al. Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. ISBN 978-0-521-56854-8.

archive.today

"Carbon capture and storage (CCS) accepted as UN-based carbon offsetting scheme, paving way for developing country finance". Global CCS Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
World Bank (n.d.). "The World Bank's 10 years of experience in carbon finance: Insights from working with carbon markets for development & global greenhouse gas mitigation (brochure)". Carbon finance on the World Bank website. Archived from the original on 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2010-04-20.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Kahya, Damian (2009-12-07). "'30% of carbon offsets' spent on reducing emissions". BBC News. Retrieved 2011-05-13.

bloomberg.com

Vitelli, Alessandro (October 20, 2012). "UN Carbon Declines to Record as EU Moves to Ban ERU Credits". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 24, 2012.

cam.ac.uk

econ.cam.ac.uk

Grubb, M. (July–September 2003). "The Economics of the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). World Economics. 4 (3): 143–189. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-03-25.

carbonmarketwatch.org

"UN's offsetting project Barro Blanco hampers Panama peace-talks". Carbon Market Watch. March 15, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.

carbonretirement.com

"Carbon Retirement report: The Efficiency of Carbon Offsetting through the Clean Development Mechanism". 2009-12-07. Retrieved 2011-05-24.

carbontradewatch.org

Administrator. "Trading the Absurd - carbon trade watch". www.carbontradewatch.org.

carbontrust.com

Carbon Trust (March 2009). "Global Carbon Mechanisms: Emerging lessons and implications (CTC748)". Carbon Trust website. Archived from the original on 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2010-03-31.

cdm-watch.org

"Against Own Technical Advice, UN decides to subsidize, remove safeguards, for dirty coal power plants" (Press release). CDM-WATCH. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2012.

cdmgoldstandard.org

"The Gold Standard". www.cdmgoldstandard.org.

cdmpipeline.org

CDM (June 1, 2013). "CDM Projects grouped in types". UNEP Risoe CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
CDM (September 1, 2012). "CDM Projects grouped in types". UNEP Risoe CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
UNEP Risø Centre. "CDM projects grouped in types". CDMPipeline.org. Retrieved 6 November 2011.

climatechange.govt.nz

"Regulations restricting the use of HFC-23 and N2O CERs in the NZ ETS". Ministry for the Environment. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.

deredactie.be

"Drastische maatregelen nodig om CO2-uitstoot al in 2020 te verminderen". 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015.

doi.org

Bachram, H. (2004). "Climate Fraud and Carbon Colonialism: The New Trade in Greenhouse Gases". Capitalism, Nature, Socialism. 15 (4): 5–20. doi:10.1080/1045575042000287299. S2CID 144905015.
Koo, Bonsang (June 2017). "Preparing hydropower projects for the post-Paris regime: An econometric analysis of the main drivers for registration in the Clean Development Mechanism". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 73: 868–877. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.095.

economist.com

"Carbon markets: Complete Disaster in the Making". The Economist. September 15, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
"COP25, the UN climate talks in Madrid, ends in a sad splutter". The Economist. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Thousands of CDM projects were registered but their credits left unclaimed after their value crashed in 2012 because demand dried up. Some countries, chiefly Brazil, India and China, the main participants in the CDM, would like those credits transferred into the new Paris trading scheme. Others contend that doing so would flood the Paris scheme with past carbon credits that no longer correspond to real, future emissions reductions.
"Carbon markets: The smoking greenhouse gun". The Economist. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2013. According to Sandbag, an outfit that monitors carbon markets, 59% of the CERs used as offsets in the EU cap-and-trade scheme in 2009 came from HFC-23 projects

ejolt.org

"Watch a GAIA-EJOLT video on Waste Wars in Delhi - Environmental Justice Organisations, Liabilities and Trade". www.ejolt.org.

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Koo, Bonsang (June 2017). "Preparing hydropower projects for the post-Paris regime: An econometric analysis of the main drivers for registration in the Clean Development Mechanism". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 73: 868–877. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.095.

europa.eu

Hedegaard, Connie (January 21, 2011). "Emissions trading: Commission welcomes vote to ban certain industrial gas credits". European Commission. Retrieved September 18, 2012.

foe.org

Despines, M.; Bullock, S.; Childs, M. & Picken, T. "A dangerous distraction: Why offsets are a mistake the U.S. can't afford to make" (PDF). Friends of the Earth. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

ghginstitute.org

Gillenwater, M. "What is Additionality? Part 1: A long standing problem" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
Gillenwater, M. "What Is Additionality? Part 2: A framework for a more precise definitions and standardized approaches" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
Gillenwater, M. "What Is Additionality? Part 3: Implications for stacking and unbundling" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2014.

globalccsinstitute.com

"Carbon capture and storage (CCS) accepted as UN-based carbon offsetting scheme, paving way for developing country finance". Global CCS Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2011-12-14.

hydroworld.com

"Brazil's Jirau hydro project world's largest CDM-registered renewable plant". Hydro World. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 30 Dec 2014.

iied.org

pubs.iied.org

Haas, Lawrence; Skinner, Jamie; Soanes, Marek (November 2015). "Hydropower sustainability assessments can unlock carbon financing". IEED Briefing. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
"17517IIED: Watered Down? A review of social and environmental safeguards for large dam projects - IIED Publications Database". pubs.iied.org. Retrieved 2015-10-01.

internationalrivers.org

Failed Mechanism: Hundreds of Hydros Expose Serious Flaws in the CDM; International Rivers; December 2, 2007
Haye, B. (November 2007). "Failed mechanism: How the CDM is subsidizing hydro developers and harming the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). Internationalrivers.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
International Rivers. "Failed Mechanism: Hundreds of Hydros Expose Serious Flaws in the CDM". Internationalrivers.org. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

ipcc.ch

IPCC (2007). "Glossary J-P. In (book section): Annex I. In: Climate Change 2007: Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.)". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Archived from the original on 2010-05-03. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
Toth, F.L.; et al. (2001). "Decision-making Frameworks. In: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.)". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
Sathaye, J.; et al. (2001). "Barriers, Opportunities, and Market Potential of Technologies and Practices. In: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz, et al., Eds.)". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
Fisher, B.S.; et al. (2007). "3.1.3 Development trends and the lock-in effect of infrastructure choices. In (book chapter): Issues related to mitigation in the long term context. In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.)". Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Archived from the original on 2018-11-18. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
Barker, T.; et al. (2007). "11.7.2 Carbon leakage. In (book chapter): Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective. In (book): Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.)". Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Archived from the original on 2010-05-03. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
Gupta, S.; et al. (2007). "13.3.3.4.2 Flexibility provisions. In (book chapter): Policies, instruments, and co-operative arrangements. In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.)". Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Retrieved 2010-04-02.

nytimes.com

Rosenthal, Elizabeth; Lehren, Andrew W (August 8, 2012). "Incentive to Slow Climate Change Drives Output of Harmful Gases". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
Rosenthal, Elizabeth; Lehren, Andrew W (August 8, 2012). "Subsidies for a Global Warming Gas - Graphic". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2012.

oecd.org

Burniaux, J-M.; et al. (6 June 2009). "The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation: How to Build the Necessary Global Action in a Cost-Effective Manner. Economics Department Working Papers No. 701" (PDF). OECD website. Retrieved 2010-04-24.

oeko.de

"How additional is the Clean Development Mechanism?". www.oeko.de. Retrieved 2020-04-12.

www3.oeko.de

Schneider, L. "Is the CDM fulfilling its environmental and sustainable development objectives? An evaluation of the CDM and options for improvement" (PDF). Institute for Applied Ecology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

oxfordenergy.org

Müller, B. (March 2009). "Additionality in the Clean Development Mechanism: Why and What?". Dr. Benito Müller's web page on the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies website. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-20.

panda.org

Schneider, L. (5 November 2007). "Is the CDM fulfilling its environmental and sustainable development objectives? An evaluation of the CDM and options for improvement". WWF website. Retrieved 2010-04-20.

pointcarbon.com

"Oversupply in Carbon Credit Market could hit 1,400 million credits by 2020" (Press release). Thomson Reuters Point Carbon. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
Allan, Andrew (December 12, 2012). "U.N. offsets crash to 15 cents ahead of EU ban vote". Point Carbon. Retrieved December 16, 2012.

reuters.com

Twidale, Shadia Nasralla, Susanna (2021-02-25). "Factbox: Carbon offset credits and their pros and cons". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-05-13.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Chestney, Nina (July 30, 2012). "U.N. carbon credits fall to new record low". Reuters. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
Nina Chestney; John McGarrity (14 October 2011). "Analysis: U.N. carbon price set to fall further". Reuters.
Fogarty, David (Jul 12, 2011). "Carbon credits for India coal power plant stoke criticism". Reuters. Retrieved September 18, 2012. ...five high-efficiency coal power plants have been registered under the CDM -- four in India and one in China -- meaning they are all eligible to earn CERs that they can sell.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Bachram, H. (2004). "Climate Fraud and Carbon Colonialism: The New Trade in Greenhouse Gases". Capitalism, Nature, Socialism. 15 (4): 5–20. doi:10.1080/1045575042000287299. S2CID 144905015.

smh.com.au

amp.smh.com.au

"Deals questioned in carbon credit rush". Sydney Morning Herald. 2006-10-24. Retrieved 2021-05-13.

stanford.edu

iis-db.stanford.edu

Wara, M. W.; Victor, D. G. (April 2008). "A Realistic Policy on International Carbon Offsets" (PDF). PESD Working Paper (74). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

theage.com.au

Bloomberg (1 January 2013). "European carbon permit prices cap another losing year". The Age. Retrieved 14 January 2013.

theguardian.com

Harvey, Fiona (September 10, 2012). "Global carbon trading system has 'essentially collapsed'". The Guardian. Retrieved September 20, 2012.

unfccc.int

cdm.unfccc.int

"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". cdm.unfccc.int. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
"Kyoto Protocol's CDM passes one billionth certified emission reduction milestone" (Press release). UNFCCC CDM. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
"UNFCCC Tools".
"Clean Development Mechanism. CDM Methodology Booklet" (PDF). UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Tenth ed.). November 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
"CDM in numbers". UNFCCC. 2012-09-16. Archived from the original on 2007-01-26.
"Expected average annual CERs from registered projects by host party total 648232798". UNFCCC. 2012-09-14. Archived from the original on 2006-03-27.
"CERs issued by host party total = 1,004,633,719". UNFCCC. 2012-09-14. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18.
"CDM:Project Activities". Retrieved 30 January 2014.
CDM Project 0177 Lawley Fuel Switch Project UNFCCC

unfccc.int

"UNFCC. United Nations Climate Change". Retrieved 2020-01-24.

vodo.be

VODO vzw & 11.11.11. "CDM: schoon genoeg? Vlaams en federaal CDM-beleid onder de loep". Vlaams Overleg Duurzame Ontwikkeling. Retrieved 6 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

vrom.nl

"VROM (Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment". vrom.nl.^{[permanent dead link]}

web.archive.org

Clifford Chance LLP (2013). "Clean Development Mechanism: CDM and the UNFCC" http://a4id.org/sites/default/files/user/CDM%26UNFCCCcorrected.pdf Archived 2013-09-21 at the Wayback Machine . Advocates for International Development. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
Carbon Trust (March 2009). "Global Carbon Mechanisms: Emerging lessons and implications (CTC748)". Carbon Trust website. Archived from the original on 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
Grubb, M. (July–September 2003). "The Economics of the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). World Economics. 4 (3): 143–189. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
IPCC (2007). "Glossary J-P. In (book section): Annex I. In: Climate Change 2007: Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.)". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Archived from the original on 2010-05-03. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
CDM (June 1, 2013). "CDM Projects grouped in types". UNEP Risoe CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
Toth, F.L.; et al. (2001). "Decision-making Frameworks. In: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.)". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
Sathaye, J.; et al. (2001). "Barriers, Opportunities, and Market Potential of Technologies and Practices. In: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz, et al., Eds.)". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
Fisher, B.S.; et al. (2007). "3.1.3 Development trends and the lock-in effect of infrastructure choices. In (book chapter): Issues related to mitigation in the long term context. In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.)". Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Archived from the original on 2018-11-18. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
Gillenwater, M. "What is Additionality? Part 1: A long standing problem" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
Barker, T.; et al. (2007). "11.7.2 Carbon leakage. In (book chapter): Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective. In (book): Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.)". Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Archived from the original on 2010-05-03. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
World Bank (2010). "World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change". The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433. Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
"Oversupply in Carbon Credit Market could hit 1,400 million credits by 2020" (Press release). Thomson Reuters Point Carbon. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
"CDM in numbers". UNFCCC. 2012-09-16. Archived from the original on 2007-01-26.
"Expected average annual CERs from registered projects by host party total 648232798". UNFCCC. 2012-09-14. Archived from the original on 2006-03-27.
"CERs issued by host party total = 1,004,633,719". UNFCCC. 2012-09-14. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18.
UN-aided project in Himachal to cut down carbon emissions. Times of India (Jun 26 2011) [1]
"Regulations restricting the use of HFC-23 and N2O CERs in the NZ ETS". Ministry for the Environment. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
CDM (September 1, 2012). "CDM Projects grouped in types". UNEP Risoe CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
Gillenwater, M. "What Is Additionality? Part 2: A framework for a more precise definitions and standardized approaches" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
Gillenwater, M. "What Is Additionality? Part 3: Implications for stacking and unbundling" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
Müller, B. (March 2009). "Additionality in the Clean Development Mechanism: Why and What?". Dr. Benito Müller's web page on the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies website. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
Despines, M.; Bullock, S.; Childs, M. & Picken, T. "A dangerous distraction: Why offsets are a mistake the U.S. can't afford to make" (PDF). Friends of the Earth. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
Schneider, L. "Is the CDM fulfilling its environmental and sustainable development objectives? An evaluation of the CDM and options for improvement" (PDF). Institute for Applied Ecology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
Wara, M. W.; Victor, D. G. (April 2008). "A Realistic Policy on International Carbon Offsets" (PDF). PESD Working Paper (74). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
Haye, B. (November 2007). "Failed mechanism: How the CDM is subsidizing hydro developers and harming the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). Internationalrivers.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
"Against Own Technical Advice, UN decides to subsidize, remove safeguards, for dirty coal power plants" (Press release). CDM-WATCH. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
"Drastische maatregelen nodig om CO2-uitstoot al in 2020 te verminderen". 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015.

worldbank.org

siteresources.worldbank.org

World Bank, 2010, States and Trend of the Carbon Market.
"World Bank, State and Trends of the Carbon Market, 2010" (PDF). worldbank.org.

go.worldbank.org

World Bank (2010). "World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change". The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433. Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
World Bank (n.d.). "The World Bank's 10 years of experience in carbon finance: Insights from working with carbon markets for development & global greenhouse gas mitigation (brochure)". Carbon finance on the World Bank website. Archived from the original on 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2010-04-20.

wsrw.org

Watch, Western Sahara Resource. "WSRW requests UN to refrain from paying for Moroccan King in Sahara - wsrw.org". www.wsrw.org.