Colombia (English Wikipedia)

Londoño, Juan Fernando (2009). Partidos políticos y think tanks en Colombia (PDF) (in Spanish). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. p. 129. ISBN 978-91-85724-73-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2015.

aa.com.tr (Global: 727^th place; English: 877^th place)

"El patrimonio cultural de seis pueblos indígenas renace con 'Sembrando Nuestros Saberes' en Colombia". aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.

about.com (Global: 419^th place; English: 335^th place)

latinmusic.about.com

"Colombian music". about.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.

southamericanfood.about.com

"Colombian Food; A List of Traditional and Modern Colombian Recipes". southamericanfood.about.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

Carolina Vanegas Carrasco. "Pietro Tenerani y la escultura en Colombia en el siglo XIX" (in Spanish). academia.edu. Retrieved 9 May 2016.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Van der Hammen, Thomas; Urrego, Gonzalo Correal (September 1978). "Prehistoric man of the Sabana de Bogotá: Data for an ecological prehistory". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 25 (1–2): 179–190. Bibcode:1978PPP....25..179V. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(78)90077-9.
Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
Adriano, Bruno; Jimenez, Cesar; Mas, Erick; Koshimura, Shunichi (May 2025). "Revising the seismic source of the 1979 Tumaco-Colombia earthquake (Mw = 8.1) for future tsunami hazard assessment". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 362 107344. Bibcode:2025PEPI..36207344A. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2025.107344.
Rojas, Winston; Parra, María Victoria; Campo, Omer; Caro, María Antonieta; Lopera, Juan Guillermo; Arias, William; Duque, Constanza; Naranjo, Andrés; García, Jharley; Vergara, Candelaria; Lopera, Jaime; Hernandez, Erick; Valencia, Ana; Caicedo, Yuri; Cuartas, Mauricio; Gutiérrez, Javier; López, Sergio; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Bedoya, Gabriel (September 2010). "Genetic make up and structure of Colombian populations by means of uniparental and biparental DNA markers". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 143 (1): 13–20. Bibcode:2010AJPA..143...13R. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21270. PMID 20734436. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
Singh, Gitanjali M.; Micha, Renata; Khatibzadeh, Shahab; Shi, Peilin; Lim, Stephen; Andrews, Kathryn G.; Engell, Rebecca E.; Ezzati, Majid; Mozaffarian, Dariush (5 August 2015). "Global, Regional, and National Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Fruit Juices, and Milk: A Systematic Assessment of Beverage Intake in 187 Countries". PLOS ONE. 10 (8) e0124845. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1024845S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124845. PMC 4526649. PMID 26244332.

aerocivil.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Aerocivil – Funciones y Deberes" (in Spanish). aerocivil.gov.co. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2014.

agenciapi.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cinco hospitales colombianos en el top 10 de los mejores de Latinoamérica". Agenciapi.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 March 2023.

alcaldiabogota.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"LEY 47 DE 1993" (in Spanish). alcaldiabogota.gov.co. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2014.

alianzapacifico.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Pacific Alliance and its Objectives". alianzapacifico.net. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2016.

aljazeera.com (Global: 165^th place; English: 119^th place)

"Ex-rebel takes oath as Colombia's first left-wing president". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
"De la Espriella sworn in as Colombia's leader, vows armed group crackdown". Al Jazeera.

altocomisionadoparalapaz.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Colombia's peace deals". altocomisionadoparalapaz.gov.co. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
"ABC Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz". Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.

ambafrance-co.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Jon Landaburu, Especialista de las lenguas de Colombia" (in Spanish). ambafrance-co.org. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.

americaeconomia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

rankings.americaeconomia.com

"21 Colombian clinics among the best 44 in Latin America". America Economia magazine. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

ani.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"ANI – Objectives and Functions" (in Spanish). ani.gov.co. 24 December 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.

antena2.com.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Historical moments of the Colombian cycling" (in Spanish). antena2.com.co. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.

apps.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Colombia Startups" (in Spanish). apps.co. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

John Wilton Appel (1994). Francisco José de Caldas: A Scientist at Work in Nueva Granada. American Philosophical Society. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-87169-845-2.
Mario A. Murillo; Jesús Rey Avirama (2004). Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization. Seven Stories Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-58322-606-3.

archivobogota.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

Fernando Mayorga García; Juana M. Marín Leoz; Adelaida Sourdis Nájera (2011). El patrimonio documental de Bogotá, Siglos XVI – XIX: Instituciones y Archivos (PDF). Subdirección Imprenta Distrital – D.D.D.I. ISBN 978-958-717-064-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014.

armada.mil.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Forces and commands" (in Spanish). armada.mil.co. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.

artsandculture.google.com (Global: 3,498^th place; English: 2,942^nd place)

"San Jacinto". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 16 May 2025.

asosec.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Military Personnel – Logros de la Política Integral de Seguridad y Defensa para la Prosperidad" (PDF) (in Spanish). mindefensa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.

banrep.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jaime U. Jaramillo; Adolfo R. Maisel; Miguel M. Urrutia (1997). Transferring Wealth and Power from the Old to the New World: Monetary and Fiscal Institutions in the 17th Through the 19th Centuries – Chapter 12 (PDF). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02727-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Cartagena de Indias en la independencia (PDF). Banco de la República. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
"Deuda Externa de Colombia" (PDF). banrep.gov.co. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"Colombia Inflation Rate". banrep.gov.co. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"Reporte de Estabilidad Financiera" (in Spanish). banrep.gov.co. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

banrep.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Colombia's Colcap Index" (in Spanish). banrep.org. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2014.

banrepcultural.org (Global: 3,283^rd place; English: 5,983^rd place)

banrepcultural.org

República, Subgerencia Cultural del Banco de la. "La Red Cultural del Banco de la República". banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
"Historia de Colombia: el establecimiento de la dominación española – Los Pueblos Indígenas del Territorio Colombiano" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
Mayorga, Fernando (2002). "La propiedad de tierras en la Colonia: Mercedes, composición de títulos y resguardos indígenas". banrepcultural.org (in Spanish). Revista Credencial Historia. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
Germán Colmenares. "Historia económica y órdenes de magnitud, Capítulo 1: La Formación de la Economía Colonial (1500–1740)" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
Rodriguez Gómez, Juan Camilo. "La independencia del Socorro en la génesis de la emancipación colombiana" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
Sourdis Nájera, Adelaida. "Independencia del Caribe colombiano 1810–1821" (in Spanish). Revista Credencial Historia – Edición 242. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
Martínez Garnica, Armandao (2010). "Confederación de las Provincias Unidas de la Nueva Granada" (in Spanish). Revista Credencial Historia – Edición 244. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
Mollien, Gaspard-Théodore. "El viaje de Gaspard-Théodore Mollien por la República de Colombia en 1823. CAPÍTULO IX" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Virtual del Banco de la República. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
"Constituciones que han existido en Colombia" (in Spanish). Banco de la República. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011.
"El tratado Urrutia-Thomson. Dificultades de política interna y exterior retrasaron siete años su ratificación" (in Spanish). Revista Credencial Historia. 2003. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
Ayala Diago, César Augusto (2000). "Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, 100 años, 1900–1975" (in Spanish). Banco de la República. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Alarcón Núñez, Óscar (2006). "1957–1974 El Frente Nacional" (in Spanish). Revista Credencial Historia. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Ayala Diago, César Augusto (1999). "Frente Nacional: acuerdo bipartidista y alternación en el poder" (in Spanish). Revista Credencial Historia. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
"El Frente Nacional" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. 2006. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
"Thermal floors" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
"La flor de mayo, Cattleya trianae, flor nacional" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
"The Government of Colombia" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
"Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title VII: The Executive Branch – Chapter VII: The Public Force)" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
"Colombian economy" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
León Soler, Natalia. "Bogotá: de paso por la capital" (in Spanish). Revista Credencial Historia. Archived from the original on 18 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
"Languages of Colombia" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
"Tumaco: People and Gold on the Pacific Coast". banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
Marta Fajardo De Rueda. "El espíritu barroco en el arte colonial" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
Uribe Restrepo, Fernando. "Joaquín Gutiérrez, el "pintor de los virreyes": Expresión del estilo rococó en la Nueva Granada" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
"Pedro Nel Gómez Agudelo" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
Carmen María Jaramillo; Sylvia Suárez. "Clásicos, experimentales y radicales 1950–1980" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
Agustín, José. "Fundaciones coloniales y republicanas en Colombia: normas, trazado y ritos fundacionales" (in Spanish). Revista Credencial Historia. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
Jaramillo, M.M.; Osorio, B.; Robledo, A. (2000). Literatura y Cultura: narrativa colombiana del siglo XX. Del siglo XIX al siglo XX: debates sobre la cultura nacional (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
"Artículo: Piedra y Cielo a contraluz" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
"Gonzalo Arango" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Jaramillo, M. M.; Osorio, B.; Robledo, A. (2000). Literatura y Cultura: narrativa colombiana del siglo XX. La nación moderna y sus sistemas simbólicos (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Jaramillo, M. M.; Osorio, B.; Robledo, A. (2000). Literatura y Cultura: narrativa colombiana del siglo XX. El discurso de la nación moderna: continuidades y rupturas (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Puerta Zuluaga, D. (1988). "Los Caminos del tiple". Bogotá: Ediciones AMP Damel. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
"Theater of Colombia" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
Reyes, Carlos José. "El teatro en Colombia en el siglo XX" (in Spanish). Revista Credencial Historia. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
"Television in Colombia" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
"Un papel a toda prueba. 223 años de prensa diaria en Colombia" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
"La prensa en Colombia" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
"Radio in Colombia" (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.

publicaciones.banrepcultural.org

Fawcett de Posada, Louise; Posada Carbó, Eduardo (1992). "En la tierra de las oportunidades: los sirio-libaneses en Colombia" [In the land of opportunity: the Syrian-Lebanese in Colombia] (PDF). Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico (in Spanish). 29 (29). publicaciones.banrepcultural.org: 8–11. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2017.

admin.banrepcultural.org

Margarita González. "La política económica virreinal en el Nuevo Reino de Granada: 1750–1810" (PDF) (in Spanish). banrepcultural.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2014.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

"Colombia referendum: Voters reject Farc peace deal". BBC News. 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
"Q&A: Colombia's civil conflict". BBC News. 23 December 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2010.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Colombia legalises gay marriage". BBC News. 29 April 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2026.
"Cancer patient becomes Colombia's first legal euthanasia case". BBC News. 3 July 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2026.
"Colombia profile - Timeline". BBC News. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
"Colombia signs new peace deal with Farc". BBC News. 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
"Colombia's president-elect Duque wants to 'unite country'". BBC News. 18 June 2018. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
"Iván Duque: Colombia's new president sworn into office". BBC News. 8 August 2018. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
"Colombia and Venezuela restore diplomatic relations". BBC News. 11 August 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
"Trump-backed political outsider wins Colombia election, initial count shows". www.bbc.com. 22 June 2026.
"Colombian emeralds". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2022.

biblioteca.org.ar (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Colombian children's literature" (PDF). biblioteca.org.ar. 12 March 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

bibliotecanacional.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pablo Guerra. "Especial Entre Viñetas la historieta colombiana en prensa" (in Spanish). bibliotecanacional.gov.co. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.

bioetica.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

prodiversitas.bioetica.org

Luis Fernando Potes. "Colombia is the second most biodiverse country in the world" (in Spanish). prodiversitas.bioetica.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2014.

biografiasyvidas.com (Global: 3,582^nd place; English: low place)

"Alonso de Ojeda" (in Spanish). biografiasyvidas.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
"Rodrigo de Bastidas" (in Spanish). biografiasyvidas.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
"Cristóbal Colón" (in Spanish). biografiasyvidas.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
"Vasco Núñez de Balboa" (in Spanish). biografiasyvidas.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Álvaro Chaves Mendoza; Jorge Morales Gómez (1995). Los indios de Colombia (in Spanish). Vol. 7. Editorial Abya Yala. ISBN 978-9978-04-169-7. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
Vázquez, Trinidad Miranda (1976). La gobernación de Santa Marta (1570–1670) Vol. 232 (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC-CSIC Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-84-00-04276-9. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
Plá, María del Carmen Borrego (1983). Cartagena de Indias en el siglo XVI. Vol. 288 (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC-CSIC Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-84-00-05440-3. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
Francis, John Michael, ed. (2007). Invading Colombia: Spanish accounts of the Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada expedition of conquest Vol. 1. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-02936-8. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
Silvia Padilla Altamirano (1977). La encomienda en Popayán: tres estudios (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-84-00-03612-6. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
Massimo Livi Bacci (2012). El dorado en el pantano (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. ISBN 978-84-92820-65-8. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
John Huxtable Elliott (2007). Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830. Yale University Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-0-300-12399-9. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
Shaw, Jeffrey M. (2019). Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia. Abc-Clio. p. 429. ISBN 978-1-4408-3933-7. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Julián Bautista Ruiz Rivera (1975). Encomienda y mita en Nueva Granada en el siglo XVII. Editorial CSIC Press. pp. xxi–xxii. ISBN 978-84-00-04176-2. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
Jorge Cerdá Crespo (2010). Conflictos coloniales: la guerra de los nueve años 1739–1748 (in Spanish). Universidad de Alicante. ISBN 978-84-9717-127-4. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
Génesis y desarrollo de la esclavitud en Colombia siglos XVI y XVII (in Spanish). Universidad del Valle. 2005. ISBN 978-958-670-338-3.
Alvaro Gärtner (2005). Los místeres de las minas: crónica de la colonia europea más grande de Colombia en el siglo XIX, surgida alrededor de las minas de Marmato, Supía y Riosucio. Universidad de Caldas. ISBN 978-958-8231-42-6. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
Moñino, Yves; Schwegler, Armin (2002). Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: historia y lengua. Walter de Gruyter. pp. vii–ix, 21–35. ISBN 978-3-11-096022-8. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
Angela Perez-Mejia (2004). A Geography of Hard Times: Narratives about Travel to South America, 1780–1849 – Part I: The scholar and the baron: Voyage of the exact sciences. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6013-9. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
Ocampo López, Javier (2006). Historia ilustrada de Colombia – Capítulo VI (in Spanish). Plaza y Janes Editores Colombia sa. ISBN 978-958-14-0370-7. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
Walker, Alexander (1822). (Gran) Colombia, relación geográfica, topográfica, agrícola, comercial y política de este país: Adaptada para todo lector en general y para el comerciante y colono en particular (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Banco de la República.
España, Gonzalo (2013). El país que se hizo a tiros (in Spanish). Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-958-8613-90-1. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
Mario A. Murillo; Jesús Rey Avirama (2004). Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization. Seven Stories Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-58322-606-3.
OECD (21 July 2022). Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Culture and the Creative Economy in Colombia Leveraging the Orange Economy: Leveraging the Orange Economy. OECD Publishing. ISBN 978-92-64-65268-2.
Miguel A. De La Torre (2009). Hispanic American Religious Cultures. ABC-CLIO. p. 522. ISBN 978-1-59884-140-4.
Nicholas J. Santoro (2011). Mary in Our Life. Atlas of the Names and Titles of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, and Their Place in Marian Devotion. iUniverse. p. 671. ISBN 978-1-4620-4022-3.
Francisco Gil Tovar (1985). El arte colombiano. Volume 3 of Selección Cultura colombiana (in Spanish). Plaza y Janes Editores Colombia s.a. ISBN 978-958-14-0016-4.
Luz Guillermina Sinning Téllez; Ruth Nohemí Acuña Prieto (2011). Miradas a la plástica colombiana de 1900 a 1950: un debate histórico y estético (in Spanish). U. Externado de Colombia. ISBN 978-958-710-748-7.
Carlos Arturo Fernández (2007). Arte en Colombia, 1981–2006 (in Spanish). Universidad de Antioquia. ISBN 978-958-714-017-0.
Eugenio Barney Cabrera (2005). Geografía del arte en Colombia. Biblioteca del Gran Cauca: Colección clásicos regionales (in Spanish). Universidad del Valle. ISBN 978-958-670-450-2.
Legend of Yurupary. Cooperativa Editorial Magisterio. 2006. ISBN 978-958-20-0836-9.
Lucía Ortiz (2007). "Chambacú, la historia la escribes tú": ensayos sobre cultura afrocolombiana (Candelario Obeso) (in Spanish). IBEROAMERICANA. pp. 47–69. ISBN 978-84-8489-266-3.

boxeodecolombia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History of boxing in Colombia" (in Spanish). boxeodecolombia.com. 13 July 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
"Boxing champions" (in Spanish). boxeodecolombia.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.

brandirectory.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Global Top 250 Hospitals 2023" (PDF). Brand Finance: 14. 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.

cancilleria.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Maritime borders". Cancillería. cancilleria.gov.co. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
"The Republic of Colombia shares land borders with five (5) countries". Cancillería. cancilleria.gov.co. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
"The Ministry of Foreign Affairs". cancilleria.gov.co. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
"Colombian Embassies and Consulates abroad". cancilleria.gov.co. 9 November 2015. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
"Organismos multilaterales". cancilleria.gov.co. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
"Mecanismos de Concertación e Integración Regionales". cancilleria.gov.co. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
"Organismos regionales". cancilleria.gov.co. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
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caracol.com.co (Global: 3,090^th place; English: 6,573^rd place)

Mosquera, Eddy (17 February 2023). "Tres hospitales colombianos están entre los 100 mejores centros médicos del mundo". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 March 2023.

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cervantes.es (Global: 3,571^st place; English: 6,448^th place)

"Cronología de las independencias americanas" (in Spanish). cervantes.es. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.

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cgiar.org (Global: low place; English: 9,362^nd place)

ciat.cgiar.org

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cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

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Pozzebon, Stefano (29 August 2022). "Colombia and Venezuela reestablish diplomatic relations". CNN. Retrieved 4 May 2026.
Juan Carlos Paz, Sana Noor Haq, Michael Rios, Maureen Chowdhury, Max Saltman, Gonzalo Zegarra, Federico Jofre, Elise Hammond, Sol Amaya, Catherine Nicholls, Oliver Sherwood, Jose Alvarez, Caitlin Danaher, Avery Schmitz, Brandon Miller, Rocio Munoz. "Live updates: At least 111 dead following 7.4 magnitude earthquake in Colombia | CNN". CNN. Retrieved 10 August 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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Anderson, Jon Lee (20 March 2018). "Stepping Beyond Cartagena: Exploring Colombia's Northern Reaches". Condé Nast Traveler. Retrieved 16 May 2025.

coc.org.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

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"Colombian music". colombia-sa.com. Retrieved 25 May 2016.

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"Ocho festivales de cine imperdibles en Colombia" (in Spanish). colombia.co. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.

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"Colombian sculptors" (in Spanish). colombia.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2013.

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"Latin America's largest antique negative archive in Medellín". colombiareports.co. 16 December 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.

colombiareports.com (Global: low place; English: 9,359^th place)

"Understanding Colombia's armed conflict: International actors". colombiareports.com. Retrieved 25 March 2017.

congreso.gob.pe (Global: 4,330^th place; English: 6,817^th place)

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Gutiérrez Ramos, Jairo (2008). "La Constitución de Cádiz en la Provincia de Pasto, Virreinato de Nueva Granada, 1812–1822". Revista de Indias (in Spanish). 68 (242). Revista de Indias 68, no. 242: 222. doi:10.3989/revindias.2008.i242.640. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2015.

dane.gov.co (Global: 2,201^st place; English: 4,659^th place)

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"Los pueblos indígenas de Colombia en el umbral del nuevo milenio. Población, cultura y territorio: bases para el fortalecimiento social y económico de los pueblos indígenas". dnp.gov.co. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2014.

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"2014 Global Green Economy Index" (PDF). Dual Citizen LLC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2014.

eia.gov (Global: 2,641^st place; English: 1,841^st place)

"Primary Coal Exports". US Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
"EIA 2019 Petroleum production". Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.

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"Military units" (in Spanish). ejercito.mil.co. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.

elespectador.com (Global: 1,497^th place; English: 2,919^th place)

Pablo Guerra. "Para entender los cómics en Colombia" (in Spanish). elespectador.com. Retrieved 9 May 2016.

elpais.com (Global: 89^th place; English: 268^th place)

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Marcos, Ana (5 November 2015). "Colombia approves full adoption rights for same-sex couples". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 8 February 2026.

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"Independencia de Colombia: ¿por qué se celebra el 20 de julio?" [Independence of Colombia: Why is it celebrated on 20 July?]. El País (in Spanish). 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.

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"20 grandes cambios que generó la Constitución de 1991" (in Spanish). elpais.com.co. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
"Ministra de Salud dice que la cobertura en este sector subió al 96%" (in Spanish). El País (Colombia). Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
"Patinaje colombiano, el más ganador del mundo" (in Spanish). elpais.com.co. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2013.

eltiempo.com (Global: 618^th place; English: 1,315^th place)

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Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (7 March 2019). "Los palestinos que encontraron un segundo hogar en el centro de Bogotá". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
Mercado, Juan Guillermo (22 September 2013). "Desmovilización, principal arma contra las guerrillas" [Demobilization, main weapon against the guerrillas]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
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estadao.com.br (Global: 740^th place; English: 2,132^nd place)

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Agro, Canal (6 January 2020). "Como é possível produzir óleo de palma de maneira sustentável". Canal Agro Estadão. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2022.

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fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

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fiapf.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Competitive specialised film festivals". fiapf.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2016.

ficcifestival.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"La Corporación Festival Internacional de Cine de Cartagena" (in Spanish). ficcifestival.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.

foxweather.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Stephens, Olivia (10 August 2026). "110+ deaths reported, dozens of buildings damaged after magnitude 7.4 earthquake in western Colombia". FOX Weather. Retrieved 10 August 2026.

ft.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 127^th place)

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Schipani, Andres (17 November 2014). "Ambitious plans to transform Colombia". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2014.

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"La esclavitud negra en la América española" (in Spanish). gabrielbernat.es. 2003. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

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"Cuentas Trimestrales – Producto Interno Bruto (PIB)" (PDF) (in Spanish). dane.gov.co. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
Jorge Augusto Gamboa M. "Las sociedades indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada bajo el dominio español" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
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Jaime U. Jaramillo; Adolfo R. Maisel; Miguel M. Urrutia (1997). Transferring Wealth and Power from the Old to the New World: Monetary and Fiscal Institutions in the 17th Through the 19th Centuries – Chapter 12 (PDF). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02727-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
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Blanco Blanco, Jacqueline (2007). "De la gran Colombia a la Nueva Granada, contexto histórico-político de la transición constitucional" (PDF) (in Spanish). Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Carlos Horacio Urán (1986). "Colombia y los Estados Unidos en la Guerra de Corea" (PDF) (in Spanish). The Kellogg Institute for International Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
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/kəˈlʌmbiə/ ^ⓘ kə-LUM-bee-ə, /-ˈlɒm-/ -⁠LOM-;^[13] Spanish: [koˈlombja] ^ⓘ
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ani.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

antena2.com.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

apps.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

archivobogota.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

armada.mil.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

artsandculture.google.com (Global: 3,498th place; English: 2,942nd place)

asosec.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

banrep.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

banrep.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

banrepcultural.org (Global: 3,283rd place; English: 5,983rd place)

banrepcultural.org

publicaciones.banrepcultural.org

admin.banrepcultural.org

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26th place; English: 23rd place)

biblioteca.org.ar (Global: low place; English: low place)

bibliotecanacional.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

bioetica.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

prodiversitas.bioetica.org

biografiasyvidas.com (Global: 3,582nd place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

boxeodecolombia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

brandirectory.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cancilleria.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

caracol.com.co (Global: 3,090th place; English: 6,573rd place)

ceicdata.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

centerforfinancialinclusion.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

cepal.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cervantes.es (Global: 3,571st place; English: 6,448th place)

cervantesvirtual.com (Global: 1,708th place; English: 4,203rd place)

cgiar.org (Global: low place; English: 9,362nd place)

ciat.cgiar.org

cia.gov (Global: 133rd place; English: 275th place)

cib.org.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

cienciagora.com.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

climatefocus.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cnn.com (Global: 36th place; English: 26th place)

cntraveler.com (Global: 6,009th place; English: 3,390th place)

coc.org.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

colciencias.gov.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

colombia-sa.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

colombia.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

colombia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

colombiaaprende.edu.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

colombiareports.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

colombiareports.com (Global: low place; English: 9,359th place)

congreso.gob.pe (Global: 4,330th place; English: 6,817th place)

countryreports.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

countrystudies.us (Global: 1,364th place; English: 1,439th place)

crisisgroup.org (Global: 4,347th place; English: 2,989th place)

cromos.com.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

csic.es (Global: 2,036th place; English: 2,704th place)

rjb.csic.es

digital.csic.es

revistadeindias.revistas.csic.es

dane.gov.co (Global: 2,201st place; English: 4,659th place)

dane.gov.co

20minutos.es (Global: 823^rd place; English: 1,509^th place)

aa.com.tr (Global: 727^th place; English: 877^th place)

about.com (Global: 419^th place; English: 335^th place)

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

aljazeera.com (Global: 165^th place; English: 119^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

artsandculture.google.com (Global: 3,498^th place; English: 2,942^nd place)

banrepcultural.org (Global: 3,283^rd place; English: 5,983^rd place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

biografiasyvidas.com (Global: 3,582^nd place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

caracol.com.co (Global: 3,090^th place; English: 6,573^rd place)

cervantes.es (Global: 3,571^st place; English: 6,448^th place)

cervantesvirtual.com (Global: 1,708^th place; English: 4,203^rd place)

cgiar.org (Global: low place; English: 9,362^nd place)

cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

cntraveler.com (Global: 6,009^th place; English: 3,390^th place)

colombiareports.com (Global: low place; English: 9,359^th place)

congreso.gob.pe (Global: 4,330^th place; English: 6,817^th place)

countrystudies.us (Global: 1,364^th place; English: 1,439^th place)

crisisgroup.org (Global: 4,347^th place; English: 2,989^th place)

csic.es (Global: 2,036^th place; English: 2,704^th place)

dane.gov.co (Global: 2,201^st place; English: 4,659^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

eia.gov (Global: 2,641^st place; English: 1,841^st place)

elespectador.com (Global: 1,497^th place; English: 2,919^th place)

elpais.com (Global: 89^th place; English: 268^th place)

elpais.com.co (Global: 4,211^th place; English: 7,130^th place)

eltiempo.com (Global: 618^th place; English: 1,315^th place)

estadao.com.br (Global: 740^th place; English: 2,132^nd place)

ethnologue.com (Global: 354^th place; English: 413^th place)

fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

ft.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 127^th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

ilo.org (Global: 2,182^nd place; English: 2,511^th place)

imf.org (Global: 225^th place; English: 601^st place)

insightcrime.org (Global: 4,032^nd place; English: 3,071^st place)

lainformacion.com (Global: 6,284^th place; English: low place)

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)