Codeine (English Wikipedia)

Lindsey J, Barnes WH (April 1955). "The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Codeine Hydrobromide Dihydrate". Acta Crystallographica. 8 (4): 227. Bibcode:1955AcCry...8..227L. doi:10.1107/S0365110X55000753.

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Raynor K, Kong H, Chen Y, Yasuda K, Yu L, Bell GI, et al. (February 1994). "Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa-, delta-, and mu-opioid receptors". Molecular Pharmacology. 45 (2): 330–334. doi:10.1016/S0026-895X(25)09932-8. PMID 8114680. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2018.

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"Nigeria bans all codeine cough syrup". BBC News Online. 1 May 2018. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.

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Flood P, Aleshi P (28 February 2014). "Postoperative and Chronic Pain: Systematic and Regional Analgesia Techniques". In Chestnut DH, Wong CA, Tsen LC, Kee WD, Beilin Y, Mhyre J (eds.). Chestnut's Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 611–. ISBN 978-0-323-11374-8. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
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Szucs-Reed RP, Gallagher RM (5 January 2012). "Chronic pain and opioids.". In Moore RJ (ed.). Handbook of Pain and Palliative Care: Biobehavioral Approaches for the Life Course. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 499–. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1651-8_29. ISBN 978-1-4419-1651-8. S2CID 68670125.
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van Solinge TB (1996). "7. La politique de soins des années quatre-vingt-dix". L'héroïne, la cocaïne et le crack en France. Trafic, usage et politique (in French). Amsterdam: CEDRO Centrum voor Drugsonderzoek, Universiteit van Amsterdam. pp. 247–262. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2006.

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Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). "Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011" (PDF). Folia Biologica. 58 (2): 49–56. doi:10.14712/fb2012058020049. PMID 22578954. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2016. Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Shen H, He MM, Liu H, Wrighton SA, Wang L, Guo B, et al. (August 2007). "Comparative metabolic capabilities and inhibitory profiles of CYP2D6.1, CYP2D6.10, and CYP2D6.17". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 35 (8): 1292–1300. doi:10.1124/dmd.107.015354. PMID 17470523. S2CID 2322678.
Prommer E (2010). "Role of codeine in palliative care". Journal of Opioid Management. 7 (5): 401–406. doi:10.5055/jom.2011.0081. PMID 22165039.
Paul IM (February 2012). "Therapeutic options for acute cough due to upper respiratory infections in children". Lung. 190 (1): 41–44. doi:10.1007/s00408-011-9319-y. PMID 21892785. S2CID 23865647.
Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T (November 2014). "Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (11) CD001831. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5. PMC 7061814. PMID 25420096.
Tobias JD, Green TP, Coté CJ (October 2016). "Codeine: Time to Say "No"". Pediatrics. 138 (4) e20162396. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2396. PMID 27647717.
World Health Organization (2025). The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list. Geneva: World Health Organization. doi:10.2471/B09474. hdl:10665/382243.
Macleod AG, Ashford B, Voltz M, Williams B, Cramond T, Gorta L, et al. (June 2002). "Paracetamol versus paracetamol-codeine in the treatment of post-operative dental pain: a randomized, double-blind, prospective trial". Australian Dental Journal. 47 (2): 147–151. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2002.tb00319.x. PMID 12139269.
Straube C, Derry S, Jackson KC, Wiffen PJ, Bell RF, Strassels S, et al. (September 2014). "Codeine, alone and with paracetamol (acetaminophen), for cancer pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9) CD006601. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006601.pub4. PMC 6513650. PMID 25234029.
Medical Research Collective (pseudonym) (2025). Codeine Formulations: A Comprehensive Review. Medical Research Collective (pseudonym) (Report). doi:10.5281/zenodo.15459453.
The Editors of The Lancet (3 February 2026). "Expression of Concern: Pharmacogenetics of morphine poisoning in a breastfed neonate of a codeine-prescribed mother". The Lancet. 407 (10529): 659. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00245-X. PMID 41651002. Retrieved 12 February 2026.
Zipursky J, Juurlink DN (November 2020). "The Implausibility of Neonatal Opioid Toxicity from Breastfeeding". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 108 (5): 964–970. doi:10.1002/cpt.1882. PMID 32378749.
Fernandes LC, Kilicarslan T, Kaplan HL, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM, Romach MK (June 2002). "Treatment of codeine dependence with inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2D6". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 22 (3): 326–329. doi:10.1097/00004714-200206000-00014. PMID 12006904. S2CID 30804655.
Kathiramalainathan K, Kaplan HL, Romach MK, Busto UE, Li NY, Säwe J, et al. (August 2000). "Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6 modifies codeine abuse liability". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 20 (4): 435–444. doi:10.1097/00004714-200008000-00008. PMID 10917405.
Raynor K, Kong H, Chen Y, Yasuda K, Yu L, Bell GI, et al. (February 1994). "Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa-, delta-, and mu-opioid receptors". Molecular Pharmacology. 45 (2): 330–334. doi:10.1016/S0026-895X(25)09932-8. PMID 8114680. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
Corbett AD, Paterson SJ, Kosterlitz HW (1993). "Selectivity of Ligands for Opioid Receptors". In Herz A, Akil H, Simon EJ (eds.). Opioids. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 104 / 1. Springer Verlag. pp. 645–679. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77460-7_26. ISBN 978-3-642-77462-1. ISSN 0171-2004.
Szucs-Reed RP, Gallagher RM (5 January 2012). "Chronic pain and opioids.". In Moore RJ (ed.). Handbook of Pain and Palliative Care: Biobehavioral Approaches for the Life Course. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 499–. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1651-8_29. ISBN 978-1-4419-1651-8. S2CID 68670125.
Johnson JL, Rolan PE, Johnson ME, Bobrovskaya L, Williams DB, Johnson K, et al. (November 2014). "Codeine-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia: investigating the role of glial activation". Translational Psychiatry. 4 (11): e482. doi:10.1038/tp.2014.121. PMC 4259992. PMID 25386959.
Papich MG (1 January 2016). "Codeine". Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (fourth ed.). W.B. Saunders. pp. 183–184. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24485-5.00175-3. ISBN 978-0-323-24485-5.
Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). "Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011" (PDF). Folia Biologica. 58 (2): 49–56. doi:10.14712/fb2012058020049. PMID 22578954. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2016. Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla.
Srinivasan V, Wielbo D, Tebbett IR (1997). "Analgesic effects of codeine-6-glucuronide after intravenous administration". European Journal of Pain. 1 (3): 185–190. doi:10.1016/S1090-3801(97)90103-8. PMID 15102399. S2CID 23099329.
Gasche Y, Daali Y, Fathi M, Chiappe A, Cottini S, Dayer P, et al. (December 2004). "Codeine intoxication associated with ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolism". The New England Journal of Medicine. 351 (27): 2827–2831. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041888. PMID 15625333.
Caraco Y (December 2004). "Genes and the response to drugs". The New England Journal of Medicine. 351 (27): 2867–2869. doi:10.1056/NEJMe048278. PMID 15625340.
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Crews KR, Gaedigk A, Dunnenberger HM, Leeder JS, Klein TE, Caudle KE, et al. (April 2014). "Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 update". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 95 (4): 376–382. doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.254. PMC 3975212. PMID 24458010.
Cone EJ, Darwin WD, Gorodetzky CW (May 1979). "Comparative metabolism of codeine in man, rat, dog, guinea-pig and rabbit: identification of four new metabolites". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 31 (5): 314–317. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1979.tb13507.x. PMID 37301. S2CID 42128300.
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Lindsey J, Barnes WH (April 1955). "The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Codeine Hydrobromide Dihydrate". Acta Crystallographica. 8 (4): 227. Bibcode:1955AcCry...8..227L. doi:10.1107/S0365110X55000753.
Fraser TR (January 1889). "The Relative Value of Opium, Morphine, and Codeine in Diabetes Mellitus". British Medical Journal. 1 (1464): 118–119. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1464.118. PMC 2154578. PMID 20752554.
Savchuk SA, Barsegyan SS, Barsegyan IB, Kolesov GM (2011). "Chromatographic study of expert and biological samples containing desomorphine". Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 63 (4): 361–70. doi:10.1134/S1061934808040096. S2CID 54546428.
Thevis M, Opfermann G, Schänzer W (2003). "Urinary concentrations of morphine and codeine after consumption of poppy seeds". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 27 (1): 53–56. doi:10.1093/jat/27.1.53. PMID 12587685.
Cone EJ, Welch P, Paul BD, Mitchell JM (1991). "Forensic drug testing for opiates, III. Urinary excretion rates of morphine and codeine following codeine administration". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 15 (4): 161–166. doi:10.1093/jat/15.4.161. PMID 1943064.
Foley M, Harris R, Rich E, Rapca A, Bergin M, Norman I, et al. (November 2015). "The availability of over-the-counter codeine medicines across the European Union". Public Health. 129 (11): 1465–1470. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.06.014. PMID 26215740. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
McCoy J, Bruno R, Nielsen S (February 2018). "Attitudes in Australia on the upscheduling of over-the-counter codeine to a prescription-only medication". Drug and Alcohol Review. 37 (2): 257–261. doi:10.1111/dar.12568. PMID 28597531. S2CID 26296460.
Foley M, Breindahl T, Hindersson P, Deluca P, Kimergård A (January 2016). "Misuse of 'over-the-counter' codeine analgesics: does formulation play a role?". Public Health. 130: 95–96. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.10.006. PMID 26612458.
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Koppel K (23 November 2022). "Pharmacists welcome ban on OTC sale of painkillers containing codeine". Retrieved 27 October 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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Shen H, He MM, Liu H, Wrighton SA, Wang L, Guo B, et al. (August 2007). "Comparative metabolic capabilities and inhibitory profiles of CYP2D6.1, CYP2D6.10, and CYP2D6.17". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 35 (8): 1292–1300. doi:10.1124/dmd.107.015354. PMID 17470523. S2CID 2322678.
Prommer E (2010). "Role of codeine in palliative care". Journal of Opioid Management. 7 (5): 401–406. doi:10.5055/jom.2011.0081. PMID 22165039.
Paul IM (February 2012). "Therapeutic options for acute cough due to upper respiratory infections in children". Lung. 190 (1): 41–44. doi:10.1007/s00408-011-9319-y. PMID 21892785. S2CID 23865647.
Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T (November 2014). "Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (11) CD001831. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5. PMC 7061814. PMID 25420096.
Tobias JD, Green TP, Coté CJ (October 2016). "Codeine: Time to Say "No"". Pediatrics. 138 (4) e20162396. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2396. PMID 27647717.
Macleod AG, Ashford B, Voltz M, Williams B, Cramond T, Gorta L, et al. (June 2002). "Paracetamol versus paracetamol-codeine in the treatment of post-operative dental pain: a randomized, double-blind, prospective trial". Australian Dental Journal. 47 (2): 147–151. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2002.tb00319.x. PMID 12139269.
Straube C, Derry S, Jackson KC, Wiffen PJ, Bell RF, Strassels S, et al. (September 2014). "Codeine, alone and with paracetamol (acetaminophen), for cancer pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9) CD006601. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006601.pub4. PMC 6513650. PMID 25234029.
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Zipursky J, Juurlink DN (November 2020). "The Implausibility of Neonatal Opioid Toxicity from Breastfeeding". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 108 (5): 964–970. doi:10.1002/cpt.1882. PMID 32378749.
Fernandes LC, Kilicarslan T, Kaplan HL, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM, Romach MK (June 2002). "Treatment of codeine dependence with inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2D6". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 22 (3): 326–329. doi:10.1097/00004714-200206000-00014. PMID 12006904. S2CID 30804655.
Kathiramalainathan K, Kaplan HL, Romach MK, Busto UE, Li NY, Säwe J, et al. (August 2000). "Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6 modifies codeine abuse liability". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 20 (4): 435–444. doi:10.1097/00004714-200008000-00008. PMID 10917405.
Raynor K, Kong H, Chen Y, Yasuda K, Yu L, Bell GI, et al. (February 1994). "Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa-, delta-, and mu-opioid receptors". Molecular Pharmacology. 45 (2): 330–334. doi:10.1016/S0026-895X(25)09932-8. PMID 8114680. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
Johnson JL, Rolan PE, Johnson ME, Bobrovskaya L, Williams DB, Johnson K, et al. (November 2014). "Codeine-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia: investigating the role of glial activation". Translational Psychiatry. 4 (11): e482. doi:10.1038/tp.2014.121. PMC 4259992. PMID 25386959.
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irishtimes.com (Global: 252^nd place; English: 133^rd place)

justice.gc.ca (Global: 3,261^st place; English: 2,011^th place)

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 728^th place; English: 375^th place)

medicines.org.uk (Global: 4,892^nd place; English: 3,451^st place)

medscape.com (Global: 1,078^th place; English: 916^th place)

mn.gov (Global: 3,660^th place; English: 1,728^th place)

nationalpost.com (Global: 1,018^th place; English: 559^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

sciencedaily.com (Global: 1,390^th place; English: 1,286^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

thelancet.com (Global: 2,615^th place; English: 3,403^rd place)

usatoday.com (Global: 55^th place; English: 36^th place)

usdoj.gov (Global: 4,271^st place; English: 2,616^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)