Coin (English Wikipedia)

Focardi, Sergio M. (19 March 2018). "3.1: Some brief remarks on money throughout history". Money: What It Is, How It's Created, Who Gets It, and Why It Matters. Economics in the Real World. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781315391045. Retrieved 18 April 2023. The idea of coinage follows almost naturally from the use of metal as a commodity for exchange. [...] Graeber [...] connects the Axial Age to the first coinage, noting that the three parts of the world where coins were first used correspond to the very parts of the world where religious and philosophical creativity thrived, that is, the kingdoms and city-states around the shores of the Aegean Sea, in the Ganges valley in northern India, and around the Yellow River in China [...].
Metcalf, William E. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage. Oxford University Press. pp. 61–65. ISBN 9780199372188.
Dundua, Tʻedo; Čʻikʻobava, Akaki; Avdaliani, Emil (2020). Coin as a means of propaganda according to Georgian numismatics. Gamomcʻemloba "Meridiani". ISBN 9789941259746. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
Giedroyc, Richard (2006-11-15). The Everything Coin Collecting Book: All You Need to Start Your Collection …. Adams Media. ISBN 9781593375683. Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
Metcalf, William E. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9780199372188.
Muscarella, Oscar White (15 June 2013). Archaeology, Artifacts and Antiquities of the Ancient Near East: Sites, Cultures, and Proveniences. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004236691.
Bopearachchi, Osmund; Cribb, Joe (1992), "Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia", in Errington, Elizabeth; Cribb, Joe; Claringbull, Maggie (eds.), The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan, Ancient India and Iran Trust, pp. 57–59, ISBN 978-0-9518399-1-1, Coins of this type found in Chaman Hazouri (deposited c.350 BCE) and Bhir Mound hoards (deposited c.300 BCE).
Metcalf, William E. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–80. ISBN 9780199372188.
André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. University of California Press. p. 208 Coin no.381 for the Persian column capitals. ISBN 9780520247314.
"The earliest attempts at portraiture appear to have taken place in Lycia. The heads of various dynasts appear on coins of the fifth century" Carradice, Ian (1978). Ancient Greek Portrait Coins. British Museum Publications. p. 2. ISBN 9780714108490.
West, Shearer; Birmingham), Shearer (2004). Portraiture. OUP Oxford. p. 68. ISBN 9780192842589.
"A rare silver fraction recently identified as a coin of Themistocles from Magnesia even has a bearded portrait of the great man, making it by far the earliest datable portrait coin. Other early portraits can be seen on the coins of Lycian dynasts." Carradice, Ian; Price, Martin (1988). Coinage in the Greek World. Seaby. p. 84. ISBN 9780900652820.
Rhodes, P. J. (2011). A History of the Classical Greek World: 478–323 BC. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. ISBN 9781444358582.
Howgego, Christopher (2002). Ancient History from Coins. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 9781134877843.
Schaps, David (2004). The Invention of Coinage and the Monetization of Ancient Greece. University of Michigan Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0472113330.
Howgego, C. J. (1995). Ancient history from coins. Psychology Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-415-08993-7. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
Hollingsworth, Mary (2017). "A Note to the Reader". The Medici. Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78669-151-4.
Serra, Girolamo. Discorso sulle monete di Genova recitato dal Signor Girolamo Serra rettore dell'Università all'Accademia delle scienze, lettere ed arti, nell'adunanza del dì 15 luglio 1810 (in Italian).
Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.

britishmuseum.org

"Electrum stater inscribed with the name of Phanes". British Museum. 2011-09-29. Archived from the original on 2012-05-15. Retrieved 2012-05-21.

cbpmr.net

"Composite coins". Pridnestrovian Republican Bank. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2020.

chinesechinese.net

YK Kwan. "A snap shot view of The history of China by YK Kwan". Chinesechinese.net. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2012-05-21.

cngcoins.com

CNG: IONIA, Ephesos. Phanes. Circa 625–600 BC. EL Trite (14mm, 4.67 g).
372. Lot: 658, Lot of two AR bent bars, CNG Coins. Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992, pp. 57–59: "Silver bent-bar punch-marked coin of Kabul region under the Achaemenid Empire, c.350 BC: Coins of this type found in quantity in Chaman Hazouri and Bhir Mound hoards." (Commentary by Joe Cribb and Osmund Bopearachchi)
"Extremely Rare Early Silver from the Kabul Valley", CNG 102, Lot:649, CNG Coins
"A Truly International Currency", Triton XV, Lot: 1163, ATTICA, Athens Archived 2019-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, CNG Coins
CNG: LYCIA. Circa 520–470/60 BCE. AR Stater (18mm, 9.18 g).
"CNG: IONIA, Magnesia ad Maeandrum. Themistokles. Circa 465-459 BC. AR Hemiobol (7mm, 0.37 g, 1h)".
"CNG Coin 338684".

coinsoftheuk.co.uk

Clayton, Tony. "Metals Used in Coins and Medals". coins-of-the-uk.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-08-15.

cornell.edu

law.cornell.edu

31 CFR §82.1, Legal Information Institute, accessed 22 July 2019.
"18 U.S. Code § 331 - Mutilation, diminution, and falsification of coins". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
31 CFR 82.2(b), Legal Information Institute, accessed 22 July 2019.

demon.co.uk

tclayton.demon.co.uk

Tony Clayton. "Metals Used in Coins and Medals". Tclayton.demon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2012-05-22.

doi.org

Zhao, Hao; Gao, Xiangping; Jiang, Yuchao; Lin, Yi; Zhu, Jin; Ding, Sicong; Deng, Lijun; Zhang, Ji (6 August 2021). "Radiocarbon-dating an early minting site: the emergence of standardised coinage in China". Antiquity. 95 (383). Cambridge University Press: 1161–1178. doi:10.15184/aqy.2021.94. S2CID 238220610.
Root, Margaret Cool (1989). "The Persian archer at Persepolis : aspects of chronology, style and symbolism". Revue des Études Anciennes. 91: 43–50. doi:10.3406/rea.1989.4361.
Easwar, K.; Rouyer, F.; Menon, N. (2002). "Speeding to a stop: The finite-time singularity of a spinning disk". Physical Review E. 66 (4): 045102. Bibcode:2002PhRvE..66d5102E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.045102. PMID 12443243.

edgedavao.net

"HISTORY OF DAVAO – Currencies of the Lumads". November 11, 2015.

filipinonumismatist.com

coin.filipinonumismatist.com

"Philippine Coin Information: PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic". Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2017.

forumancientcoins.com

"The Types of Greek Coins" An Archaeological Essay (PDF) by Percy Gardner 1883 p.42 "Considering these and other facts it may be held to be probable, if not absolutely proved, that priests first issued stamped coin, and that the first mints were in Greek temples."

gao.gov

U.S. Currency: Financial Benefit of Switching to a $1 Coin Is Unlikely, but Changing Coin Metal Content Could Result in Cost Savings

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Easwar, K.; Rouyer, F.; Menon, N. (2002). "Speeding to a stop: The finite-time singularity of a spinning disk". Physical Review E. 66 (4): 045102. Bibcode:2002PhRvE..66d5102E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.045102. PMID 12443243.

henan.gov.cn

big5.henan.gov.cn

"中國最早金屬鑄幣商代晚期鑄造銅貝-河南概況". Big5.henan.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2012-05-22.

ilgiornaledellanumismatica.it

"IL FIORINO DI FIRENZE, STORIA DEL "DOLLARO DEL MEDIOEVO"" (in Italian). 19 January 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2023.

inquirer.net

opinion.inquirer.net

"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age' | Inquirer Opinion". 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'". August 30, 2011.

iranicaonline.org

Michael Alram, "DARIC", Encyclopaedia Iranica, December 15, 1994, last updated November 17, 2011

jstor.org

Newton, Charles Thomas (1870). "On an electrum stater, possibly of Ephesus". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society. 10. Royal Numismatic Society: 238. JSTOR 42680883 – via Archive.org.
HARDAKER, TERRY R. (1975). "The origins of coinage in northern India". The Numismatic Chronicle. 15: 200–203. JSTOR 42666515.

larecherche.fr

Fabienne Lemarchand (July 2003). "L'or gratuit". Le Recherche (366): 91. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2023-10-09.

makeitfrommetal.com

Maes, Jonathan. "Is It Illegal to Melt/Destroy US Pennies and Other Coins?". Make it From Metal. Retrieved 2022-12-17.

medievalcoinage.com

"Early Dated Coins, Accessed December 2009".

metmuseum.ph

"Metropolitan Museum of Manila, Philippines: Art for All - www.metmuseum.ph". Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2013-08-01.

nationalgeographic.com

Kramer, Jillian (6 August 2021). "'World's oldest' coin factory discovered in China". National geographic. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2022.

nationalpost.com

Smith, Marie-Danielle (18 January 2018). "Royal Canadian Mint sues Royal Australian Mint in row over poppy coin printing". The National Post. Retrieved 18 January 2018.

nature.com

A 'metallic' smell is just body odour Archived 2016-05-24 at the Wayback Machine

nbcnews.com

Lawmakers (again) propose replacing $1 bills with coins

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Easwar, K.; Rouyer, F.; Menon, N. (2002). "Speeding to a stop: The finite-time singularity of a spinning disk". Physical Review E. 66 (4): 045102. Bibcode:2002PhRvE..66d5102E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.045102. PMID 12443243.

nma.gov.au

"Convict tokens, National Museum of Australia". Nma.gov.au. 2012-01-25. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2016-10-05.

penn.museum

Sancinito, Jane E. “Like a Bad Penny: Ancient Numismatics in the Ancient World.” Expedition: The Magazine of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 60, no. 2. (2018): 12-23: "The first people to use coins were from modern Turkey, right around 600 BCE. Their coins were different from ours today, less regular and made from precious metal, a mix of gold and silver known as electrum, but their experience, as they went to market or paid their taxes, was similar to mine in the coffee shop. They looked at the lumps of metal in their hand and tried to figure out how much money they had left, and whether they had been cheated. Current research suggests that coins were invented to simplify and regularize this task. Amounts of metal were measured to specific levels of purity and then stamped with an official mark, thereby speeding up transactions and, for the first time in history, guaranteeing certain pieces of metal were trustworthy. The idea caught on quickly, spreading through Western Asia Minor before being adopted by the city-states of Archaic Greece.”

pr.com

"Colnect Marketplace Has Been Launched". PR.com. Retrieved 2019-02-20.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Zhao, Hao; Gao, Xiangping; Jiang, Yuchao; Lin, Yi; Zhu, Jin; Ding, Sicong; Deng, Lijun; Zhang, Ji (6 August 2021). "Radiocarbon-dating an early minting site: the emergence of standardised coinage in China". Antiquity. 95 (383). Cambridge University Press: 1161–1178. doi:10.15184/aqy.2021.94. S2CID 238220610.

snible.org

"Inscriptions and Titles on ancient Greek coins". Snible.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
Head, Barclay V. (1911). Historia Numorum, A Manual of Greek Numismatics, New and Enlarged Edition. London: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
British Museum Catalogue 11 – Attica Megaris Aegina, 700 – 550 BCE, plate XXIII Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.

ukdfd.co.uk

"Long Cross Pennies". www.ukdfd.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-10-28.

usmint.gov

"United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins". The United States Mint. Archived from the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2012-05-22.

vcoins.com

community.vcoins.com

"Half-figure of the King: unravelling the mysteries of the earliest Sigloi of Darius I" (PDF). The Celator. 26 (2): 20. February 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-21.

web.archive.org

"中國最早金屬鑄幣商代晚期鑄造銅貝-河南概況". Big5.henan.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
Giedroyc, Richard (2006-11-15). The Everything Coin Collecting Book: All You Need to Start Your Collection …. Adams Media. ISBN 9781593375683. Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
YK Kwan. "A snap shot view of The history of China by YK Kwan". Chinesechinese.net. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
Kramer, Jillian (6 August 2021). "'World's oldest' coin factory discovered in China". National geographic. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
"Cent". Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
"A Truly International Currency", Triton XV, Lot: 1163, ATTICA, Athens Archived 2019-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, CNG Coins
"Inscriptions and Titles on ancient Greek coins". Snible.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
"Electrum stater inscribed with the name of Phanes". British Museum. 2011-09-29. Archived from the original on 2012-05-15. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
British Museum Catalogue 11 – Attica Megaris Aegina, 700 – 550 BCE, plate XXIII Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.
"Half-figure of the King: unravelling the mysteries of the earliest Sigloi of Darius I" (PDF). The Celator. 26 (2): 20. February 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-21.
Howgego, C. J. (1995). Ancient history from coins. Psychology Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-415-08993-7. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
Fabienne Lemarchand (July 2003). "L'or gratuit". Le Recherche (366): 91. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
"United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins". The United States Mint. Archived from the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
"Convict tokens, National Museum of Australia". Nma.gov.au. 2012-01-25. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
"Composite coins". Pridnestrovian Republican Bank. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
Tony Clayton. "Metals Used in Coins and Medals". Tclayton.demon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
A 'metallic' smell is just body odour Archived 2016-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
"Metropolitan Museum of Manila, Philippines: Art for All - www.metmuseum.ph". Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age' | Inquirer Opinion". 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
"Philippine Coin Information: PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic". Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2017.

wildwinds.com

"Bruttium – Ancient Greek Coins – WildWinds". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
"Lucania – Ancient Greek Coins – WildWinds.com". Retrieved 8 September 2014.

worldcoincatalog.com

"Cent". Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.