Coffee (English Wikipedia)

Quickel, Anthony T. (2021). "Cairo and Coffee in the Transottoman Trade Network". Transottoman Matters: 84–85. doi:10.14220/9783737011686.83. ISBN 978-3-8471-1168-9. Thus, Hattox argues that it is possible to conclude, on the basis of no earlier references in the historical sources, that coffee was first introduced into the Islamicate lands from Yemen in the mid-fifteenth century.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

aco.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Feature Article: Peaberry Coffee". Acorns. 2004. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Hindorf, Holger; Omondi, Chrispine O. (1 April 2011). "A review of three major fungal diseases of Coffea arabica L. in the rainforests of Ethiopia and progress in breeding for resistance in Kenya". Journal of Advanced Research. 2 (2): 109–120. Bibcode:2011JAdR....2..109H. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2010.08.006.
Moat, Justin; Williams, Jenny; Baena, Susana; Wilkinson, Timothy; Gole, Tadesse W.; Challa, Zeleke K.; Demissew, Sebsebe; Davis, Aaron P. (19 June 2017). "Resilience potential of the Ethiopian coffee sector under climate change". Nature Plants. 3 (7): 17081. Bibcode:2017NatPl...317081M. doi:10.1038/nplants.2017.81. PMID 28628132.
Marcone, Massimo F. (2004). "Composition and properties of Indonesian palm civet coffee (Kopi Luwak) and Ethiopian civet coffee". Food Research International. 37 (9): 901–12. Bibcode:2004FdRI...37..901M. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2004.05.008.
Eamudomkarn, Nuntasiri; Kietpeerakool, Chumnan; Kaewrudee, Srinaree; Jampathong, Nampet; Ngamjarus, Chetta; Lumbiganon, Pisake (2018). "Effect of postoperative coffee consumption on gastrointestinal function after abdominal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Scientific Reports. 8 (1). 17349. Bibcode:2018NatSR...817349E. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35752-2. PMC 6255780. PMID 30478433.
Wang, Rui; Xue, Jingjing; Meng, Lei; Lee, Jin-Wook; Zhao, Zipeng; Sun, Pengyu; Cai, Le; Huang, Tianyi; Wang, Zhengxu; Wang, Zhao-Kui; Duan, Yu (June 2019). "Caffeine Improves the Performance and Thermal Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells". Joule. 3 (6): 1464–1477. Bibcode:2019Joule...3.1464W. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.04.005.
Wahyuni, N L E; Rispiandi, R; Hariyadi, T (19 May 2020). "Effect of bean maturity and roasting temperature on chemical content of robusta coffee". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 830 (2) 022019. Bibcode:2020MS&E..830b2019W. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/830/2/022019.

ahajournals.org (Global: 4,716^th place; English: 9,115^th place)

Marcus GM, Hu FB, van Dam RM, et al. (July 2026). "Caffeine and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001454.

algeriancoffeestores.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"A Guide to our coffee roasts". Algerian Coffee Stores. Retrieved 11 August 2026.

allaboutbeer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Art of Brewing Coffee Beers". All About Beer. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

allrecipes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Why We Call Coffee a "Cup of Joe"". Allrecipes.

american.edu (Global: 5,762^nd place; English: 3,738^th place)

Cousin, Tracey L. (June 1997). "Ethiopia Coffee and Trade". American University. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2016.

arborday.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rain Forest- Saving Arbor Day Coffee". Arbor Day Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Weinberg & Bealer 2001, pp. 3–4 Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001). The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. New York: Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-415-92722-2. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
"Coffee". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1893. p. 589, Col. 3.Text at Internet Archive
Banesio, Fausto Naironio (1671). De saluberrima potione cahue, seu cafe nuncupata discursus Fausti Naironi Banesii Maronitae, linguae Chaldaicae, seu Syriacae in almo vrbis archigymnasio lectoris ad eminentiss. ... D. Io. Nicolaum S.R.E. card. . (in Latin). Typis Michaelis Herculis.
Burton, Richard F. (1856). First footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman. p. 78. ali omar coffee yemen.
Wild, Antony (2004). Coffee: A Dark History. Fourth Estate. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-1-84115-649-1.
Rickert, Eve (15 December 2005). Environmental effects of the coffee crisis: a case study of land use and avian communities in Agua Buena, Costa Rica (MES). The Evergreen State College. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Martin, Deborah L.; Gershuny, Grace, eds. (1992). "Coffee wastes". The Rodale book of composting. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-87857-991-4. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
Hunt, Morton M. (1993). The story of psychology (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-385-24762-7. [work] for Maxwell House that helped make the 'coffee break' an American custom in offices, factories, and homes.
Brown, Daniel W. (2004). A new introduction to Islam. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 149–151. ISBN 978-1-4051-5807-7.

baaqmd.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Coffee Roasting Operations". Permit Handbook. Bay Area Air Quality Management District. 15 May 1998. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2010.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

Dean, Grace (23 November 2025). "Do mushroom and protein 'functional' coffees have health benefits?". BBC News.
"Worship and customs". BBC. 10 October 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2025.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

Cohen, Brad (16 July 2014). "The complicated culture of Bosnian coffee". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

beliefnet.com (Global: 8,532^nd place; English: 6,096^th place)

"Who Are the Mormons?". Beliefnet. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2010.

birdsnews.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Graham, Rex (5 September 2013). "Insect-eating birds reduce worst coffee plantation pest by 50 percent". birdsnews.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

Galatola, Thomas (14 February 2012). "Coffee Futures Fall to Lowest in 14 Months: Commodities at Close". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.

bmj.com (Global: 1,341^st place; English: 1,425^th place)

Poole, Robin; Kennedy, Oliver J.; Roderick, Paul; Fallowfield, Jonathan A.; Hayes, Peter C; Parkes, Julie (November 2017). "Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes" (PDF). BMJ. 359 j5024. doi:10.1136/bmj.j5024. PMC 5696634. PMID 29167102.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Ukers, William Harrison (1922). All About Coffee (revised 1935). Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company.
Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1967. p. 25.
Elzebroek, A. T. G. (2008). Guide to Cultivated Plants. Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84593-356-2.
Kanarek, Robin B. (29 July 2014). Nutrition and Behavior: New Perspectives. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4684-6596-9. Kaldi, an Arabian goatherd . Kaldi's goats would occasionally wander away to the mountains
Driem, George L. van (14 January 2019). The Tale of Tea: A Comprehensive History of Tea from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. BRILL. p. 484. ISBN 978-90-04-39360-8. Of current relevance today is that there is no mention of any goatherd named 'Kaldi' in any historical source on coffee. This spurious name was propagated by Ukers in his 1922 book on coffee, published by the Tea and Coffee Trading Journal Company in New York.
Clarence-Smith, William Gervase; Topik, Steven (16 June 2003). The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1500–1989. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-139-43839-1. Ethiopian forests, especially to the west of the Great Rift Valley, abound in wild arabica coffee, but we know very little about the origins of consumption there.¹ Coffee was probably long picked from the wild, and it was used to an increasing extent from the fourteenth century by the Islamized peoples of southeastern Ethiopia. The coffee habit diffused to the Rasulid sultanate in Yemen, which had strong commercial and cultural connections with Muslim kingdoms in Ethiopia. The consumption of coffee spread first around Aden, Mocha, and Zabid during the first half of the fifteenth century.
Yemen Update: Bulletin of the American Institute for Yemeni Studies. The Institute. 2002. p. 39.
Waines, David (November 2010). Food Culture and Health in Pre-Modern Muslim Societies. BRILL. p. 144. ISBN 978-90-04-21662-4.
Altinbas, Nihan; Hashim, Yousef Rahath and Rsnani; Islam, Tazul; O'Brien, Peter; al-Azami, Usaama; Johnston, David L.; Rufai, Saheed Ahmad; Ebrahimian, Mojtaba; Piela, Anna (11 June 2013). American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 30:3. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). pp. 121–122.
Houtsma, M. Th.; Wensinck, A. J.; Arnold, T. W.; Heffening, W.; Lévi-Provençal, E., eds. (1993). "Ḳawah". First Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. IV. E.J. Brill. p. 631. ISBN 978-90-04-09790-2. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
Hattox, Ralph S. (1985). Coffee and coffeehouses: The origins of a social beverage in the medieval Near East. University of Washington Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-295-96231-3. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
Attokaran, Mathew (2011). Natural Food Flavors and Colorants. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-95911-4.
(1) Adams, John (6 July 1774). "John Adams to Abigail Adams". The Adams Papers: Digital Editions: Adams Family Correspondence, Volume 1. Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014. I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote: When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon, and I had ridden 35 miles at least. "Madam" said I to Mrs. Huston, "is it lawful for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled or paid no Duties?"
"No sir, said she, we have renounced all Tea in this Place. I can't make Tea, but I'll make you Coffee." Accordingly, I have drunk Coffee every Afternoon since and have borne it very well. Tea must be universally renounced. I must be weaned, and the sooner, the better.
(2) Stone, William L. (1867). "Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel's Adventures". Mrs. General Riedesel: Letters and Journals relating to the War of Independence and the Capture of the Troops at Saratoga (Translated from the Original German). Albany: Joel Munsell. p. 147. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015. She then became more gentle, and offered me bread and milk. I made tea for ourselves. The woman eyed us longingly, for the Americans love it very much; but they had resolved to drink it no longer, as the famous duty on the tea had occasioned the war. At Google Books. Note: Fredricka Charlotte Riedesel was the wife of General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel, commander of all German and Indian troops in General John Burgoyne's Saratoga campaign and American prisoner of war during the American Revolution.
(3) Heiss, Mary Lou; Heiss, Robert J. (2007). "A History of Tea: The Boston Tea Party". The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. pp. 21–24. ISBN 978-1-60774-172-5. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015. At Google Books.
(4) Zuraw, Lydia (24 April 2013). "How Coffee Influenced The Course of History". NPR. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
(5) DeRupo, Joseph (3 July 2013). "American Revolution: Stars, Stripes—and Beans". NCA News. National Coffee Association. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
(6) Luttinger, Nina; Dicum, Gregory (2006). The coffee book: anatomy of an industry from crop to the last drop. The New Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-59558-724-4. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2015 – via Google Books.
Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2005). Nelson's Sailors. Osprey Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84176-906-6. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
Lacour, Auguste (1855). Histoire de la Guadeloupe 1635–1789 [History of Guadeloupe 1635–1789] (in French). Vol. 1. Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe: E. Kolodziej. p. 235ff. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020 – via Google Books.
Pendergrast, Mark (2010). Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. Basic Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-465-02404-9. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
Pradeepkumar, T.; Kumar, Pradeep (2008). Management of Horticultural Crops: Vol.11 Horticulture Science Series: In 2 Parts. New India Publishing. pp. 601–. ISBN 978-81-89422-49-3. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
Daviron, Benoit; Ponte, Stefano (2005). The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development. Zed Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-84277-457-1. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
Castle, Timothy James (1991). The Perfect Cup: A Coffee Lover's Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Tasting. Reading, MA: Aris Books. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-201-57048-9.^{[permanent dead link]}
Martin, Deborah L.; Gershuny, Grace, eds. (1992). "Coffee wastes". The Rodale book of composting. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-87857-991-4. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
Steiman, Shawn (15 December 2015). The Little Coffee Know-It-All: A Miscellany for Growing, Roasting, and Brewing, Uncompromising and Unapologetic. Quarry Books. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-63159-053-5.
New Process Keep Coffee Fresh in High Vacuum Cans. Popular Science. October 1931. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
Levy, Joel (2002). Really Useful: The Origins of Everyday Things. Firefly Books. p. 1948. ISBN 978-1-55297-622-7. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Castle, Timothy; Nielsen, Joan (1999). The Great Coffee Book. Ten Speed Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-58008-122-1. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Fried, Eunice (November 1993). "The lowdown on caffè latte". Black Enterprise. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Miller, Emily Wise (May 2003). The Food Lover's Guide to Florence: With Culinary Excursions in Tuscany. Ten Speed Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-58008-435-2. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. 2011. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-19-991210-0. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Hobhouse, Henry (2005). Seeds of Wealth: Five Plants That Made Men Rich. Shoemaker & Hoard. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-59376-089-2. Retrieved 11 January 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
Talbot, John M. (2004). Grounds for Agreement: The Political Economy of the Coffee Commodity Chain. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 50. ISBN 9780742526297. So many people who have written about coffee have gotten it wrong. Coffee is not the second most valuable primary commodity in world trade, as is often stated. [...] It is not the second most traded commodity, a nebulous formulation that repeatedly occurs in the media. Coffee is the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries.
Golob, Peter; Farrell, Graham; Orchard, John E. (15 April 2008). Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology, Volume 1: Principles and Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 471. ISBN 978-1-4051-7210-3.
Luttinger, Nina; Dicum, Gregory (1 May 2012). "The Rise of the International Coffee Trade". The Coffee Book: Anatomy of an Industry from Crop to the Last Drop. New Press, The. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-59558-724-4.
Insoll, Timothy (3 July 2003). The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-521-65702-0.

brill.com (Global: 814^th place; English: 460^th place)

van Driem, George L. (2019). "Interlude: Coffee and Chocolate". The Tale of Tea: A Comprehensive History of Tea from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day (PDF). Brill. p. 39. Retrieved 10 January 2026. In Ukers' book, a young Arabian goatherd named Kaldi, afflicted with melancholy, followed the example of his frolicking goats and ate the coffee berries from the trees.

bris.ac.uk (Global: 5,759^th place; English: 4,110^th place)

chm.bris.ac.uk

"Caffeine and plants prototype page". Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"History of coffee | Origin, Spread, Ethiopia, Arabia, Facts, & Timeline | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 October 2025. At some point, perhaps as late as the 15th century, coffee plants were taken across the Red Sea to southern Arabia (Yemen) and placed under cultivation. Tradition holds that Sufi monks were among the first to brew coffee as a beverage and used the stimulation to pray through the night.
"History of coffee | Origin, Spread, Ethiopia, Arabia, Facts, & Timeline | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 October 2025. Until the close of the 17th century the world's limited supply of coffee was obtained almost entirely from the province of Yemen in southern Arabia. But with the increasing popularity of the beverage, the propagation of the plant spread rapidly to Java and other islands of the Indonesian archipelago in the 17th century and to the Americas in the 18th century. Coffee cultivation was started in the Hawaiian Islands in 1825.
Myhrvold, Nathan (2 December 2025). "coffee". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 January 2026. One of many legends about the discovery of coffee is that of Kaldi, an Arab goatherd who was puzzled by the strange antics of his flock.

cafeculture.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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"Measuring Consumer Interest in Mexican Shade-grown Coffee" (PDF). Montréal: Commission for Environmental Cooperation. October 1999. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2010.

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Ellis, Blake (10 September 2010). "Coffee prices on the rise". CNN Money. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.

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"Top Coffee Ratings – Coffee Buying Guide". Consumer Reports. May 2013. Storing coffee. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

scholarship.sha.cornell.edu

Borchgrevink, Carl P.; Susskind, Alex M.; Tarras, John M. (1999). "Consumer preferred hot beverage temperatures". Food Quality and Preference. 10 (2): 117–21. doi:10.1016/S0950-3293(98)00053-6. hdl:1813/72021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2019.

countrystudies.us (Global: 1,364^th place; English: 1,439^th place)

Hudson, Rex A., ed. (1997). "The Coffee Economy, 1840–1930". Brazil: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2022.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Kaye, Alan S. (1986). "The Etymology of 'Coffee': The Dark Brew". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 106 (3): 557–558. doi:10.2307/602112. JSTOR 602112.
Quickel, Anthony T. (2021). "Cairo and Coffee in the Transottoman Trade Network". Transottoman Matters: 84–85. doi:10.14220/9783737011686.83. ISBN 978-3-8471-1168-9. Thus, Hattox argues that it is possible to conclude, on the basis of no earlier references in the historical sources, that coffee was first introduced into the Islamicate lands from Yemen in the mid-fifteenth century.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Friis, I. (April 2015). "Coffee and qat on the Royal Danish expedition to Arabia – botanical, ethnobotanical and commercial observations made in Yemen 1762–1763". Archives of Natural History. 42 (1): 101–112. doi:10.3366/anh.2015.0283. Mocha was still the world's major shipping port for coffee (Chaudhuri 1978)
Waller, J. M. (1972). "Coffee Rust in Latin America". PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries. 18 (4): 402–08. doi:10.1080/09670877209412699.
Hindorf, Holger; Omondi, Chrispine O. (1 April 2011). "A review of three major fungal diseases of Coffea arabica L. in the rainforests of Ethiopia and progress in breeding for resistance in Kenya". Journal of Advanced Research. 2 (2): 109–120. Bibcode:2011JAdR....2..109H. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2010.08.006.
Krishnan, Sarada (28 June 2017). "Sustainable Coffee Production". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Vol. 1. pp. 1–34. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.224. ISBN 9780199389414. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
Läderach, Peter; Ramirez-Villegas, Julian; Navarro-Racines, Carlos; Zelaya, Carlos; Martinez-Valle, Armando; Jarvis, Andy (26 October 2016). "Climate change adaptation of coffee production in space and time". Climatic Change. 141 (1): 47–62. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1788-9. hdl:10568/77563.
Moat, Justin; Williams, Jenny; Baena, Susana; Wilkinson, Timothy; Gole, Tadesse W.; Challa, Zeleke K.; Demissew, Sebsebe; Davis, Aaron P. (19 June 2017). "Resilience potential of the Ethiopian coffee sector under climate change". Nature Plants. 3 (7): 17081. Bibcode:2017NatPl...317081M. doi:10.1038/nplants.2017.81. PMID 28628132.
Marcone, Massimo F. (2004). "Composition and properties of Indonesian palm civet coffee (Kopi Luwak) and Ethiopian civet coffee". Food Research International. 37 (9): 901–12. Bibcode:2004FdRI...37..901M. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2004.05.008.
Macheiner, Lukas; Schmidt, Anatol; Schreiner, Matthias; Mayer, Helmut K. (2019). "Green coffee infusion as a source of caffeine and chlorogenic acid". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 84 103307. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103307.
Yeager, Sara E.; Batali, Mackenzie E.; Lim, Lik Xian; Liang, Jiexin; Han, Juliet; Thompson, Ashley N.; Guinard, Jean-Xavier; Ristenpart, William D. (2022). "Roast level and brew temperature significantly affect the color of brewed coffee". Journal of Food Science. 87 (4): 1837–1850. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.16089. PMC 9311422. PMID 35347719.
Borchgrevink, Carl P.; Susskind, Alex M.; Tarras, John M. (1999). "Consumer preferred hot beverage temperatures". Food Quality and Preference. 10 (2): 117–21. doi:10.1016/S0950-3293(98)00053-6. hdl:1813/72021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
Vittori, Sauro; Caprioli, Giovanni; Cortese, Manuela; Sagratini, Gianni (2015). "Espresso Machine and Coffee Composition". Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention. pp. 255–263. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409517-5.00028-0. ISBN 978-0-12-409517-5.
Salvaggio, A.; Periti, M.; Miano, L.; Quaglia, G.; Marzorati, D. (1991). "Coffee and cholesterol, an Italian study". American Journal of Epidemiology. 134 (2): 149–56. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116067. PMID 1862798.
Mattoon, Robert H. Jr. (2 May 1977). "Railroads, Coffee, and the Growth of Big Business in São Paulo, Brazil". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 57 (2): 273–95. doi:10.2307/2513775. JSTOR 2513775.
Rice, Robert A. (March 2001). "Noble Goals and Challenging Terrain: Organic and Fair Trade Coffee Movements". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 14 (1): 39–66. doi:10.1023/A:1011367008474.
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Williams, Robert J.; Spencer, Jeremy P. E; Rice-Evans, Catherine (2004). "Flavonoids: Antioxidants or signalling". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 36 (7): 838–49. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.001. PMID 15019969.
Marcus GM, Hu FB, van Dam RM, et al. (July 2026). "Caffeine and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001454.
Poole, Robin; Kennedy, Oliver J.; Roderick, Paul; Fallowfield, Jonathan A.; Hayes, Peter C; Parkes, Julie (November 2017). "Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes" (PDF). BMJ. 359 j5024. doi:10.1136/bmj.j5024. PMC 5696634. PMID 29167102.
Eamudomkarn, Nuntasiri; Kietpeerakool, Chumnan; Kaewrudee, Srinaree; Jampathong, Nampet; Ngamjarus, Chetta; Lumbiganon, Pisake (2018). "Effect of postoperative coffee consumption on gastrointestinal function after abdominal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Scientific Reports. 8 (1). 17349. Bibcode:2018NatSR...817349E. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35752-2. PMC 6255780. PMID 30478433.
Nehlig, Astrid (2022). "Effects of Coffee on the Gastro-Intestinal Tract: A Narrative Review and Literature Update". Nutrients. 14 (2): 399. doi:10.3390/nu14020399. PMC 8778943. PMID 35057580.
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(1) Adams, John (6 July 1774). "John Adams to Abigail Adams". The Adams Papers: Digital Editions: Adams Family Correspondence, Volume 1. Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014. I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote: When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon, and I had ridden 35 miles at least. "Madam" said I to Mrs. Huston, "is it lawful for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled or paid no Duties?"
"No sir, said she, we have renounced all Tea in this Place. I can't make Tea, but I'll make you Coffee." Accordingly, I have drunk Coffee every Afternoon since and have borne it very well. Tea must be universally renounced. I must be weaned, and the sooner, the better.
(2) Stone, William L. (1867). "Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel's Adventures". Mrs. General Riedesel: Letters and Journals relating to the War of Independence and the Capture of the Troops at Saratoga (Translated from the Original German). Albany: Joel Munsell. p. 147. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015. She then became more gentle, and offered me bread and milk. I made tea for ourselves. The woman eyed us longingly, for the Americans love it very much; but they had resolved to drink it no longer, as the famous duty on the tea had occasioned the war. At Google Books. Note: Fredricka Charlotte Riedesel was the wife of General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel, commander of all German and Indian troops in General John Burgoyne's Saratoga campaign and American prisoner of war during the American Revolution.
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(1) Adams, John (6 July 1774). "John Adams to Abigail Adams". The Adams Papers: Digital Editions: Adams Family Correspondence, Volume 1. Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014. I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote: When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon, and I had ridden 35 miles at least. "Madam" said I to Mrs. Huston, "is it lawful for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled or paid no Duties?"
"No sir, said she, we have renounced all Tea in this Place. I can't make Tea, but I'll make you Coffee." Accordingly, I have drunk Coffee every Afternoon since and have borne it very well. Tea must be universally renounced. I must be weaned, and the sooner, the better.
(2) Stone, William L. (1867). "Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel's Adventures". Mrs. General Riedesel: Letters and Journals relating to the War of Independence and the Capture of the Troops at Saratoga (Translated from the Original German). Albany: Joel Munsell. p. 147. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015. She then became more gentle, and offered me bread and milk. I made tea for ourselves. The woman eyed us longingly, for the Americans love it very much; but they had resolved to drink it no longer, as the famous duty on the tea had occasioned the war. At Google Books. Note: Fredricka Charlotte Riedesel was the wife of General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel, commander of all German and Indian troops in General John Burgoyne's Saratoga campaign and American prisoner of war during the American Revolution.
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(2) Stone, William L. (1867). "Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel's Adventures". Mrs. General Riedesel: Letters and Journals relating to the War of Independence and the Capture of the Troops at Saratoga (Translated from the Original German). Albany: Joel Munsell. p. 147. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015. She then became more gentle, and offered me bread and milk. I made tea for ourselves. The woman eyed us longingly, for the Americans love it very much; but they had resolved to drink it no longer, as the famous duty on the tea had occasioned the war. At Google Books. Note: Fredricka Charlotte Riedesel was the wife of General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel, commander of all German and Indian troops in General John Burgoyne's Saratoga campaign and American prisoner of war during the American Revolution.
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webcitation.org (Global: 25^th place; English: 771^st place)

(1) Adams, John (6 July 1774). "John Adams to Abigail Adams". The Adams Papers: Digital Editions: Adams Family Correspondence, Volume 1. Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014. I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote: When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon, and I had ridden 35 miles at least. "Madam" said I to Mrs. Huston, "is it lawful for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled or paid no Duties?"
"No sir, said she, we have renounced all Tea in this Place. I can't make Tea, but I'll make you Coffee." Accordingly, I have drunk Coffee every Afternoon since and have borne it very well. Tea must be universally renounced. I must be weaned, and the sooner, the better.
(2) Stone, William L. (1867). "Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel's Adventures". Mrs. General Riedesel: Letters and Journals relating to the War of Independence and the Capture of the Troops at Saratoga (Translated from the Original German). Albany: Joel Munsell. p. 147. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015. She then became more gentle, and offered me bread and milk. I made tea for ourselves. The woman eyed us longingly, for the Americans love it very much; but they had resolved to drink it no longer, as the famous duty on the tea had occasioned the war. At Google Books. Note: Fredricka Charlotte Riedesel was the wife of General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel, commander of all German and Indian troops in General John Burgoyne's Saratoga campaign and American prisoner of war during the American Revolution.
(3) Heiss, Mary Lou; Heiss, Robert J. (2007). "A History of Tea: The Boston Tea Party". The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. pp. 21–24. ISBN 978-1-60774-172-5. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015. At Google Books.
(4) Zuraw, Lydia (24 April 2013). "How Coffee Influenced The Course of History". NPR. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
(5) DeRupo, Joseph (3 July 2013). "American Revolution: Stars, Stripes—and Beans". NCA News. National Coffee Association. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
(6) Luttinger, Nina; Dicum, Gregory (2006). The coffee book: anatomy of an industry from crop to the last drop. The New Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-59558-724-4. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2015 – via Google Books.

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worldatlas.com (Global: 2,266^th place; English: 2,297^th place)

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worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

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Pendergrast 2001, p. 13. Pendergrast, Mark (2001). Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. London: Texere. ISBN 978-1-58799-088-5. OCLC 48931999.
Pendergrast 2001, p. 14. Pendergrast, Mark (2001). Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. London: Texere. ISBN 978-1-58799-088-5. OCLC 48931999.
Pendergrast 2001, p. 16. Pendergrast, Mark (2001). Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. London: Texere. ISBN 978-1-58799-088-5. OCLC 48931999.
Pendergrast 2001, p. 19. Pendergrast, Mark (2001). Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. London: Texere. ISBN 978-1-58799-088-5. OCLC 48931999.
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van der Vossen, H. A. M. in Clifford & Wilson 1985, p. 53 Clifford, M. N.; Wilson, K.C., eds. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7099-0787-9. OCLC 11444112.
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van der Vossen, H. A. M. in Clifford & Wilson 1985, p. 55 Clifford, M. N.; Wilson, K.C., eds. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7099-0787-9. OCLC 11444112.
Bardner, R. in Clifford & Wilson 1985, pp. 208–209. Clifford, M. N.; Wilson, K.C., eds. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7099-0787-9. OCLC 11444112.
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Bardner, R. in Clifford & Wilson 1985, p. 211. Clifford, M. N.; Wilson, K.C., eds. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7099-0787-9. OCLC 11444112.
Bardner, R. in Clifford & Wilson 1985, p. 213. Clifford, M. N.; Wilson, K.C., eds. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7099-0787-9. OCLC 11444112.
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Wilson, K.C. in Clifford & Wilson 1985, p. 166. Clifford, M. N.; Wilson, K.C., eds. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7099-0787-9. OCLC 11444112.
Wilson, K. C. in Clifford & Wilson 1985, p. 165. Clifford, M. N.; Wilson, K.C., eds. (1985). Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7099-0787-9. OCLC 11444112.
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A Beginner's Guide To Buying Great Coffee, 20 May 2021, retrieved 11 September 2022

zippia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"33+ Buzzing Coffee Industry Statistics [2023]: Cafes, Consumption, And Market Trends". Zippia. 19 March 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.

Coffee (English Wikipedia)

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cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

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huffingtonpost.com (Global: 212^th place; English: 141^st place)

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nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

natlib.govt.nz (Global: 785^th place; English: 374^th place)

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

newatlas.com (Global: 5,974^th place; English: 3,758^th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

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nst.com.my (Global: 1,460^th place; English: 927^th place)

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