Colorectal cancer (English Wikipedia)

Alpers DH, Kalloo AN, Kaplowitz N, et al. (2008). Yamada T (ed.). Principles of clinical gastroenterology. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 381. ISBN 978-1-4051-6910-3. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015.
Searke D (2006). Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 809. ISBN 978-0-19-974797-9. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015.
Rennert G (2007). Cancer Prevention. Springer. p. 179. ISBN 978-3-540-37696-5. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015.
DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA (2008). DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1258–. ISBN 978-0-7817-7207-5.

bowelcanceraustralia.org

"Home – Bowel Cancer Australia". bowelcanceraustralia.org. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014.

cancer.gov

"General Information About Colon Cancer". NCI. May 12, 2014. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
"Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
"Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. May 12, 2014. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
"Colorectal Cancer Prevention Overview". National Cancer Institute. March 1, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
"Colorectal Cancer Prevention Description of Evidence". National Cancer Institute. March 1, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.

seer.cancer.gov

"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum Cancer". NCI. Archived from the original on June 24, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
"Colon, Rectosigmoid, and Rectum Equivalent Terms and Definitions C180–C189, C199, C209, (Excludes lymphoma and leukemia M9590 – M9992 and Kaposi sarcoma M9140) – Colon Solid Tumor Rules 2018. July 2019 Update" (PDF). National Cancer Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2020.

training.seer.cancer.gov

"Five-Year Survival Rates". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved May 9, 2021.

cancer.net

"Colorectal Cancer – Risk Factors and Prevention". June 25, 2012.
"Colorectal cancer: Statistics". Cancer.net, American Society of Clinical Oncology. February 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.

cancer.org

"Colorectal Cancer Signs and Symptoms | Signs of Colorectal Cancer". www.cancer.org. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
"Palliative or Supportive Care". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014.

cancercenter.com

"Colorectal cancer types". Cancer Treatment Centers of America. October 4, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2020.

cancerresearchuk.org

"Bowel cancer | About bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK". www.cancerresearchuk.org. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017.

cancerscreening.nhs.uk

"NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme". cancerscreening.nhs.uk. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014.

cdc.gov

"What Can I Do to Reduce My Risk of Colorectal Cancer?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 2, 2014. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.

choosingwisely.org

"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" (PDF). Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation. American Gastroenterological Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.

clevelandclinic.org

my.clevelandclinic.org

"Colorectal (Colon) Cancer". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved July 9, 2021.

cobiss.si

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–2128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMC 10790329. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253.

creativecommons.org

Abdulamir AS, Hafidh RR, Abu Bakar F (January 2011). "The association of Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus with colorectal tumors: the nature and the underlying mechanisms of its etiological role". Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 30 (1) 11. doi:10.1186/1756-9966-30-11. PMC 3032743. PMID 21247505. This article incorporates text by Ahmed S Abdulamir, Rand R Hafidh, and Fatimah Abu Bakar available under the CC BY 2.0 license.

doi.org

Theodoratou E, Timofeeva M, Li X, et al. (August 2017). "Nature, Nurture, and Cancer Risks: Genetic and Nutritional Contributions to Cancer". Annual Review of Nutrition (Review). 37: 293–320. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051004. PMC 6143166. PMID 28826375.
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. (November 2018). "Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (6): 394–424. doi:10.3322/caac.21492. PMID 30207593. S2CID 52188256.
Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. (June 2016). "Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". JAMA. 315 (23): 2564–2575. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5989. PMID 27304597.
Thorat MA, Cuzick J (December 2013). "Role of aspirin in cancer prevention". Current Oncology Reports. 15 (6): 533–540. doi:10.1007/s11912-013-0351-3. PMID 24114189. S2CID 40187047.
Juul JS, Hornung N, Andersen B, et al. (August 2018). "The value of using the faecal immunochemical test in general practice on patients presenting with non-alarm symptoms of colorectal cancer". British Journal of Cancer. 119 (4): 471–479. doi:10.1038/s41416-018-0178-7. PMC 6133998. PMID 30065255.
Astin M, Griffin T, Neal RD, et al. (May 2011). "The diagnostic value of symptoms for colorectal cancer in primary care: a systematic review". The British Journal of General Practice. 61 (586): e231 – e243. doi:10.3399/bjgp11X572427. PMC 3080228. PMID 21619747.
Adelstein BA, Macaskill P, Chan SF, et al. (May 2011). "Most bowel cancer symptoms do not indicate colorectal cancer and polyps: a systematic review". BMC Gastroenterology. 11 65. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-11-65. PMC 3120795. PMID 21624112.
Watson AJ, Collins PD (2011). "Colon cancer: a civilization disorder". Digestive Diseases. 29 (2): 222–228. doi:10.1159/000323926. PMID 21734388. S2CID 7640363.
Cunningham D, Atkin W, Lenz HJ, et al. (March 2010). "Colorectal cancer". Lancet. 375 (9719): 1030–1047. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60353-4. PMID 20304247. S2CID 25299272.
Vyas DA, Eisenstein LG, Jones DS (August 27, 2020). Malina D (ed.). "Hidden in Plain Sight — Reconsidering the Use of Race Correction in Clinical Algorithms". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (9): 874–882. doi:10.1056/NEJMms2004740. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 32853499. S2CID 221359557.
Bowles TL, Hu CY, You NY, et al. (May 2013). "An Individualized Conditional Survival Calculator for Patients with Rectal Cancer". Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 56 (5): 551–559. doi:10.1097/DCR.0b013e31827bd287. ISSN 0012-3706. PMC 3673550. PMID 23575393.
Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, et al. (July 2012). "Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy". Lancet. 380 (9838): 219–229. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9. PMC 3645500. PMID 22818936.
Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, et al. (September 2011). "Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies". Annals of Oncology. 22 (9): 1958–1972. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq653. PMID 21307158.
Valtin H (November 2002). ""Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 x 8"?". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 283 (5): R993–1004. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002. PMID 12376390. S2CID 2256436.
Papier K, Bradbury KE, Balkwill A, et al. (January 8, 2025). "Diet-wide analyses for risk of colorectal cancer: prospective study of 12,251 incident cases among 542,778 women in the UK". Nature Communications. 16 (1): 375. Bibcode:2025NatCo..16..375P. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55219-5. PMC 11711514. PMID 39779669.
Boleij A, van Gelder MM, Swinkels DW, et al. (November 2011). "Clinical Importance of Streptococcus gallolyticus infection among colorectal cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 53 (9): 870–878. doi:10.1093/cid/cir609. PMID 21960713.
Jans C, Meile L, Lacroix C, et al. (July 2015). "Genomics, evolution, and molecular epidemiology of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC)". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 33: 419–436. Bibcode:2015InfGE..33..419J. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.017. PMID 25233845.
Abdulamir AS, Hafidh RR, Abu Bakar F (January 2011). "The association of Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus with colorectal tumors: the nature and the underlying mechanisms of its etiological role". Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 30 (1) 11. doi:10.1186/1756-9966-30-11. PMC 3032743. PMID 21247505. This article incorporates text by Ahmed S Abdulamir, Rand R Hafidh, and Fatimah Abu Bakar available under the CC BY 2.0 license.
Arthur JC (June 2020). "Microbiota and colorectal cancer: colibactin makes its mark". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 17 (6): 317–318. doi:10.1038/s41575-020-0303-y. PMID 32317778. S2CID 216033220.
Jawad N, Direkze N, Leedham SJ (2011). "Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colon Cancer". Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Cancers. Recent Results in Cancer Research. Vol. 185. pp. 99–115. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03503-6_6. ISBN 978-3-642-03502-9. PMID 21822822.
Hu T, Li LF, Shen J, et al. (2015). "Chronic inflammation and colorectal cancer: the role of vascular endothelial growth factor". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 21 (21): 2960–2967. doi:10.2174/1381612821666150514104244. PMID 26004415.
Bye WA, Nguyen TM, Parker CE, et al. (September 2017). "Strategies for detecting colon cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (9): CD000279. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000279.pub4. PMC 6483622. PMID 28922695.
Juhn E, Khachemoune A (2010). "Gardner syndrome: skin manifestations, differential diagnosis and management". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 11 (2): 117–122. doi:10.2165/11311180-000000000-00000. PMID 20141232. S2CID 36836169.
Half E, Bercovich D, Rozen P (October 2009). "Familial adenomatous polyposis". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 4 22. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-4-22. PMC 2772987. PMID 19822006.
Möslein G, Pistorius S, Saeger HD, et al. (March 2003). "Preventive surgery for colon cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome". Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 388 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1007/s00423-003-0364-8. PMID 12690475. S2CID 21385340.
Mankaney G, Rouphael C, Burke CA (April 2020). "Serrated Polyposis Syndrome". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 18 (4): 777–779. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.09.006. PMID 31520728.
Fan C, Younis A, Bookhout CE, et al. (March 2018). "Management of Serrated Polyps of the Colon". Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology. 16 (1): 182–202. doi:10.1007/s11938-018-0176-0. PMC 6284520. PMID 29445907.
Bourdais R, Rousseau B, Pujals A, et al. (May 2017). "Polymerase proofreading domain mutations: New opportunities for immunotherapy in hypermutated colorectal cancer beyond MMR deficiency". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 113: 242–248. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.03.027. PMID 28427513.
Stein U, Walther W, Arlt F, et al. (January 2009). "MACC1, a newly identified key regulator of HGF-MET signaling, predicts colon cancer metastasis". Nature Medicine. 15 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1038/nm.1889. PMID 19098908. S2CID 8854895.
Schuebel KE, Chen W, Cope L, et al. (September 2007). "Comparing the DNA hypermethylome with gene mutations in human colorectal cancer". PLOS Genetics. 3 (9): 1709–1723. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030157. PMC 1988850. PMID 17892325.
Fogelson KA, Dorrestein PC, Zarrinpar A, et al. (June 2023). "The gut microbial bile acid modulation and its relevance to digestive health and diseases". Gastroenterology. 164 (7): 1069–1085. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.02.022. PMC 10205675. PMID 36841488.
Bernstein H, Bernstein C (January 2023). "Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system". Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood). 248 (1): 79–89. doi:10.1177/15353702221131858. PMC 9989147. PMID 36408538.
Yang S, Wang Y, Sheng L, et al. (January 2025). "The effect of fecal bile acids on the incidence and risk-stratification of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 15 (1) 740. Bibcode:2025NatSR..15..740Y. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84801-6. PMC 11698987. PMID 39753873.
Tabibzadeh A, Tameshkel FS, Moradi Y, et al. (October 30, 2020). "Signal transduction pathway mutations in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 18713. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1018713T. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73770-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7599243. PMID 33127962.
Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, et al. (June 1993). "Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis". Nature. 363 (6429): 558–561. Bibcode:1993Natur.363..558I. doi:10.1038/363558a0. PMID 8505985. S2CID 4254940.
Markowitz SD, Bertagnolli MM (December 2009). "Molecular origins of cancer: Molecular basis of colorectal cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (25): 2449–2460. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0804588. PMC 2843693. PMID 20018966.
Mehlen P, Fearon ER (August 2004). "Role of the dependence receptor DCC in colorectal cancer pathogenesis". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 22 (16): 3420–3428. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.02.019. PMID 15310786.
Uhlen M, Zhang C, Lee S, et al. (August 2017). "A pathology atlas of the human cancer transcriptome". Science. 357 (6352): eaan2507. doi:10.1126/science.aan2507. PMID 28818916.
Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (August 2004). "Cancer genes and the pathways they control". Nature Medicine. 10 (8): 789–799. doi:10.1038/nm1087. PMID 15286780. S2CID 205383514.
Muzny DM, Bainbridge MN, Chang K, et al. (Cancer Genome Atlas Network) (July 2012). "Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer". Nature. 487 (7407): 330–337. Bibcode:2012Natur.487..330T. doi:10.1038/nature11252. PMC 3401966. PMID 22810696.
Gatalica Z, Vranic S, Xiu J, et al. (July 2016). "High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) colorectal carcinoma: a brief review of predictive biomarkers in the era of personalized medicine". Familial Cancer. 15 (3): 405–412. doi:10.1007/s10689-016-9884-6. PMC 4901118. PMID 26875156.
Ryan E, Sheahan K, Creavin B, et al. (August 2017). "The current value of determining the mismatch repair status of colorectal cancer: A rationale for routine testing". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 116: 38–57. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.006. PMID 28693799.
Hissong E, Crowe EP, Yantiss RK, et al. (November 2018). "Assessing colorectal cancer mismatch repair status in the modern era: a survey of current practices and re-evaluation of the role of microsatellite instability testing". Modern Pathology. 31 (11): 1756–1766. doi:10.1038/s41379-018-0094-7. PMID 29955148.
Grady WM, Markowitz SD (March 2015). "The molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and its potential application to colorectal cancer screening". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 60 (3): 762–772. doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3444-4. PMC 4779895. PMID 25492499.
Leslie A, Carey FA, Pratt NR, et al. (July 2002). "The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence". The British Journal of Surgery. 89 (7): 845–860. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02120.x. ISSN 0007-1323. PMID 12081733. S2CID 36456541.
Nguyen LH, Goel A, Chung DC (January 2020). "Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis". Gastroenterology. 158 (2): 291–302. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.059. ISSN 0016-5085. PMC 6981255. PMID 31622622.
Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (September 1953). "Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin". Cancer. 6 (5): 963–968. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 13094644. S2CID 6736946.
Giovannucci E, Ogino S (September 2005). "DNA methylation, field effects, and colorectal cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 97 (18): 1317–1319. doi:10.1093/jnci/dji305. PMID 16174847.
Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, et al. (February 2008). "Field defects in progression to gastrointestinal tract cancers". Cancer Letters. 260 (1–2): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.027. PMC 2744582. PMID 18164807.
Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, et al. (July 2010). "Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer". Journal of Visualized Experiments (41): 1931. doi:10.3791/1931. PMC 3149991. PMID 20689513. 28 minute video
Rubin H (March 2011). "Fields and field cancerization: the preneoplastic origins of cancer: asymptomatic hyperplastic fields are precursors of neoplasia, and their progression to tumors can be tracked by saturation density in culture". BioEssays. 33 (3): 224–231. doi:10.1002/bies.201000067. PMID 21254148. S2CID 44981539.
Tsao JL, Yatabe Y, Salovaara R, et al. (February 2000). "Genetic reconstruction of individual colorectal tumor histories". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (3): 1236–1241. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1236T. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1236. PMC 15581. PMID 10655514.
Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, et al. (March 2013). "Cancer genome landscapes". Science. 339 (6127): 1546–1558. Bibcode:2013Sci...339.1546V. doi:10.1126/science.1235122. PMC 3749880. PMID 23539594.
Bernstein C, Nfonsam V, Prasad AR, et al. (March 2013). "Epigenetic field defects in progression to cancer". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 5 (3): 43–49. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v5.i3.43. PMC 3648662. PMID 23671730.
Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, et al. (January 2015). "Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression". Modern Pathology. 28 (1): 14–29. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2014.81. PMC 4265316. PMID 24925058.
Otmani K, Lewalle P (2021). "Tumor Suppressor miRNA in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanism of Deregulation and Clinical Implications". Front Oncol. 11: 708765. doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.708765. PMC 8554338. PMID 34722255.
Schetter AJ, Okayama H, Harris CC (2012). "The role of microRNAs in colorectal cancer". Cancer J. 18 (3): 244–52. doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e318258b78f. PMC 3397427. PMID 22647361.
Bartel DP (January 2009). "MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions". Cell. 136 (2): 215–33. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002. PMC 3794896. PMID 19167326.
Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, et al. (January 2009). "Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs". Genome Res. 19 (1): 92–105. doi:10.1101/gr.082701.108. PMC 2612969. PMID 18955434.
Ng EK, Tsang WP, Ng SS, et al. (August 2009). "MicroRNA-143 targets DNA methyltransferases 3A in colorectal cancer". Br J Cancer. 101 (4): 699–706. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605195. PMC 2736825. PMID 19638978.
Chen X, Guo X, Zhang H, et al. (March 2009). "Role of miR-143 targeting KRAS in colorectal tumorigenesis". Oncogene. 28 (10): 1385–92. doi:10.1038/onc.2008.474. PMID 19137007.
Kanwal R, Gupta S (April 2012). "Epigenetic modifications in cancer". Clinical Genetics. 81 (4): 303–311. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01809.x. PMC 3590802. PMID 22082348.
Schnekenburger M, Diederich M (March 2012). "Epigenetics Offer New Horizons for Colorectal Cancer Prevention". Current Colorectal Cancer Reports. 8 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1007/s11888-011-0116-z. PMC 3277709. PMID 22389639.
Lao VV, Grady WM (October 2011). "Epigenetics and colorectal cancer". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 8 (12): 686–700. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.173. PMC 3391545. PMID 22009203.
Klutstein M, Nejman D, Greenfield R, et al. (June 2016). "DNA Methylation in Cancer and Aging". Cancer Research. 76 (12): 3446–3450. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-3278. PMID 27256564.
Jacinto FV, Esteller M (July 2007). "Mutator pathways unleashed by epigenetic silencing in human cancer". Mutagenesis. 22 (4): 247–253. doi:10.1093/mutage/gem009. PMID 17412712.
Lahtz C, Pfeifer GP (February 2011). "Epigenetic changes of DNA repair genes in cancer". Journal of Molecular Cell Biology. 3 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjq053. PMC 3030973. PMID 21278452.
Coppedè F, Lopomo A, Spisni R, et al. (January 2014). "Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of colorectal cancer". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (4): 943–956. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.943. PMC 3921546. PMID 24574767.
Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, et al. (November 2015). "The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer". Nature Medicine. 21 (11): 1350–1356. doi:10.1038/nm.3967. PMC 4636487. PMID 26457759.
Orouji E, Raman AT, Singh AK, et al. (May 2021). "Chromatin state dynamics confers specific therapeutic strategies in enhancer subtypes of colorectal cancer". Gut. 71 (5): 938–949. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322835. PMC 8745382. PMID 34059508. S2CID 235269540.
Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, et al. (2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls". Radiographics. 43 (4): e220135. doi:10.1148/rg.220135. PMID 36927125. S2CID 257583845.
Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, et al. (April 2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls". Radiographics. 43 (4): e220135. doi:10.1148/rg.220135. PMID 36927125. S2CID 257583845.
Kang H, O'Connell JB, Leonardi MJ, et al. (February 2007). "Rare tumors of the colon and rectum: a national review". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 22 (2): 183–189. doi:10.1007/s00384-006-0145-2. PMID 16845516. S2CID 34693873.
Di Como JA, Mahendraraj K, Lau CS, et al. (October 2015). "Adenosquamous carcinoma of the colon and rectum: a population-based clinical outcomes study involving 578 patients from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database (1973–2010)". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 221 (4): 56. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.08.044.
Whiteside G, Munglani R (September 1998). "TUNEL, Hoechst and immunohistochemistry triple-labelling: an improved method for detection of apoptosis in tissue sections – an update". Brain Research. Brain Research Protocols. 3 (1): 52–53. doi:10.1016/s1385-299x(98)00020-8. PMID 9767106.
Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC (December 2011). "16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010". British Journal of Cancer. 105 (S2): S77 – S81. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.489. PMC 3252065. PMID 22158327.
Chaplin A, Rodriguez RM, Segura-Sampedro JJ, et al. (October 2022). "Insights behind the Relationship between Colorectal Cancer and Obesity: Is Visceral Adipose Tissue the Missing Link?". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (21): 13128. doi:10.3390/ijms232113128. PMC 9655590. PMID 36361914.
Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al. (August 2016). "Body Fatness and Cancer – Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (8): 794–798. doi:10.1056/nejmsr1606602. PMC 6754861. PMID 27557308.
Tuan J, Chen YX (December 18, 2015). "Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk and Interactions with Microbiota: Fiber, Red or Processed Meat and Alcoholic Drinks". Gastrointestinal Tumors. 3 (1). S. Karger AG: 17–24. doi:10.1159/000442831. ISSN 2296-3774. PMC 5040877. PMID 27722153.
Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, et al. (February 2019). "Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses". Lancet. 393 (10170): 434–445. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9. PMID 30638909. S2CID 58632705.
Song M, Chan AT (January 2019). "Environmental Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer Prevention". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 17 (2): 275–289. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.07.012. PMC 6314893. PMID 30031175. Despite the longstanding hypothesis that a high-fiber diet may protect against colorectal cancer... epidemiologic studies associating dietary fiber intake with subsequent risk of colorectal cancer have yielded inconsistent results... Nonetheless, based on existing evidence, the most recent expert report from the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research in 2017 concludes that there is probable evidence
Jabbari M, Pourmoradian S, Eini-Zinab H, et al. (November 2022). "Levels of evidence for the association between different food groups/items consumption and the risk of various cancer sites: an umbrella review". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 73 (7): 861–874. doi:10.1080/09637486.2022.2103523. PMID 35920747. S2CID 251280745.
Pérez-Cueto FJ, Verbeke W (April 2012). "Consumer implications of the WCRF's permanent update on colorectal cancer". Meat Science. 90 (4): 977–978. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.11.032. PMID 22196090.
Harriss DJ, Atkinson G, Batterham A, et al. (September 2009). "Lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer risk (2): a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations with leisure-time physical activity". Colorectal Disease. 11 (7): 689–701. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01767.x. PMID 19207713. S2CID 8026021.
Robsahm TE, Aagnes B, Hjartåker A, et al. (November 2013). "Body mass index, physical activity, and colorectal cancer by anatomical subsites: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies". European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 22 (6): 492–505. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328360f434. PMID 23591454. S2CID 24764995.
Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, et al. (August 2016). "Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". BMJ. 354: i3857. doi:10.1136/bmj.i3857. PMC 4979358. PMID 27510511.
Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, et al. (January 2015). "Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 162 (2): 123–132. doi:10.7326/M14-1651. PMID 25599350. S2CID 7256176.
Cooper K, Squires H, Carroll C, et al. (June 2010). "Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation". Health Technology Assessment. 14 (32): 1–206. doi:10.3310/hta14320. PMID 20594533.
Emilsson L, Holme Ø, Bretthauer M, et al. (January 2017). "Systematic review with meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness of aspirin vs. screening for colorectal cancer prevention". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 45 (2): 193–204. doi:10.1111/apt.13857. PMID 27859394.
Bibbins-Domingo K (June 2016). "Aspirin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". Annals of Internal Medicine. 164 (12): 836–845. doi:10.7326/M16-0577. PMID 27064677.
Ma Y, Zhang P, Wang F, et al. (October 2011). "Association between vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review of prospective studies". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 29 (28): 3775–3782. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.35.7566. PMID 21876081.
Yin L, Grandi N, Raum E, et al. (2011). "Meta-analysis: Serum vitamin D and colorectal adenoma risk". Preventive Medicine. 53 (1–2): 10–16. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.05.013. PMID 21672549.
He J, Efron JE (2011). "Screening for colorectal cancer". Advances in Surgery. 45: 31–44. doi:10.1016/j.yasu.2011.03.006. hdl:2328/11906. PMID 21954677.
Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A (March 2012). "Trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates in the United States by tumor location and stage, 1992–2008". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 21 (3): 411–416. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-1020. PMID 22219318.
Swartz AW, Eberth JM, Josey MJ, et al. (October 2017). "Reanalysis of All-Cause Mortality in the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 2016 Evidence Report on Colorectal Cancer Screening". Annals of Internal Medicine. 167 (8): 602–603. doi:10.7326/M17-0859. PMC 5823607. PMID 28828493.
Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Watson E, et al. (June 2008). "Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): an update". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 103 (6): 1541–1549. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01875.x. PMID 18479499. S2CID 26338156.
Lee JK, Liles EG, Bent S, et al. (February 2014). "Accuracy of fecal immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 160 (3): 171. doi:10.7326/M13-1484. PMC 4189821. PMID 24658694.
"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening". NIHR Evidence. September 13, 2021. doi:10.3310/alert_47581. S2CID 239113610. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
Li SJ, Sharples LD, Benton SC, et al. (September 2021). "Faecal immunochemical testing in bowel cancer screening: Estimating outcomes for different diagnostic policies". Journal of Medical Screening. 28 (3): 277–285. doi:10.1177/0969141320980501. PMC 8366184. PMID 33342370.
Qaseem A, Crandall CJ, Mustafa RA, et al. (November 2019). "Screening for Colorectal Cancer in Asymptomatic Average-Risk Adults: A Guidance Statement From the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 171 (9): 643–654. doi:10.7326/M19-0642. PMC 8152103. PMID 31683290.
Wolf AM, Fontham ET, Church TR, et al. (July 2018). "Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (4): 250–281. doi:10.3322/caac.21457. PMID 29846947.
Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M (April 2014). "Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies". BMJ. 348 (apr09 1): g2467. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2467. PMC 3980789. PMID 24922745.
Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, et al. (February 2003). "Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale-Update based on new evidence". Gastroenterology. 124 (2): 544–560. doi:10.1053/gast.2003.50044. PMID 12557158. S2CID 29354772.
Qaseem A, Denberg TD, Hopkins RH, et al. (March 2012). "Screening for colorectal cancer: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 156 (5): 378–386. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00010. PMID 22393133.
Tang V, Boscardin WJ, Stijacic-Cenzer I, et al. (April 2015). "Time to benefit for colorectal cancer screening: survival meta-analysis of flexible sigmoidoscopy trials". BMJ. 350: h1662. doi:10.1136/bmj.h1662. PMC 4399600. PMID 25881903.
Bacchus CM, Dunfield L, Gorber SC, et al. (March 2016). "Recommendations on screening for colorectal cancer in primary care". CMAJ. 188 (5): 340–348. doi:10.1503/cmaj.151125. PMC 4786388. PMID 26903355.
Tepus M, Yau TO (July 2020). "Non-Invasive Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Overview". Gastrointestinal Tumors. 7 (3): 62–73. doi:10.1159/000507701. PMC 7445682. PMID 32903904.
"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening". NIHR Evidence. September 13, 2021. doi:10.3310/alert_47581. S2CID 239113610.
Stein A, Atanackovic D, Bokemeyer C (September 2011). "Current standards and new trends in the primary treatment of colorectal cancer". European Journal of Cancer. 47 (Suppl 3): S312 – S314. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(11)70183-6. PMID 21943995.
Chiorean EG, Nandakumar G, Fadelu T, et al. (March 2020). "Treatment of Patients With Late-Stage Colorectal Cancer: ASCO Resource-Stratified Guideline". JCO Global Oncology. 6 (6): 414–438. doi:10.1200/JGO.19.00367. PMC 7124947. PMID 32150483.
Yamashita K, Oka S, Tanaka S, et al. (March 1, 2019). "Long-term prognosis after treatment for T1 carcinoma of laterally spreading tumors: a multicenter retrospective study". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 34 (3): 481–490. doi:10.1007/s00384-018-3203-7. ISSN 1432-1262. PMID 30607579. S2CID 57427824.
McCarthy K, Pearson K, Fulton R, et al. (Cochrane Colorectal Cancer Group) (December 2012). "Pre-operative chemoradiation for non-metastatic locally advanced rectal cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (12): CD008368. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008368.pub2. PMC 12015662. PMID 23235660.
Böckelman C, Engelmann BE, Kaprio T, et al. (January 2015). "Risk of recurrence in patients with colon cancer stage II and III: a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent literature". Acta Oncologica. 54 (1): 5–16. doi:10.3109/0284186x.2014.975839. PMID 25430983.
Fakih MG (June 2015). "Metastatic colorectal cancer: current state and future directions". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 33 (16): 1809–1824. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.59.7633. PMID 25918280.
Shaib W, Mahajan R, El-Rayes B (September 2013). "Markers of resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer". Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 4 (3): 308–318. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.029. PMC 3712296. PMID 23997942.
Yau TO (October 2019). "Precision treatment in colorectal cancer: Now and the future". JGH Open. 3 (5): 361–369. doi:10.1002/jgh3.12153. PMC 6788378. PMID 31633039.
Sugarbaker PH, Van der Speeten K (February 2016). "Surgical technology and pharmacology of hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy". Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 7 (1): 29–44. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.105. PMC 4754302. PMID 26941982.
Segura-Sampedro JJ, Morales-Soriano R (August 2020). "Prophylactic HIPEC with oxaliplatin might be of benefit in T4 and perforated colon cancer: another possible interpretation of the COLOPEC results". Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas. 112 (8): 666. doi:10.17235/reed.2020.6755/2019. hdl:20.500.13003/12309. PMID 32686435.
Esquivel J, Sticca R, Sugarbaker P, et al. (January 2007). "Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the management of peritoneal surface malignancies of colonic origin: a consensus statement. Society of Surgical Oncology". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 14 (1): 128–133. doi:10.1245/s10434-006-9185-7. PMID 17072675. S2CID 21282326.
Arjona-Sánchez A, Espinosa-Redondo E, Gutiérrez-Calvo A, et al. (April 2023). "Efficacy and Safety of Intraoperative Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA Surgery. 158 (7): 683–691. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2023.0662. PMC 10134040. PMID 37099280.
Troester A, Parikh R, Southwell B, et al. (August 20, 2024). "Treatment of stage I-III squamous cell anal cancer: a comparative effectiveness systematic review". JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 117 (2): 240–252. doi:10.1093/jnci/djae195. ISSN 0027-8874. PMC 11807441. PMID 39163501.
Huh JW, Tanksley J, Chino J, et al. (July 1, 2020). "Long-term Consequences of Pelvic Irradiation: Toxicities, Challenges, and Therapeutic Opportunities with Pharmacologic Mitigators". Clinical Cancer Research. 26 (13): 3079–3090. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2744. ISSN 1078-0432. PMID 32098770. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
Feeney G, Sehgal R, Sheehan M, et al. (September 2019). "Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer management". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 25 (33): 4850–4869. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4850. PMC 6737323. PMID 31543678.
Li Y, Wang J, Ma X, et al. (2016). "A Review of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". International Journal of Biological Sciences. 12 (8): 1022–1031. doi:10.7150/ijbs.15438. PMC 4971740. PMID 27489505.
Cao C, Wang D, Tian DH, et al. (December 2019). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of stereotactic body radiation therapy for colorectal pulmonary metastases". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 11 (12): 5187–5198. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.12. PMC 6988072. PMID 32030236.
Boland PM, Ma WW (May 2017). "Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer". Cancers. 9 (5): 50. doi:10.3390/cancers9050050. PMC 5447960. PMID 28492495.
Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, et al. (December 2017). "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting". The Lancet. Oncology. 18 (12): e731 – e741. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1. PMID 29208439.
Borras, DM, Verbandt, et al. (November 2023). "Single cell dynamics of tumor specificity vs bystander activity in CD8+ T cells define the diverse immune landscapes in colorectal cancer". Cell Discovery. 9 (114) 114. doi:10.1038/s41421-023-00605-4. PMC 10652011. PMID 37968259.
Cercek A, Lumish M, Sinopoli J, et al. (June 2022). "PD-1 Blockade in Mismatch Repair–Deficient, Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 386 (25): 2363–2376. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2201445. PMC 9492301. PMID 35660797. S2CID 249395846.
Higginson IJ, Evans CJ (September–October 2010). "What is the evidence that palliative care teams improve outcomes for cancer patients and their families?". Cancer Journal. 16 (5): 423–435. doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f684e5. PMID 20890138. S2CID 39881122.
Wasserberg N, Kaufman HS (December 2007). "Palliation of colorectal cancer". Surgical Oncology. 16 (4): 299–310. doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2007.08.008. PMID 17913495.
Amersi F, Stamos MJ, Ko CY (July 2004). "Palliative care for colorectal cancer". Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America. 13 (3): 467–477. doi:10.1016/j.soc.2004.03.002. PMID 15236729.
Son H, Son YJ, Kim H, et al. (June 8, 2018). "Effect of psychosocial interventions on the quality of life of patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 16 (1): 119. doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0943-6. ISSN 1477-7525. PMC 5994008. PMID 29884182.
Peng YN, Huang ML, Kao CH (January 31, 2019). "Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Literature Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (3): 411. doi:10.3390/ijerph16030411. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 6388369. PMID 30709020.
Cheng V, Oveisi N, McTaggart-Cowan H, et al. (2022). "Colorectal Cancer and Onset of Anxiety and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Current Oncology. 29 (11): 8751–8766. doi:10.3390/curroncol29110689. ISSN 1718-7729. PMC 9689519. PMID 36421342.
Mosher CE, Winger JG, Given BA, et al. (2016). "Mental health outcomes during colorectal cancer survivorship: a review of the literature: Mental health in colorectal cancer survivorship". Psycho-Oncology. 25 (11): 1261–1270. doi:10.1002/pon.3954. PMC 4894828. PMID 26315692.
Reynolds LM, Consedine NS, Pizarro DA, et al. (2013). "Disgust and Behavioral Avoidance in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Treatment: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda". Cancer Nursing. 36 (2): 122–130. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e31826a4b1b. ISSN 0162-220X. PMID 23047793.
Phelan SM, Griffin JM, Jackson GL, et al. (2013). "Stigma, perceived blame, self-blame, and depressive symptoms in men with colorectal cancer". Psycho-Oncology. 22 (1): 65–73. doi:10.1002/pon.2048. ISSN 1057-9249. PMC 6000725. PMID 21954081.
Hoon LS, Chi Sally CW, Hong-Gu H (2013). "Effect of psychosocial interventions on outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer: A review of the literature". European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 17 (6): 883–891. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2013.05.001. ISSN 1462-3889. PMID 23759360.
Meng X, Wang X, Dong Z (October 1, 2021). "Impact of non-pharmacological interventions on quality of life, anxiety, and depression scores in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Supportive Care in Cancer. 29 (10): 5635–5652. doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06185-x. ISSN 1433-7339. PMID 33786669.
Hua H, Jiang Q, Sun P, et al. (May 5, 2023). "Risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Oncology. 13. doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1132306. ISSN 2234-943X. PMC 10196487. PMID 37213277.
Desch CE, Benson AB, Somerfield MR, et al. (November 2005). "Colorectal cancer surveillance: 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 23 (33): 8512–8519. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.0063. PMID 16260687.
Jeffery M, Hickey BE, Hider PN (September 2019). "Follow-up strategies for patients treated for non-metastatic colorectal cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (9): CD002200. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002200.pub4. PMC 6726414. PMID 31483854.
Strømme JM, Johannessen B, Skotheim RI (2023). "Deviating alternative splicing as a molecular subtype of microsatellite stable colorectal cancer". JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics. 7 (7): e2200159. doi:10.1200/CCI.22.00159. hdl:10852/108838. PMID 36821799.
Osterman E, Glimelius B (September 2018). "Recurrence Risk After Up-to-Date Colon Cancer Staging, Surgery, and Pathology: Analysis of the Entire Swedish Population". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 61 (9): 1016–1025. doi:10.1097/dcr.0000000000001158. PMID 30086050. S2CID 51934598.
Doroudian S, Osterman E, Glimelius B (June 9, 2024). "Risk Factors for Recurrence After Surgery for Rectal Cancer in a Modern, Nationwide Population-Based Cohort". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 31 (9): 5570–5584. doi:10.1245/s10434-024-15552-x. ISSN 1068-9265. PMC 11300512. PMID 38853216.
Nors J, Iversen LH, Erichsen R, et al. (January 1, 2024). "Incidence of Recurrence and Time to Recurrence in Stage I to III Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study". JAMA Oncology. 10 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.5098. ISSN 2374-2437. PMC 10654928. PMID 37971197.
Nors J, Gotschalck KA, Erichsen R, et al. (June 1, 2024). "Incidence of late recurrence and second primary cancers 5–10 years after non-metastatic colorectal cancer". International Journal of Cancer. 154 (11): 1890–1899. doi:10.1002/ijc.34871. PMID 38323453.
Hong Y (June 30, 2020). "Clinical study of colorectal cancer operation: Survival analysis". Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology 2020. 16 (1): 3–8. doi:10.14216/kjco.20002. PMC 9942716. PMID 36945303.
Xu Z, Becerra AZ, Fleming FJ, et al. (October 2019). "Treatments for Stage IV Colon Cancer and Overall Survival". The Journal of Surgical Research. 242: 47–54. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2019.04.034. PMID 31071604. S2CID 149443256.
Drageset S, Lindstrøm TC, Underlid K (April 2016). ""I just have to move on": Women's coping experiences and reflections following their first year after primary breast cancer surgery". European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 21: 205–211. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2015.10.005. PMID 26521054.
Restivo A, Zorcolo L, D'Alia G, et al. (February 2016). "Risk of complications and long-term functional alterations after local excision of rectal tumors with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM)". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 31 (2): 257–266. doi:10.1007/s00384-015-2371-y. PMID 26298182. S2CID 29087556.
Bregendahl S, Emmertsen KJ, Lindegaard JC, et al. (January 2015). "Urinary and sexual dysfunction in women after resection with and without preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: a population-based cross-sectional study". Colorectal Disease. 17 (1): 26–37. doi:10.1111/codi.12758. PMID 25156386. S2CID 42069306.
Ramirez M, McMullen C, Grant M, et al. (December 2009). "Figuring out sex in a reconfigured body: experiences of female colorectal cancer survivors with ostomies". Women & Health. 49 (8): 608–624. doi:10.1080/03630240903496093. PMC 2836795. PMID 20183104.
Steele N, Haigh R, Knowles G, et al. (September 2007). "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) testing in colorectal cancer follow up: what do patients think?". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 83 (983): 612–614. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.059634. PMC 2600007. PMID 17823231.
McGeechan GJ, Byrnes K, Campbell M, et al. (January 2021). "A systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the experience of living with colorectal cancer as a chronic illness". Psychology & Health. 37 (3): 350–374. doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1867137. PMID 33499649. S2CID 231771176.
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–2128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMC 10790329. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253.
Puzzono M, Mannucci A, Grannò S, et al. (2021). "The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review". Cancers. 13 (23): 5933. doi:10.3390/cancers13235933. ISSN 2072-6694. PMC 8657307. PMID 34885046.
Vuik FE, Nieuwenburg SA, Bardou M, et al. (2019). "Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults in Europe over the last 25 years". Gut. 68 (10): 1820–1826. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317592. ISSN 0017-5749. PMC 6839794. PMID 31097539.
Unanue-Arza S, Solís-Ibinagagoitia M, Díaz-Seoane M, et al. (December 12, 2020). "Inequalities and risk factors related to non-participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review". The European Journal of Public Health. 31 (2): 346–355. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa203. ISSN 1101-1262. PMC 8071594. PMID 33313657.
Rehemtulla A (December 2010). "Dinosaurs and ancient civilizations: reflections on the treatment of cancer". Neoplasia. 12 (12): 957–968. doi:10.1593/neo.101588. PMC 3003131. PMID 21170260.
Chan DS, Lau R, Aune D, et al. (2011). "Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e20456. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620456C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020456. PMC 3108955. PMID 21674008.)
Motamedi MA, Mak NT, Brown CJ, et al. (June 13, 2023). Cochrane Colorectal Group (ed.). "Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (6). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002198.pub3. PMC 10264720. PMID 37310167.
McGettigan M, Cardwell CR, Cantwell MM, et al. (May 3, 2020). Cochrane Colorectal Group (ed.). "Physical activity interventions for disease-related physical and mental health during and following treatment in people with non-advanced colorectal cancer". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012864.pub2. PMC 7196359. PMID 32361988.

dx.doi.org

Hoon LS, Chi Sally CW, Hong-Gu H (2013). "Effect of psychosocial interventions on outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer: A review of the literature". European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 17 (6): 883–891. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2013.05.001. ISSN 1462-3889. PMID 23759360.

fda.gov

"FDA grants accelerated approval to pembrolizumab for first tissue/site agnostic indication". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. February 9, 2019.^{[dead link]}

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

He J, Efron JE (2011). "Screening for colorectal cancer". Advances in Surgery. 45: 31–44. doi:10.1016/j.yasu.2011.03.006. hdl:2328/11906. PMID 21954677.
Segura-Sampedro JJ, Morales-Soriano R (August 2020). "Prophylactic HIPEC with oxaliplatin might be of benefit in T4 and perforated colon cancer: another possible interpretation of the COLOPEC results". Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas. 112 (8): 666. doi:10.17235/reed.2020.6755/2019. hdl:20.500.13003/12309. PMID 32686435.
Strømme JM, Johannessen B, Skotheim RI (2023). "Deviating alternative splicing as a molecular subtype of microsatellite stable colorectal cancer". JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics. 7 (7): e2200159. doi:10.1200/CCI.22.00159. hdl:10852/108838. PMID 36821799.
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–2128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMC 10790329. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Papier K, Bradbury KE, Balkwill A, et al. (January 8, 2025). "Diet-wide analyses for risk of colorectal cancer: prospective study of 12,251 incident cases among 542,778 women in the UK". Nature Communications. 16 (1): 375. Bibcode:2025NatCo..16..375P. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55219-5. PMC 11711514. PMID 39779669.
Jans C, Meile L, Lacroix C, et al. (July 2015). "Genomics, evolution, and molecular epidemiology of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC)". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 33: 419–436. Bibcode:2015InfGE..33..419J. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.017. PMID 25233845.
Yang S, Wang Y, Sheng L, et al. (January 2025). "The effect of fecal bile acids on the incidence and risk-stratification of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 15 (1) 740. Bibcode:2025NatSR..15..740Y. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84801-6. PMC 11698987. PMID 39753873.
Tabibzadeh A, Tameshkel FS, Moradi Y, et al. (October 30, 2020). "Signal transduction pathway mutations in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 18713. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1018713T. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73770-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7599243. PMID 33127962.
Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, et al. (June 1993). "Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis". Nature. 363 (6429): 558–561. Bibcode:1993Natur.363..558I. doi:10.1038/363558a0. PMID 8505985. S2CID 4254940.
Muzny DM, Bainbridge MN, Chang K, et al. (Cancer Genome Atlas Network) (July 2012). "Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer". Nature. 487 (7407): 330–337. Bibcode:2012Natur.487..330T. doi:10.1038/nature11252. PMC 3401966. PMID 22810696.
Tsao JL, Yatabe Y, Salovaara R, et al. (February 2000). "Genetic reconstruction of individual colorectal tumor histories". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (3): 1236–1241. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1236T. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1236. PMC 15581. PMID 10655514.
Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, et al. (March 2013). "Cancer genome landscapes". Science. 339 (6127): 1546–1558. Bibcode:2013Sci...339.1546V. doi:10.1126/science.1235122. PMC 3749880. PMID 23539594.
Chan DS, Lau R, Aune D, et al. (2011). "Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e20456. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620456C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020456. PMC 3108955. PMID 21674008.)

iarc.fr

publications.iarc.fr

Bosman FT (2014). "Chapter 5.5: Colorectal Cancer". In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). World Cancer Report. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 392–402. ISBN 978-92-832-0443-5.
Forman D, Ferlay J (2014). "Chapter 1.1: The global and regional burden of cancer". In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). World Cancer Report. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 16–53. ISBN 978-92-832-0443-5.
Willett WC (2014). "Diet, nutrition, and cancer: where next for public health?". In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). World Cancer Report. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 432–435. ISBN 978-92-832-0443-5.
Willett WC, Key T, Romieu I (2014). "Chapter 2.6: Diet, obesity, and physical activity". In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). World Cancer Report. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 124–133. ISBN 978-92-832-0443-5. Several large prospective cohort studies of dietary fibre and colon cancer risk have not supported an association, although an inverse relation was seen in the large European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study and a recent meta-analysis. The variation in findings from prospective studies needs to be better understood; dietary fibre is complex and heterogeneous, and the relation with colorectal cancer could differ by dietary source. (p. 127)

globocan.iarc.fr

Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al. (2010). "Colorectal Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2008 – Summary". Archived from the original on October 17, 2012.; "GLOBOCAN 2008 v2.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10". Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Archived from the original on May 8, 2011.

kb.se

urn.kb.se

Osterman E, Glimelius B (September 2018). "Recurrence Risk After Up-to-Date Colon Cancer Staging, Surgery, and Pathology: Analysis of the Entire Swedish Population". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 61 (9): 1016–1025. doi:10.1097/dcr.0000000000001158. PMID 30086050. S2CID 51934598.

lecturio.com

"Colorectal Cancer". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
"Colorectal Cancer". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved July 10, 2021.

lww.com

journals.lww.com

Reynolds LM, Consedine NS, Pizarro DA, et al. (2013). "Disgust and Behavioral Avoidance in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Treatment: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda". Cancer Nursing. 36 (2): 122–130. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e31826a4b1b. ISSN 0162-220X. PMID 23047793.

nccn.org

"National Comprehensive Cancer Network" (PDF). nccn.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2009.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Theodoratou E, Timofeeva M, Li X, et al. (August 2017). "Nature, Nurture, and Cancer Risks: Genetic and Nutritional Contributions to Cancer". Annual Review of Nutrition (Review). 37: 293–320. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051004. PMC 6143166. PMID 28826375.
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. (November 2018). "Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (6): 394–424. doi:10.3322/caac.21492. PMID 30207593. S2CID 52188256.
Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. (June 2016). "Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". JAMA. 315 (23): 2564–2575. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5989. PMID 27304597.
Thorat MA, Cuzick J (December 2013). "Role of aspirin in cancer prevention". Current Oncology Reports. 15 (6): 533–540. doi:10.1007/s11912-013-0351-3. PMID 24114189. S2CID 40187047.
"Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: recommendation statement". American Family Physician. 76 (1): 109–113. July 2007. PMID 17668849. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.
Juul JS, Hornung N, Andersen B, et al. (August 2018). "The value of using the faecal immunochemical test in general practice on patients presenting with non-alarm symptoms of colorectal cancer". British Journal of Cancer. 119 (4): 471–479. doi:10.1038/s41416-018-0178-7. PMC 6133998. PMID 30065255.
Astin M, Griffin T, Neal RD, et al. (May 2011). "The diagnostic value of symptoms for colorectal cancer in primary care: a systematic review". The British Journal of General Practice. 61 (586): e231 – e243. doi:10.3399/bjgp11X572427. PMC 3080228. PMID 21619747.
Adelstein BA, Macaskill P, Chan SF, et al. (May 2011). "Most bowel cancer symptoms do not indicate colorectal cancer and polyps: a systematic review". BMC Gastroenterology. 11 65. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-11-65. PMC 3120795. PMID 21624112.
Watson AJ, Collins PD (2011). "Colon cancer: a civilization disorder". Digestive Diseases. 29 (2): 222–228. doi:10.1159/000323926. PMID 21734388. S2CID 7640363.
Cunningham D, Atkin W, Lenz HJ, et al. (March 2010). "Colorectal cancer". Lancet. 375 (9719): 1030–1047. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60353-4. PMID 20304247. S2CID 25299272.
Vyas DA, Eisenstein LG, Jones DS (August 27, 2020). Malina D (ed.). "Hidden in Plain Sight — Reconsidering the Use of Race Correction in Clinical Algorithms". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (9): 874–882. doi:10.1056/NEJMms2004740. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 32853499. S2CID 221359557.
Bowles TL, Hu CY, You NY, et al. (May 2013). "An Individualized Conditional Survival Calculator for Patients with Rectal Cancer". Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 56 (5): 551–559. doi:10.1097/DCR.0b013e31827bd287. ISSN 0012-3706. PMC 3673550. PMID 23575393.
Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, et al. (July 2012). "Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy". Lancet. 380 (9838): 219–229. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9. PMC 3645500. PMID 22818936.
Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, et al. (September 2011). "Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies". Annals of Oncology. 22 (9): 1958–1972. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq653. PMID 21307158.
Valtin H (November 2002). ""Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 x 8"?". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 283 (5): R993–1004. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002. PMID 12376390. S2CID 2256436.
Papier K, Bradbury KE, Balkwill A, et al. (January 8, 2025). "Diet-wide analyses for risk of colorectal cancer: prospective study of 12,251 incident cases among 542,778 women in the UK". Nature Communications. 16 (1): 375. Bibcode:2025NatCo..16..375P. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55219-5. PMC 11711514. PMID 39779669.
Boleij A, van Gelder MM, Swinkels DW, et al. (November 2011). "Clinical Importance of Streptococcus gallolyticus infection among colorectal cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 53 (9): 870–878. doi:10.1093/cid/cir609. PMID 21960713.
Jans C, Meile L, Lacroix C, et al. (July 2015). "Genomics, evolution, and molecular epidemiology of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC)". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 33: 419–436. Bibcode:2015InfGE..33..419J. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.017. PMID 25233845.
Abdulamir AS, Hafidh RR, Abu Bakar F (January 2011). "The association of Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus with colorectal tumors: the nature and the underlying mechanisms of its etiological role". Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 30 (1) 11. doi:10.1186/1756-9966-30-11. PMC 3032743. PMID 21247505. This article incorporates text by Ahmed S Abdulamir, Rand R Hafidh, and Fatimah Abu Bakar available under the CC BY 2.0 license.
Arthur JC (June 2020). "Microbiota and colorectal cancer: colibactin makes its mark". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 17 (6): 317–318. doi:10.1038/s41575-020-0303-y. PMID 32317778. S2CID 216033220.
Jawad N, Direkze N, Leedham SJ (2011). "Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colon Cancer". Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Cancers. Recent Results in Cancer Research. Vol. 185. pp. 99–115. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03503-6_6. ISBN 978-3-642-03502-9. PMID 21822822.
Hu T, Li LF, Shen J, et al. (2015). "Chronic inflammation and colorectal cancer: the role of vascular endothelial growth factor". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 21 (21): 2960–2967. doi:10.2174/1381612821666150514104244. PMID 26004415.
Triantafillidis JK, Nasioulas G, Kosmidis PA (July 2009). "Colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, risk factors, mechanisms of carcinogenesis and prevention strategies". Anticancer Research. 29 (7): 2727–2737. PMID 19596953.
Bye WA, Nguyen TM, Parker CE, et al. (September 2017). "Strategies for detecting colon cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (9): CD000279. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000279.pub4. PMC 6483622. PMID 28922695.
Juhn E, Khachemoune A (2010). "Gardner syndrome: skin manifestations, differential diagnosis and management". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 11 (2): 117–122. doi:10.2165/11311180-000000000-00000. PMID 20141232. S2CID 36836169.
Half E, Bercovich D, Rozen P (October 2009). "Familial adenomatous polyposis". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 4 22. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-4-22. PMC 2772987. PMID 19822006.
Möslein G, Pistorius S, Saeger HD, et al. (March 2003). "Preventive surgery for colon cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome". Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 388 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1007/s00423-003-0364-8. PMID 12690475. S2CID 21385340.
Mankaney G, Rouphael C, Burke CA (April 2020). "Serrated Polyposis Syndrome". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 18 (4): 777–779. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.09.006. PMID 31520728.
Fan C, Younis A, Bookhout CE, et al. (March 2018). "Management of Serrated Polyps of the Colon". Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology. 16 (1): 182–202. doi:10.1007/s11938-018-0176-0. PMC 6284520. PMID 29445907.
Bourdais R, Rousseau B, Pujals A, et al. (May 2017). "Polymerase proofreading domain mutations: New opportunities for immunotherapy in hypermutated colorectal cancer beyond MMR deficiency". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 113: 242–248. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.03.027. PMID 28427513.
Stein U, Walther W, Arlt F, et al. (January 2009). "MACC1, a newly identified key regulator of HGF-MET signaling, predicts colon cancer metastasis". Nature Medicine. 15 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1038/nm.1889. PMID 19098908. S2CID 8854895.
Schuebel KE, Chen W, Cope L, et al. (September 2007). "Comparing the DNA hypermethylome with gene mutations in human colorectal cancer". PLOS Genetics. 3 (9): 1709–1723. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030157. PMC 1988850. PMID 17892325.
Fogelson KA, Dorrestein PC, Zarrinpar A, et al. (June 2023). "The gut microbial bile acid modulation and its relevance to digestive health and diseases". Gastroenterology. 164 (7): 1069–1085. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.02.022. PMC 10205675. PMID 36841488.
Bernstein H, Bernstein C (January 2023). "Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system". Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood). 248 (1): 79–89. doi:10.1177/15353702221131858. PMC 9989147. PMID 36408538.
Yang S, Wang Y, Sheng L, et al. (January 2025). "The effect of fecal bile acids on the incidence and risk-stratification of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 15 (1) 740. Bibcode:2025NatSR..15..740Y. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84801-6. PMC 11698987. PMID 39753873.
Tabibzadeh A, Tameshkel FS, Moradi Y, et al. (October 30, 2020). "Signal transduction pathway mutations in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 18713. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1018713T. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73770-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7599243. PMID 33127962.
Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, et al. (June 1993). "Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis". Nature. 363 (6429): 558–561. Bibcode:1993Natur.363..558I. doi:10.1038/363558a0. PMID 8505985. S2CID 4254940.
Abdul Khalek FJ, Gallicano GI, Mishra L (November 2010). "Colon cancer stem cells". Gastrointestinal Cancer Research (Suppl 1): S16 – S23. PMC 3047031. PMID 21472043.
Markowitz SD, Bertagnolli MM (December 2009). "Molecular origins of cancer: Molecular basis of colorectal cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (25): 2449–2460. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0804588. PMC 2843693. PMID 20018966.
Mehlen P, Fearon ER (August 2004). "Role of the dependence receptor DCC in colorectal cancer pathogenesis". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 22 (16): 3420–3428. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.02.019. PMID 15310786.
Uhlen M, Zhang C, Lee S, et al. (August 2017). "A pathology atlas of the human cancer transcriptome". Science. 357 (6352): eaan2507. doi:10.1126/science.aan2507. PMID 28818916.
Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (August 2004). "Cancer genes and the pathways they control". Nature Medicine. 10 (8): 789–799. doi:10.1038/nm1087. PMID 15286780. S2CID 205383514.
Muzny DM, Bainbridge MN, Chang K, et al. (Cancer Genome Atlas Network) (July 2012). "Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer". Nature. 487 (7407): 330–337. Bibcode:2012Natur.487..330T. doi:10.1038/nature11252. PMC 3401966. PMID 22810696.
Gatalica Z, Vranic S, Xiu J, et al. (July 2016). "High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) colorectal carcinoma: a brief review of predictive biomarkers in the era of personalized medicine". Familial Cancer. 15 (3): 405–412. doi:10.1007/s10689-016-9884-6. PMC 4901118. PMID 26875156.
Ryan E, Sheahan K, Creavin B, et al. (August 2017). "The current value of determining the mismatch repair status of colorectal cancer: A rationale for routine testing". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 116: 38–57. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.006. PMID 28693799.
Hissong E, Crowe EP, Yantiss RK, et al. (November 2018). "Assessing colorectal cancer mismatch repair status in the modern era: a survey of current practices and re-evaluation of the role of microsatellite instability testing". Modern Pathology. 31 (11): 1756–1766. doi:10.1038/s41379-018-0094-7. PMID 29955148.
Grady WM, Markowitz SD (March 2015). "The molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and its potential application to colorectal cancer screening". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 60 (3): 762–772. doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3444-4. PMC 4779895. PMID 25492499.
Leslie A, Carey FA, Pratt NR, et al. (July 2002). "The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence". The British Journal of Surgery. 89 (7): 845–860. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02120.x. ISSN 0007-1323. PMID 12081733. S2CID 36456541.
Nguyen LH, Goel A, Chung DC (January 2020). "Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis". Gastroenterology. 158 (2): 291–302. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.059. ISSN 0016-5085. PMC 6981255. PMID 31622622.
Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (September 1953). "Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin". Cancer. 6 (5): 963–968. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 13094644. S2CID 6736946.
Giovannucci E, Ogino S (September 2005). "DNA methylation, field effects, and colorectal cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 97 (18): 1317–1319. doi:10.1093/jnci/dji305. PMID 16174847.
Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, et al. (February 2008). "Field defects in progression to gastrointestinal tract cancers". Cancer Letters. 260 (1–2): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.027. PMC 2744582. PMID 18164807.
Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, et al. (July 2010). "Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer". Journal of Visualized Experiments (41): 1931. doi:10.3791/1931. PMC 3149991. PMID 20689513. 28 minute video
Rubin H (March 2011). "Fields and field cancerization: the preneoplastic origins of cancer: asymptomatic hyperplastic fields are precursors of neoplasia, and their progression to tumors can be tracked by saturation density in culture". BioEssays. 33 (3): 224–231. doi:10.1002/bies.201000067. PMID 21254148. S2CID 44981539.
Tsao JL, Yatabe Y, Salovaara R, et al. (February 2000). "Genetic reconstruction of individual colorectal tumor histories". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (3): 1236–1241. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1236T. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1236. PMC 15581. PMID 10655514.
Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, et al. (March 2013). "Cancer genome landscapes". Science. 339 (6127): 1546–1558. Bibcode:2013Sci...339.1546V. doi:10.1126/science.1235122. PMC 3749880. PMID 23539594.
Bernstein C, Nfonsam V, Prasad AR, et al. (March 2013). "Epigenetic field defects in progression to cancer". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 5 (3): 43–49. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v5.i3.43. PMC 3648662. PMID 23671730.
Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, et al. (January 2015). "Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression". Modern Pathology. 28 (1): 14–29. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2014.81. PMC 4265316. PMID 24925058.
Otmani K, Lewalle P (2021). "Tumor Suppressor miRNA in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanism of Deregulation and Clinical Implications". Front Oncol. 11: 708765. doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.708765. PMC 8554338. PMID 34722255.
Schetter AJ, Okayama H, Harris CC (2012). "The role of microRNAs in colorectal cancer". Cancer J. 18 (3): 244–52. doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e318258b78f. PMC 3397427. PMID 22647361.
Bartel DP (January 2009). "MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions". Cell. 136 (2): 215–33. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002. PMC 3794896. PMID 19167326.
Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, et al. (January 2009). "Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs". Genome Res. 19 (1): 92–105. doi:10.1101/gr.082701.108. PMC 2612969. PMID 18955434.
Ng EK, Tsang WP, Ng SS, et al. (August 2009). "MicroRNA-143 targets DNA methyltransferases 3A in colorectal cancer". Br J Cancer. 101 (4): 699–706. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605195. PMC 2736825. PMID 19638978.
Chen X, Guo X, Zhang H, et al. (March 2009). "Role of miR-143 targeting KRAS in colorectal tumorigenesis". Oncogene. 28 (10): 1385–92. doi:10.1038/onc.2008.474. PMID 19137007.
Kanwal R, Gupta S (April 2012). "Epigenetic modifications in cancer". Clinical Genetics. 81 (4): 303–311. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01809.x. PMC 3590802. PMID 22082348.
Schnekenburger M, Diederich M (March 2012). "Epigenetics Offer New Horizons for Colorectal Cancer Prevention". Current Colorectal Cancer Reports. 8 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1007/s11888-011-0116-z. PMC 3277709. PMID 22389639.
Lao VV, Grady WM (October 2011). "Epigenetics and colorectal cancer". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 8 (12): 686–700. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.173. PMC 3391545. PMID 22009203.
Klutstein M, Nejman D, Greenfield R, et al. (June 2016). "DNA Methylation in Cancer and Aging". Cancer Research. 76 (12): 3446–3450. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-3278. PMID 27256564.
Jacinto FV, Esteller M (July 2007). "Mutator pathways unleashed by epigenetic silencing in human cancer". Mutagenesis. 22 (4): 247–253. doi:10.1093/mutage/gem009. PMID 17412712.
Lahtz C, Pfeifer GP (February 2011). "Epigenetic changes of DNA repair genes in cancer". Journal of Molecular Cell Biology. 3 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjq053. PMC 3030973. PMID 21278452.
Coppedè F, Lopomo A, Spisni R, et al. (January 2014). "Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of colorectal cancer". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (4): 943–956. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.943. PMC 3921546. PMID 24574767.
Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, et al. (November 2015). "The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer". Nature Medicine. 21 (11): 1350–1356. doi:10.1038/nm.3967. PMC 4636487. PMID 26457759.
Orouji E, Raman AT, Singh AK, et al. (May 2021). "Chromatin state dynamics confers specific therapeutic strategies in enhancer subtypes of colorectal cancer". Gut. 71 (5): 938–949. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322835. PMC 8745382. PMID 34059508. S2CID 235269540.
Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, et al. (2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls". Radiographics. 43 (4): e220135. doi:10.1148/rg.220135. PMID 36927125. S2CID 257583845.
Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, et al. (April 2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls". Radiographics. 43 (4): e220135. doi:10.1148/rg.220135. PMID 36927125. S2CID 257583845.
Kang H, O'Connell JB, Leonardi MJ, et al. (February 2007). "Rare tumors of the colon and rectum: a national review". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 22 (2): 183–189. doi:10.1007/s00384-006-0145-2. PMID 16845516. S2CID 34693873.
Whiteside G, Munglani R (September 1998). "TUNEL, Hoechst and immunohistochemistry triple-labelling: an improved method for detection of apoptosis in tissue sections – an update". Brain Research. Brain Research Protocols. 3 (1): 52–53. doi:10.1016/s1385-299x(98)00020-8. PMID 9767106.
Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC (December 2011). "16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010". British Journal of Cancer. 105 (S2): S77 – S81. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.489. PMC 3252065. PMID 22158327.
Chaplin A, Rodriguez RM, Segura-Sampedro JJ, et al. (October 2022). "Insights behind the Relationship between Colorectal Cancer and Obesity: Is Visceral Adipose Tissue the Missing Link?". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (21): 13128. doi:10.3390/ijms232113128. PMC 9655590. PMID 36361914.
Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al. (August 2016). "Body Fatness and Cancer – Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (8): 794–798. doi:10.1056/nejmsr1606602. PMC 6754861. PMID 27557308.
Tuan J, Chen YX (December 18, 2015). "Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk and Interactions with Microbiota: Fiber, Red or Processed Meat and Alcoholic Drinks". Gastrointestinal Tumors. 3 (1). S. Karger AG: 17–24. doi:10.1159/000442831. ISSN 2296-3774. PMC 5040877. PMID 27722153.
Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, et al. (February 2019). "Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses". Lancet. 393 (10170): 434–445. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9. PMID 30638909. S2CID 58632705.
Song M, Chan AT (January 2019). "Environmental Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer Prevention". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 17 (2): 275–289. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.07.012. PMC 6314893. PMID 30031175. Despite the longstanding hypothesis that a high-fiber diet may protect against colorectal cancer... epidemiologic studies associating dietary fiber intake with subsequent risk of colorectal cancer have yielded inconsistent results... Nonetheless, based on existing evidence, the most recent expert report from the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research in 2017 concludes that there is probable evidence
Jabbari M, Pourmoradian S, Eini-Zinab H, et al. (November 2022). "Levels of evidence for the association between different food groups/items consumption and the risk of various cancer sites: an umbrella review". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 73 (7): 861–874. doi:10.1080/09637486.2022.2103523. PMID 35920747. S2CID 251280745.
Pérez-Cueto FJ, Verbeke W (April 2012). "Consumer implications of the WCRF's permanent update on colorectal cancer". Meat Science. 90 (4): 977–978. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.11.032. PMID 22196090.
Harriss DJ, Atkinson G, Batterham A, et al. (September 2009). "Lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer risk (2): a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations with leisure-time physical activity". Colorectal Disease. 11 (7): 689–701. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01767.x. PMID 19207713. S2CID 8026021.
Robsahm TE, Aagnes B, Hjartåker A, et al. (November 2013). "Body mass index, physical activity, and colorectal cancer by anatomical subsites: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies". European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 22 (6): 492–505. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328360f434. PMID 23591454. S2CID 24764995.
Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, et al. (August 2016). "Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". BMJ. 354: i3857. doi:10.1136/bmj.i3857. PMC 4979358. PMID 27510511.
Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, et al. (January 2015). "Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 162 (2): 123–132. doi:10.7326/M14-1651. PMID 25599350. S2CID 7256176.
Cooper K, Squires H, Carroll C, et al. (June 2010). "Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation". Health Technology Assessment. 14 (32): 1–206. doi:10.3310/hta14320. PMID 20594533.
Emilsson L, Holme Ø, Bretthauer M, et al. (January 2017). "Systematic review with meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness of aspirin vs. screening for colorectal cancer prevention". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 45 (2): 193–204. doi:10.1111/apt.13857. PMID 27859394.
Bibbins-Domingo K (June 2016). "Aspirin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". Annals of Internal Medicine. 164 (12): 836–845. doi:10.7326/M16-0577. PMID 27064677.
Ma Y, Zhang P, Wang F, et al. (October 2011). "Association between vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review of prospective studies". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 29 (28): 3775–3782. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.35.7566. PMID 21876081.
Yin L, Grandi N, Raum E, et al. (2011). "Meta-analysis: Serum vitamin D and colorectal adenoma risk". Preventive Medicine. 53 (1–2): 10–16. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.05.013. PMID 21672549.
He J, Efron JE (2011). "Screening for colorectal cancer". Advances in Surgery. 45: 31–44. doi:10.1016/j.yasu.2011.03.006. hdl:2328/11906. PMID 21954677.
Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A (March 2012). "Trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates in the United States by tumor location and stage, 1992–2008". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 21 (3): 411–416. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-1020. PMID 22219318.
Swartz AW, Eberth JM, Josey MJ, et al. (October 2017). "Reanalysis of All-Cause Mortality in the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 2016 Evidence Report on Colorectal Cancer Screening". Annals of Internal Medicine. 167 (8): 602–603. doi:10.7326/M17-0859. PMC 5823607. PMID 28828493.
Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Watson E, et al. (June 2008). "Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): an update". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 103 (6): 1541–1549. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01875.x. PMID 18479499. S2CID 26338156.
Lee JK, Liles EG, Bent S, et al. (February 2014). "Accuracy of fecal immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 160 (3): 171. doi:10.7326/M13-1484. PMC 4189821. PMID 24658694.
Li SJ, Sharples LD, Benton SC, et al. (September 2021). "Faecal immunochemical testing in bowel cancer screening: Estimating outcomes for different diagnostic policies". Journal of Medical Screening. 28 (3): 277–285. doi:10.1177/0969141320980501. PMC 8366184. PMID 33342370.
Qaseem A, Crandall CJ, Mustafa RA, et al. (November 2019). "Screening for Colorectal Cancer in Asymptomatic Average-Risk Adults: A Guidance Statement From the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 171 (9): 643–654. doi:10.7326/M19-0642. PMC 8152103. PMID 31683290.
Wolf AM, Fontham ET, Church TR, et al. (July 2018). "Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (4): 250–281. doi:10.3322/caac.21457. PMID 29846947.
Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M (April 2014). "Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies". BMJ. 348 (apr09 1): g2467. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2467. PMC 3980789. PMID 24922745.
Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, et al. (February 2003). "Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale-Update based on new evidence". Gastroenterology. 124 (2): 544–560. doi:10.1053/gast.2003.50044. PMID 12557158. S2CID 29354772.
Qaseem A, Denberg TD, Hopkins RH, et al. (March 2012). "Screening for colorectal cancer: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 156 (5): 378–386. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00010. PMID 22393133.
Tang V, Boscardin WJ, Stijacic-Cenzer I, et al. (April 2015). "Time to benefit for colorectal cancer screening: survival meta-analysis of flexible sigmoidoscopy trials". BMJ. 350: h1662. doi:10.1136/bmj.h1662. PMC 4399600. PMID 25881903.
Bacchus CM, Dunfield L, Gorber SC, et al. (March 2016). "Recommendations on screening for colorectal cancer in primary care". CMAJ. 188 (5): 340–348. doi:10.1503/cmaj.151125. PMC 4786388. PMID 26903355.
Tepus M, Yau TO (July 2020). "Non-Invasive Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Overview". Gastrointestinal Tumors. 7 (3): 62–73. doi:10.1159/000507701. PMC 7445682. PMID 32903904.
Stein A, Atanackovic D, Bokemeyer C (September 2011). "Current standards and new trends in the primary treatment of colorectal cancer". European Journal of Cancer. 47 (Suppl 3): S312 – S314. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(11)70183-6. PMID 21943995.
Chiorean EG, Nandakumar G, Fadelu T, et al. (March 2020). "Treatment of Patients With Late-Stage Colorectal Cancer: ASCO Resource-Stratified Guideline". JCO Global Oncology. 6 (6): 414–438. doi:10.1200/JGO.19.00367. PMC 7124947. PMID 32150483.
Yamashita K, Oka S, Tanaka S, et al. (March 1, 2019). "Long-term prognosis after treatment for T1 carcinoma of laterally spreading tumors: a multicenter retrospective study". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 34 (3): 481–490. doi:10.1007/s00384-018-3203-7. ISSN 1432-1262. PMID 30607579. S2CID 57427824.
McCarthy K, Pearson K, Fulton R, et al. (Cochrane Colorectal Cancer Group) (December 2012). "Pre-operative chemoradiation for non-metastatic locally advanced rectal cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (12): CD008368. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008368.pub2. PMC 12015662. PMID 23235660.
Böckelman C, Engelmann BE, Kaprio T, et al. (January 2015). "Risk of recurrence in patients with colon cancer stage II and III: a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent literature". Acta Oncologica. 54 (1): 5–16. doi:10.3109/0284186x.2014.975839. PMID 25430983.
"Chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer". Prescrire International. 19 (109): 219–224. October 2010. PMID 21180382.
Fakih MG (June 2015). "Metastatic colorectal cancer: current state and future directions". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 33 (16): 1809–1824. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.59.7633. PMID 25918280.
Bendell J (March 14, 2024). "Antiangiogenic Agents in First-Line and Second-Line Therapy for Advanced Colorectal Cancer". Gastrointestinal Cancer Research. 1 (4 Suppl 2). International Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology: S22–8. PMC 2666834. PMID 19365574.
Shaib W, Mahajan R, El-Rayes B (September 2013). "Markers of resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer". Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 4 (3): 308–318. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.029. PMC 3712296. PMID 23997942.
Yau TO (October 2019). "Precision treatment in colorectal cancer: Now and the future". JGH Open. 3 (5): 361–369. doi:10.1002/jgh3.12153. PMC 6788378. PMID 31633039.
Sugarbaker PH, Van der Speeten K (February 2016). "Surgical technology and pharmacology of hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy". Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 7 (1): 29–44. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.105. PMC 4754302. PMID 26941982.
Segura-Sampedro JJ, Morales-Soriano R (August 2020). "Prophylactic HIPEC with oxaliplatin might be of benefit in T4 and perforated colon cancer: another possible interpretation of the COLOPEC results". Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas. 112 (8): 666. doi:10.17235/reed.2020.6755/2019. hdl:20.500.13003/12309. PMID 32686435.
Esquivel J, Sticca R, Sugarbaker P, et al. (January 2007). "Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the management of peritoneal surface malignancies of colonic origin: a consensus statement. Society of Surgical Oncology". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 14 (1): 128–133. doi:10.1245/s10434-006-9185-7. PMID 17072675. S2CID 21282326.
Arjona-Sánchez A, Espinosa-Redondo E, Gutiérrez-Calvo A, et al. (April 2023). "Efficacy and Safety of Intraoperative Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA Surgery. 158 (7): 683–691. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2023.0662. PMC 10134040. PMID 37099280.
Troester A, Parikh R, Southwell B, et al. (August 20, 2024). "Treatment of stage I-III squamous cell anal cancer: a comparative effectiveness systematic review". JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 117 (2): 240–252. doi:10.1093/jnci/djae195. ISSN 0027-8874. PMC 11807441. PMID 39163501.
Huh JW, Tanksley J, Chino J, et al. (July 1, 2020). "Long-term Consequences of Pelvic Irradiation: Toxicities, Challenges, and Therapeutic Opportunities with Pharmacologic Mitigators". Clinical Cancer Research. 26 (13): 3079–3090. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2744. ISSN 1078-0432. PMID 32098770. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
Feeney G, Sehgal R, Sheehan M, et al. (September 2019). "Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer management". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 25 (33): 4850–4869. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4850. PMC 6737323. PMID 31543678.
Li Y, Wang J, Ma X, et al. (2016). "A Review of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". International Journal of Biological Sciences. 12 (8): 1022–1031. doi:10.7150/ijbs.15438. PMC 4971740. PMID 27489505.
Cao C, Wang D, Tian DH, et al. (December 2019). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of stereotactic body radiation therapy for colorectal pulmonary metastases". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 11 (12): 5187–5198. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.12. PMC 6988072. PMID 32030236.
Boland PM, Ma WW (May 2017). "Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer". Cancers. 9 (5): 50. doi:10.3390/cancers9050050. PMC 5447960. PMID 28492495.
Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, et al. (December 2017). "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting". The Lancet. Oncology. 18 (12): e731 – e741. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1. PMID 29208439.
Borras, DM, Verbandt, et al. (November 2023). "Single cell dynamics of tumor specificity vs bystander activity in CD8+ T cells define the diverse immune landscapes in colorectal cancer". Cell Discovery. 9 (114) 114. doi:10.1038/s41421-023-00605-4. PMC 10652011. PMID 37968259.
Cercek A, Lumish M, Sinopoli J, et al. (June 2022). "PD-1 Blockade in Mismatch Repair–Deficient, Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 386 (25): 2363–2376. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2201445. PMC 9492301. PMID 35660797. S2CID 249395846.
Higginson IJ, Evans CJ (September–October 2010). "What is the evidence that palliative care teams improve outcomes for cancer patients and their families?". Cancer Journal. 16 (5): 423–435. doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f684e5. PMID 20890138. S2CID 39881122.
Wasserberg N, Kaufman HS (December 2007). "Palliation of colorectal cancer". Surgical Oncology. 16 (4): 299–310. doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2007.08.008. PMID 17913495.
Amersi F, Stamos MJ, Ko CY (July 2004). "Palliative care for colorectal cancer". Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America. 13 (3): 467–477. doi:10.1016/j.soc.2004.03.002. PMID 15236729.
Son H, Son YJ, Kim H, et al. (June 8, 2018). "Effect of psychosocial interventions on the quality of life of patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 16 (1): 119. doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0943-6. ISSN 1477-7525. PMC 5994008. PMID 29884182.
Peng YN, Huang ML, Kao CH (January 31, 2019). "Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Literature Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (3): 411. doi:10.3390/ijerph16030411. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 6388369. PMID 30709020.
Cheng V, Oveisi N, McTaggart-Cowan H, et al. (2022). "Colorectal Cancer and Onset of Anxiety and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Current Oncology. 29 (11): 8751–8766. doi:10.3390/curroncol29110689. ISSN 1718-7729. PMC 9689519. PMID 36421342.
Mosher CE, Winger JG, Given BA, et al. (2016). "Mental health outcomes during colorectal cancer survivorship: a review of the literature: Mental health in colorectal cancer survivorship". Psycho-Oncology. 25 (11): 1261–1270. doi:10.1002/pon.3954. PMC 4894828. PMID 26315692.
Reynolds LM, Consedine NS, Pizarro DA, et al. (2013). "Disgust and Behavioral Avoidance in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Treatment: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda". Cancer Nursing. 36 (2): 122–130. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e31826a4b1b. ISSN 0162-220X. PMID 23047793.
Phelan SM, Griffin JM, Jackson GL, et al. (2013). "Stigma, perceived blame, self-blame, and depressive symptoms in men with colorectal cancer". Psycho-Oncology. 22 (1): 65–73. doi:10.1002/pon.2048. ISSN 1057-9249. PMC 6000725. PMID 21954081.
Hoon LS, Chi Sally CW, Hong-Gu H (2013). "Effect of psychosocial interventions on outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer: A review of the literature". European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 17 (6): 883–891. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2013.05.001. ISSN 1462-3889. PMID 23759360.
Meng X, Wang X, Dong Z (October 1, 2021). "Impact of non-pharmacological interventions on quality of life, anxiety, and depression scores in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Supportive Care in Cancer. 29 (10): 5635–5652. doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06185-x. ISSN 1433-7339. PMID 33786669.
Hua H, Jiang Q, Sun P, et al. (May 5, 2023). "Risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Oncology. 13. doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1132306. ISSN 2234-943X. PMC 10196487. PMID 37213277.
Desch CE, Benson AB, Somerfield MR, et al. (November 2005). "Colorectal cancer surveillance: 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 23 (33): 8512–8519. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.0063. PMID 16260687.
Jeffery M, Hickey BE, Hider PN (September 2019). "Follow-up strategies for patients treated for non-metastatic colorectal cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (9): CD002200. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002200.pub4. PMC 6726414. PMID 31483854.
Strømme JM, Johannessen B, Skotheim RI (2023). "Deviating alternative splicing as a molecular subtype of microsatellite stable colorectal cancer". JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics. 7 (7): e2200159. doi:10.1200/CCI.22.00159. hdl:10852/108838. PMID 36821799.
Osterman E, Glimelius B (September 2018). "Recurrence Risk After Up-to-Date Colon Cancer Staging, Surgery, and Pathology: Analysis of the Entire Swedish Population". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 61 (9): 1016–1025. doi:10.1097/dcr.0000000000001158. PMID 30086050. S2CID 51934598.
Doroudian S, Osterman E, Glimelius B (June 9, 2024). "Risk Factors for Recurrence After Surgery for Rectal Cancer in a Modern, Nationwide Population-Based Cohort". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 31 (9): 5570–5584. doi:10.1245/s10434-024-15552-x. ISSN 1068-9265. PMC 11300512. PMID 38853216.
Nors J, Iversen LH, Erichsen R, et al. (January 1, 2024). "Incidence of Recurrence and Time to Recurrence in Stage I to III Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study". JAMA Oncology. 10 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.5098. ISSN 2374-2437. PMC 10654928. PMID 37971197.
Nors J, Gotschalck KA, Erichsen R, et al. (June 1, 2024). "Incidence of late recurrence and second primary cancers 5–10 years after non-metastatic colorectal cancer". International Journal of Cancer. 154 (11): 1890–1899. doi:10.1002/ijc.34871. PMID 38323453.
Zacharakis M, Xynos ID, Lazaris A, et al. (February 2010). "Predictors of survival in stage IV metastatic colorectal cancer". Anticancer Research. 30 (2): 653–660. PMID 20332485.
Hong Y (June 30, 2020). "Clinical study of colorectal cancer operation: Survival analysis". Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology 2020. 16 (1): 3–8. doi:10.14216/kjco.20002. PMC 9942716. PMID 36945303.
Xu Z, Becerra AZ, Fleming FJ, et al. (October 2019). "Treatments for Stage IV Colon Cancer and Overall Survival". The Journal of Surgical Research. 242: 47–54. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2019.04.034. PMID 31071604. S2CID 149443256.
Drageset S, Lindstrøm TC, Underlid K (April 2016). ""I just have to move on": Women's coping experiences and reflections following their first year after primary breast cancer surgery". European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 21: 205–211. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2015.10.005. PMID 26521054.
Restivo A, Zorcolo L, D'Alia G, et al. (February 2016). "Risk of complications and long-term functional alterations after local excision of rectal tumors with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM)". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 31 (2): 257–266. doi:10.1007/s00384-015-2371-y. PMID 26298182. S2CID 29087556.
Bregendahl S, Emmertsen KJ, Lindegaard JC, et al. (January 2015). "Urinary and sexual dysfunction in women after resection with and without preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: a population-based cross-sectional study". Colorectal Disease. 17 (1): 26–37. doi:10.1111/codi.12758. PMID 25156386. S2CID 42069306.
Ramirez M, McMullen C, Grant M, et al. (December 2009). "Figuring out sex in a reconfigured body: experiences of female colorectal cancer survivors with ostomies". Women & Health. 49 (8): 608–624. doi:10.1080/03630240903496093. PMC 2836795. PMID 20183104.
Steele N, Haigh R, Knowles G, et al. (September 2007). "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) testing in colorectal cancer follow up: what do patients think?". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 83 (983): 612–614. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.059634. PMC 2600007. PMID 17823231.
McGeechan GJ, Byrnes K, Campbell M, et al. (January 2021). "A systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the experience of living with colorectal cancer as a chronic illness". Psychology & Health. 37 (3): 350–374. doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1867137. PMID 33499649. S2CID 231771176.
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–2128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMC 10790329. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253.
Merika E, Saif MW, Katz A, et al. (2010). "Review. Colon cancer vaccines: an update". In Vivo. 24 (5): 607–628. PMID 20952724.
Puzzono M, Mannucci A, Grannò S, et al. (2021). "The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review". Cancers. 13 (23): 5933. doi:10.3390/cancers13235933. ISSN 2072-6694. PMC 8657307. PMID 34885046.
Vuik FE, Nieuwenburg SA, Bardou M, et al. (2019). "Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults in Europe over the last 25 years". Gut. 68 (10): 1820–1826. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317592. ISSN 0017-5749. PMC 6839794. PMID 31097539.
Unanue-Arza S, Solís-Ibinagagoitia M, Díaz-Seoane M, et al. (December 12, 2020). "Inequalities and risk factors related to non-participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review". The European Journal of Public Health. 31 (2): 346–355. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa203. ISSN 1101-1262. PMC 8071594. PMID 33313657.
Rehemtulla A (December 2010). "Dinosaurs and ancient civilizations: reflections on the treatment of cancer". Neoplasia. 12 (12): 957–968. doi:10.1593/neo.101588. PMC 3003131. PMID 21170260.
Chan DS, Lau R, Aune D, et al. (2011). "Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e20456. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620456C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020456. PMC 3108955. PMID 21674008.)
Motamedi MA, Mak NT, Brown CJ, et al. (June 13, 2023). Cochrane Colorectal Group (ed.). "Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (6). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002198.pub3. PMC 10264720. PMID 37310167.
McGettigan M, Cardwell CR, Cantwell MM, et al. (May 3, 2020). Cochrane Colorectal Group (ed.). "Physical activity interventions for disease-related physical and mental health during and following treatment in people with non-advanced colorectal cancer". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012864.pub2. PMC 7196359. PMID 32361988.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Theodoratou E, Timofeeva M, Li X, et al. (August 2017). "Nature, Nurture, and Cancer Risks: Genetic and Nutritional Contributions to Cancer". Annual Review of Nutrition (Review). 37: 293–320. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051004. PMC 6143166. PMID 28826375.
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
Juul JS, Hornung N, Andersen B, et al. (August 2018). "The value of using the faecal immunochemical test in general practice on patients presenting with non-alarm symptoms of colorectal cancer". British Journal of Cancer. 119 (4): 471–479. doi:10.1038/s41416-018-0178-7. PMC 6133998. PMID 30065255.
Astin M, Griffin T, Neal RD, et al. (May 2011). "The diagnostic value of symptoms for colorectal cancer in primary care: a systematic review". The British Journal of General Practice. 61 (586): e231 – e243. doi:10.3399/bjgp11X572427. PMC 3080228. PMID 21619747.
Adelstein BA, Macaskill P, Chan SF, et al. (May 2011). "Most bowel cancer symptoms do not indicate colorectal cancer and polyps: a systematic review". BMC Gastroenterology. 11 65. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-11-65. PMC 3120795. PMID 21624112.
Bowles TL, Hu CY, You NY, et al. (May 2013). "An Individualized Conditional Survival Calculator for Patients with Rectal Cancer". Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 56 (5): 551–559. doi:10.1097/DCR.0b013e31827bd287. ISSN 0012-3706. PMC 3673550. PMID 23575393.
Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, et al. (July 2012). "Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy". Lancet. 380 (9838): 219–229. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9. PMC 3645500. PMID 22818936.
Papier K, Bradbury KE, Balkwill A, et al. (January 8, 2025). "Diet-wide analyses for risk of colorectal cancer: prospective study of 12,251 incident cases among 542,778 women in the UK". Nature Communications. 16 (1): 375. Bibcode:2025NatCo..16..375P. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55219-5. PMC 11711514. PMID 39779669.
Abdulamir AS, Hafidh RR, Abu Bakar F (January 2011). "The association of Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus with colorectal tumors: the nature and the underlying mechanisms of its etiological role". Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 30 (1) 11. doi:10.1186/1756-9966-30-11. PMC 3032743. PMID 21247505. This article incorporates text by Ahmed S Abdulamir, Rand R Hafidh, and Fatimah Abu Bakar available under the CC BY 2.0 license.
Bye WA, Nguyen TM, Parker CE, et al. (September 2017). "Strategies for detecting colon cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (9): CD000279. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000279.pub4. PMC 6483622. PMID 28922695.
Half E, Bercovich D, Rozen P (October 2009). "Familial adenomatous polyposis". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 4 22. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-4-22. PMC 2772987. PMID 19822006.
Fan C, Younis A, Bookhout CE, et al. (March 2018). "Management of Serrated Polyps of the Colon". Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology. 16 (1): 182–202. doi:10.1007/s11938-018-0176-0. PMC 6284520. PMID 29445907.
Schuebel KE, Chen W, Cope L, et al. (September 2007). "Comparing the DNA hypermethylome with gene mutations in human colorectal cancer". PLOS Genetics. 3 (9): 1709–1723. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030157. PMC 1988850. PMID 17892325.
Fogelson KA, Dorrestein PC, Zarrinpar A, et al. (June 2023). "The gut microbial bile acid modulation and its relevance to digestive health and diseases". Gastroenterology. 164 (7): 1069–1085. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.02.022. PMC 10205675. PMID 36841488.
Bernstein H, Bernstein C (January 2023). "Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system". Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood). 248 (1): 79–89. doi:10.1177/15353702221131858. PMC 9989147. PMID 36408538.
Yang S, Wang Y, Sheng L, et al. (January 2025). "The effect of fecal bile acids on the incidence and risk-stratification of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 15 (1) 740. Bibcode:2025NatSR..15..740Y. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84801-6. PMC 11698987. PMID 39753873.
Tabibzadeh A, Tameshkel FS, Moradi Y, et al. (October 30, 2020). "Signal transduction pathway mutations in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 18713. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1018713T. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73770-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7599243. PMID 33127962.
Abdul Khalek FJ, Gallicano GI, Mishra L (November 2010). "Colon cancer stem cells". Gastrointestinal Cancer Research (Suppl 1): S16 – S23. PMC 3047031. PMID 21472043.
Markowitz SD, Bertagnolli MM (December 2009). "Molecular origins of cancer: Molecular basis of colorectal cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (25): 2449–2460. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0804588. PMC 2843693. PMID 20018966.
Muzny DM, Bainbridge MN, Chang K, et al. (Cancer Genome Atlas Network) (July 2012). "Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer". Nature. 487 (7407): 330–337. Bibcode:2012Natur.487..330T. doi:10.1038/nature11252. PMC 3401966. PMID 22810696.
Gatalica Z, Vranic S, Xiu J, et al. (July 2016). "High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) colorectal carcinoma: a brief review of predictive biomarkers in the era of personalized medicine". Familial Cancer. 15 (3): 405–412. doi:10.1007/s10689-016-9884-6. PMC 4901118. PMID 26875156.
Grady WM, Markowitz SD (March 2015). "The molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and its potential application to colorectal cancer screening". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 60 (3): 762–772. doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3444-4. PMC 4779895. PMID 25492499.
Nguyen LH, Goel A, Chung DC (January 2020). "Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis". Gastroenterology. 158 (2): 291–302. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.059. ISSN 0016-5085. PMC 6981255. PMID 31622622.
Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, et al. (February 2008). "Field defects in progression to gastrointestinal tract cancers". Cancer Letters. 260 (1–2): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.027. PMC 2744582. PMID 18164807.
Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, et al. (July 2010). "Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer". Journal of Visualized Experiments (41): 1931. doi:10.3791/1931. PMC 3149991. PMID 20689513. 28 minute video
Tsao JL, Yatabe Y, Salovaara R, et al. (February 2000). "Genetic reconstruction of individual colorectal tumor histories". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (3): 1236–1241. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1236T. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1236. PMC 15581. PMID 10655514.
Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, et al. (March 2013). "Cancer genome landscapes". Science. 339 (6127): 1546–1558. Bibcode:2013Sci...339.1546V. doi:10.1126/science.1235122. PMC 3749880. PMID 23539594.
Bernstein C, Nfonsam V, Prasad AR, et al. (March 2013). "Epigenetic field defects in progression to cancer". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 5 (3): 43–49. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v5.i3.43. PMC 3648662. PMID 23671730.
Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, et al. (January 2015). "Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression". Modern Pathology. 28 (1): 14–29. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2014.81. PMC 4265316. PMID 24925058.
Otmani K, Lewalle P (2021). "Tumor Suppressor miRNA in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanism of Deregulation and Clinical Implications". Front Oncol. 11: 708765. doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.708765. PMC 8554338. PMID 34722255.
Schetter AJ, Okayama H, Harris CC (2012). "The role of microRNAs in colorectal cancer". Cancer J. 18 (3): 244–52. doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e318258b78f. PMC 3397427. PMID 22647361.
Bartel DP (January 2009). "MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions". Cell. 136 (2): 215–33. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002. PMC 3794896. PMID 19167326.
Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, et al. (January 2009). "Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs". Genome Res. 19 (1): 92–105. doi:10.1101/gr.082701.108. PMC 2612969. PMID 18955434.
Ng EK, Tsang WP, Ng SS, et al. (August 2009). "MicroRNA-143 targets DNA methyltransferases 3A in colorectal cancer". Br J Cancer. 101 (4): 699–706. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605195. PMC 2736825. PMID 19638978.
Kanwal R, Gupta S (April 2012). "Epigenetic modifications in cancer". Clinical Genetics. 81 (4): 303–311. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01809.x. PMC 3590802. PMID 22082348.
Schnekenburger M, Diederich M (March 2012). "Epigenetics Offer New Horizons for Colorectal Cancer Prevention". Current Colorectal Cancer Reports. 8 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1007/s11888-011-0116-z. PMC 3277709. PMID 22389639.
Lao VV, Grady WM (October 2011). "Epigenetics and colorectal cancer". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 8 (12): 686–700. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.173. PMC 3391545. PMID 22009203.
Lahtz C, Pfeifer GP (February 2011). "Epigenetic changes of DNA repair genes in cancer". Journal of Molecular Cell Biology. 3 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjq053. PMC 3030973. PMID 21278452.
Coppedè F, Lopomo A, Spisni R, et al. (January 2014). "Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of colorectal cancer". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (4): 943–956. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.943. PMC 3921546. PMID 24574767.
Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, et al. (November 2015). "The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer". Nature Medicine. 21 (11): 1350–1356. doi:10.1038/nm.3967. PMC 4636487. PMID 26457759.
Orouji E, Raman AT, Singh AK, et al. (May 2021). "Chromatin state dynamics confers specific therapeutic strategies in enhancer subtypes of colorectal cancer". Gut. 71 (5): 938–949. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322835. PMC 8745382. PMID 34059508. S2CID 235269540.
Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC (December 2011). "16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010". British Journal of Cancer. 105 (S2): S77 – S81. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.489. PMC 3252065. PMID 22158327.
Chaplin A, Rodriguez RM, Segura-Sampedro JJ, et al. (October 2022). "Insights behind the Relationship between Colorectal Cancer and Obesity: Is Visceral Adipose Tissue the Missing Link?". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (21): 13128. doi:10.3390/ijms232113128. PMC 9655590. PMID 36361914.
Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al. (August 2016). "Body Fatness and Cancer – Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (8): 794–798. doi:10.1056/nejmsr1606602. PMC 6754861. PMID 27557308.
Tuan J, Chen YX (December 18, 2015). "Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk and Interactions with Microbiota: Fiber, Red or Processed Meat and Alcoholic Drinks". Gastrointestinal Tumors. 3 (1). S. Karger AG: 17–24. doi:10.1159/000442831. ISSN 2296-3774. PMC 5040877. PMID 27722153.
Song M, Chan AT (January 2019). "Environmental Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer Prevention". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 17 (2): 275–289. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.07.012. PMC 6314893. PMID 30031175. Despite the longstanding hypothesis that a high-fiber diet may protect against colorectal cancer... epidemiologic studies associating dietary fiber intake with subsequent risk of colorectal cancer have yielded inconsistent results... Nonetheless, based on existing evidence, the most recent expert report from the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research in 2017 concludes that there is probable evidence
Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, et al. (August 2016). "Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". BMJ. 354: i3857. doi:10.1136/bmj.i3857. PMC 4979358. PMID 27510511.
Swartz AW, Eberth JM, Josey MJ, et al. (October 2017). "Reanalysis of All-Cause Mortality in the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 2016 Evidence Report on Colorectal Cancer Screening". Annals of Internal Medicine. 167 (8): 602–603. doi:10.7326/M17-0859. PMC 5823607. PMID 28828493.
Lee JK, Liles EG, Bent S, et al. (February 2014). "Accuracy of fecal immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 160 (3): 171. doi:10.7326/M13-1484. PMC 4189821. PMID 24658694.
Li SJ, Sharples LD, Benton SC, et al. (September 2021). "Faecal immunochemical testing in bowel cancer screening: Estimating outcomes for different diagnostic policies". Journal of Medical Screening. 28 (3): 277–285. doi:10.1177/0969141320980501. PMC 8366184. PMID 33342370.
Qaseem A, Crandall CJ, Mustafa RA, et al. (November 2019). "Screening for Colorectal Cancer in Asymptomatic Average-Risk Adults: A Guidance Statement From the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 171 (9): 643–654. doi:10.7326/M19-0642. PMC 8152103. PMID 31683290.
Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M (April 2014). "Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies". BMJ. 348 (apr09 1): g2467. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2467. PMC 3980789. PMID 24922745.
Tang V, Boscardin WJ, Stijacic-Cenzer I, et al. (April 2015). "Time to benefit for colorectal cancer screening: survival meta-analysis of flexible sigmoidoscopy trials". BMJ. 350: h1662. doi:10.1136/bmj.h1662. PMC 4399600. PMID 25881903.
Bacchus CM, Dunfield L, Gorber SC, et al. (March 2016). "Recommendations on screening for colorectal cancer in primary care". CMAJ. 188 (5): 340–348. doi:10.1503/cmaj.151125. PMC 4786388. PMID 26903355.
Tepus M, Yau TO (July 2020). "Non-Invasive Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Overview". Gastrointestinal Tumors. 7 (3): 62–73. doi:10.1159/000507701. PMC 7445682. PMID 32903904.
Chiorean EG, Nandakumar G, Fadelu T, et al. (March 2020). "Treatment of Patients With Late-Stage Colorectal Cancer: ASCO Resource-Stratified Guideline". JCO Global Oncology. 6 (6): 414–438. doi:10.1200/JGO.19.00367. PMC 7124947. PMID 32150483.
McCarthy K, Pearson K, Fulton R, et al. (Cochrane Colorectal Cancer Group) (December 2012). "Pre-operative chemoradiation for non-metastatic locally advanced rectal cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (12): CD008368. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008368.pub2. PMC 12015662. PMID 23235660.
Bendell J (March 14, 2024). "Antiangiogenic Agents in First-Line and Second-Line Therapy for Advanced Colorectal Cancer". Gastrointestinal Cancer Research. 1 (4 Suppl 2). International Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology: S22–8. PMC 2666834. PMID 19365574.
Shaib W, Mahajan R, El-Rayes B (September 2013). "Markers of resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer". Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 4 (3): 308–318. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.029. PMC 3712296. PMID 23997942.
Yau TO (October 2019). "Precision treatment in colorectal cancer: Now and the future". JGH Open. 3 (5): 361–369. doi:10.1002/jgh3.12153. PMC 6788378. PMID 31633039.
Sugarbaker PH, Van der Speeten K (February 2016). "Surgical technology and pharmacology of hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy". Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 7 (1): 29–44. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.105. PMC 4754302. PMID 26941982.
Arjona-Sánchez A, Espinosa-Redondo E, Gutiérrez-Calvo A, et al. (April 2023). "Efficacy and Safety of Intraoperative Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA Surgery. 158 (7): 683–691. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2023.0662. PMC 10134040. PMID 37099280.
Troester A, Parikh R, Southwell B, et al. (August 20, 2024). "Treatment of stage I-III squamous cell anal cancer: a comparative effectiveness systematic review". JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 117 (2): 240–252. doi:10.1093/jnci/djae195. ISSN 0027-8874. PMC 11807441. PMID 39163501.
Feeney G, Sehgal R, Sheehan M, et al. (September 2019). "Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer management". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 25 (33): 4850–4869. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4850. PMC 6737323. PMID 31543678.
Li Y, Wang J, Ma X, et al. (2016). "A Review of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". International Journal of Biological Sciences. 12 (8): 1022–1031. doi:10.7150/ijbs.15438. PMC 4971740. PMID 27489505.
Cao C, Wang D, Tian DH, et al. (December 2019). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of stereotactic body radiation therapy for colorectal pulmonary metastases". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 11 (12): 5187–5198. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.12. PMC 6988072. PMID 32030236.
Boland PM, Ma WW (May 2017). "Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer". Cancers. 9 (5): 50. doi:10.3390/cancers9050050. PMC 5447960. PMID 28492495.
Borras, DM, Verbandt, et al. (November 2023). "Single cell dynamics of tumor specificity vs bystander activity in CD8+ T cells define the diverse immune landscapes in colorectal cancer". Cell Discovery. 9 (114) 114. doi:10.1038/s41421-023-00605-4. PMC 10652011. PMID 37968259.
Cercek A, Lumish M, Sinopoli J, et al. (June 2022). "PD-1 Blockade in Mismatch Repair–Deficient, Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 386 (25): 2363–2376. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2201445. PMC 9492301. PMID 35660797. S2CID 249395846.
Son H, Son YJ, Kim H, et al. (June 8, 2018). "Effect of psychosocial interventions on the quality of life of patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 16 (1): 119. doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0943-6. ISSN 1477-7525. PMC 5994008. PMID 29884182.
Peng YN, Huang ML, Kao CH (January 31, 2019). "Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Literature Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (3): 411. doi:10.3390/ijerph16030411. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 6388369. PMID 30709020.
Cheng V, Oveisi N, McTaggart-Cowan H, et al. (2022). "Colorectal Cancer and Onset of Anxiety and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Current Oncology. 29 (11): 8751–8766. doi:10.3390/curroncol29110689. ISSN 1718-7729. PMC 9689519. PMID 36421342.
Mosher CE, Winger JG, Given BA, et al. (2016). "Mental health outcomes during colorectal cancer survivorship: a review of the literature: Mental health in colorectal cancer survivorship". Psycho-Oncology. 25 (11): 1261–1270. doi:10.1002/pon.3954. PMC 4894828. PMID 26315692.
Phelan SM, Griffin JM, Jackson GL, et al. (2013). "Stigma, perceived blame, self-blame, and depressive symptoms in men with colorectal cancer". Psycho-Oncology. 22 (1): 65–73. doi:10.1002/pon.2048. ISSN 1057-9249. PMC 6000725. PMID 21954081.
Hua H, Jiang Q, Sun P, et al. (May 5, 2023). "Risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Oncology. 13. doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1132306. ISSN 2234-943X. PMC 10196487. PMID 37213277.
Jeffery M, Hickey BE, Hider PN (September 2019). "Follow-up strategies for patients treated for non-metastatic colorectal cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (9): CD002200. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002200.pub4. PMC 6726414. PMID 31483854.
Doroudian S, Osterman E, Glimelius B (June 9, 2024). "Risk Factors for Recurrence After Surgery for Rectal Cancer in a Modern, Nationwide Population-Based Cohort". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 31 (9): 5570–5584. doi:10.1245/s10434-024-15552-x. ISSN 1068-9265. PMC 11300512. PMID 38853216.
Nors J, Iversen LH, Erichsen R, et al. (January 1, 2024). "Incidence of Recurrence and Time to Recurrence in Stage I to III Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study". JAMA Oncology. 10 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.5098. ISSN 2374-2437. PMC 10654928. PMID 37971197.
Hong Y (June 30, 2020). "Clinical study of colorectal cancer operation: Survival analysis". Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology 2020. 16 (1): 3–8. doi:10.14216/kjco.20002. PMC 9942716. PMID 36945303.
Ramirez M, McMullen C, Grant M, et al. (December 2009). "Figuring out sex in a reconfigured body: experiences of female colorectal cancer survivors with ostomies". Women & Health. 49 (8): 608–624. doi:10.1080/03630240903496093. PMC 2836795. PMID 20183104.
Steele N, Haigh R, Knowles G, et al. (September 2007). "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) testing in colorectal cancer follow up: what do patients think?". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 83 (983): 612–614. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.059634. PMC 2600007. PMID 17823231.
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–2128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMC 10790329. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253.
Puzzono M, Mannucci A, Grannò S, et al. (2021). "The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review". Cancers. 13 (23): 5933. doi:10.3390/cancers13235933. ISSN 2072-6694. PMC 8657307. PMID 34885046.
Vuik FE, Nieuwenburg SA, Bardou M, et al. (2019). "Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults in Europe over the last 25 years". Gut. 68 (10): 1820–1826. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317592. ISSN 0017-5749. PMC 6839794. PMID 31097539.
Unanue-Arza S, Solís-Ibinagagoitia M, Díaz-Seoane M, et al. (December 12, 2020). "Inequalities and risk factors related to non-participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review". The European Journal of Public Health. 31 (2): 346–355. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa203. ISSN 1101-1262. PMC 8071594. PMID 33313657.
Rehemtulla A (December 2010). "Dinosaurs and ancient civilizations: reflections on the treatment of cancer". Neoplasia. 12 (12): 957–968. doi:10.1593/neo.101588. PMC 3003131. PMID 21170260.
Chan DS, Lau R, Aune D, et al. (2011). "Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e20456. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620456C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020456. PMC 3108955. PMID 21674008.)
Motamedi MA, Mak NT, Brown CJ, et al. (June 13, 2023). Cochrane Colorectal Group (ed.). "Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (6). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002198.pub3. PMC 10264720. PMID 37310167.
McGettigan M, Cardwell CR, Cantwell MM, et al. (May 3, 2020). Cochrane Colorectal Group (ed.). "Physical activity interventions for disease-related physical and mental health during and following treatment in people with non-advanced colorectal cancer". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012864.pub2. PMC 7196359. PMID 32361988.

nihr.ac.uk

evidence.nihr.ac.uk

"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening". NIHR Evidence. September 13, 2021. doi:10.3310/alert_47581. S2CID 239113610. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening". NIHR Evidence. September 13, 2021. doi:10.3310/alert_47581. S2CID 239113610.

pathologyoutlines.com

"TNM staging of colorectal carcinoma (AJCC 8th edition)". www.pathologyoutlines.com. Retrieved February 24, 2019.

qmul.ac.uk

qmro.qmul.ac.uk

Thorat MA, Cuzick J (December 2013). "Role of aspirin in cancer prevention". Current Oncology Reports. 15 (6): 533–540. doi:10.1007/s11912-013-0351-3. PMID 24114189. S2CID 40187047.

rivm.nl

"Bevolkingsonderzoek darmkanker". rivm.nl. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. (November 2018). "Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (6): 394–424. doi:10.3322/caac.21492. PMID 30207593. S2CID 52188256.
Thorat MA, Cuzick J (December 2013). "Role of aspirin in cancer prevention". Current Oncology Reports. 15 (6): 533–540. doi:10.1007/s11912-013-0351-3. PMID 24114189. S2CID 40187047.
Watson AJ, Collins PD (2011). "Colon cancer: a civilization disorder". Digestive Diseases. 29 (2): 222–228. doi:10.1159/000323926. PMID 21734388. S2CID 7640363.
Cunningham D, Atkin W, Lenz HJ, et al. (March 2010). "Colorectal cancer". Lancet. 375 (9719): 1030–1047. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60353-4. PMID 20304247. S2CID 25299272.
Vyas DA, Eisenstein LG, Jones DS (August 27, 2020). Malina D (ed.). "Hidden in Plain Sight — Reconsidering the Use of Race Correction in Clinical Algorithms". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (9): 874–882. doi:10.1056/NEJMms2004740. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 32853499. S2CID 221359557.
Valtin H (November 2002). ""Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 x 8"?". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 283 (5): R993–1004. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002. PMID 12376390. S2CID 2256436.
Arthur JC (June 2020). "Microbiota and colorectal cancer: colibactin makes its mark". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 17 (6): 317–318. doi:10.1038/s41575-020-0303-y. PMID 32317778. S2CID 216033220.
Juhn E, Khachemoune A (2010). "Gardner syndrome: skin manifestations, differential diagnosis and management". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 11 (2): 117–122. doi:10.2165/11311180-000000000-00000. PMID 20141232. S2CID 36836169.
Möslein G, Pistorius S, Saeger HD, et al. (March 2003). "Preventive surgery for colon cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome". Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 388 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1007/s00423-003-0364-8. PMID 12690475. S2CID 21385340.
Stein U, Walther W, Arlt F, et al. (January 2009). "MACC1, a newly identified key regulator of HGF-MET signaling, predicts colon cancer metastasis". Nature Medicine. 15 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1038/nm.1889. PMID 19098908. S2CID 8854895.
Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, et al. (June 1993). "Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis". Nature. 363 (6429): 558–561. Bibcode:1993Natur.363..558I. doi:10.1038/363558a0. PMID 8505985. S2CID 4254940.
Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (August 2004). "Cancer genes and the pathways they control". Nature Medicine. 10 (8): 789–799. doi:10.1038/nm1087. PMID 15286780. S2CID 205383514.
Leslie A, Carey FA, Pratt NR, et al. (July 2002). "The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence". The British Journal of Surgery. 89 (7): 845–860. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02120.x. ISSN 0007-1323. PMID 12081733. S2CID 36456541.
Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (September 1953). "Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin". Cancer. 6 (5): 963–968. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 13094644. S2CID 6736946.
Rubin H (March 2011). "Fields and field cancerization: the preneoplastic origins of cancer: asymptomatic hyperplastic fields are precursors of neoplasia, and their progression to tumors can be tracked by saturation density in culture". BioEssays. 33 (3): 224–231. doi:10.1002/bies.201000067. PMID 21254148. S2CID 44981539.
Orouji E, Raman AT, Singh AK, et al. (May 2021). "Chromatin state dynamics confers specific therapeutic strategies in enhancer subtypes of colorectal cancer". Gut. 71 (5): 938–949. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322835. PMC 8745382. PMID 34059508. S2CID 235269540.
Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, et al. (2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls". Radiographics. 43 (4): e220135. doi:10.1148/rg.220135. PMID 36927125. S2CID 257583845.
Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, et al. (April 2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls". Radiographics. 43 (4): e220135. doi:10.1148/rg.220135. PMID 36927125. S2CID 257583845.
Kang H, O'Connell JB, Leonardi MJ, et al. (February 2007). "Rare tumors of the colon and rectum: a national review". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 22 (2): 183–189. doi:10.1007/s00384-006-0145-2. PMID 16845516. S2CID 34693873.
Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, et al. (February 2019). "Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses". Lancet. 393 (10170): 434–445. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9. PMID 30638909. S2CID 58632705.
Jabbari M, Pourmoradian S, Eini-Zinab H, et al. (November 2022). "Levels of evidence for the association between different food groups/items consumption and the risk of various cancer sites: an umbrella review". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 73 (7): 861–874. doi:10.1080/09637486.2022.2103523. PMID 35920747. S2CID 251280745.
Harriss DJ, Atkinson G, Batterham A, et al. (September 2009). "Lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer risk (2): a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations with leisure-time physical activity". Colorectal Disease. 11 (7): 689–701. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01767.x. PMID 19207713. S2CID 8026021.
Robsahm TE, Aagnes B, Hjartåker A, et al. (November 2013). "Body mass index, physical activity, and colorectal cancer by anatomical subsites: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies". European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 22 (6): 492–505. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328360f434. PMID 23591454. S2CID 24764995.
Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, et al. (January 2015). "Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 162 (2): 123–132. doi:10.7326/M14-1651. PMID 25599350. S2CID 7256176.
Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Watson E, et al. (June 2008). "Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): an update". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 103 (6): 1541–1549. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01875.x. PMID 18479499. S2CID 26338156.
"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening". NIHR Evidence. September 13, 2021. doi:10.3310/alert_47581. S2CID 239113610. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, et al. (February 2003). "Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale-Update based on new evidence". Gastroenterology. 124 (2): 544–560. doi:10.1053/gast.2003.50044. PMID 12557158. S2CID 29354772.
"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening". NIHR Evidence. September 13, 2021. doi:10.3310/alert_47581. S2CID 239113610.
Yamashita K, Oka S, Tanaka S, et al. (March 1, 2019). "Long-term prognosis after treatment for T1 carcinoma of laterally spreading tumors: a multicenter retrospective study". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 34 (3): 481–490. doi:10.1007/s00384-018-3203-7. ISSN 1432-1262. PMID 30607579. S2CID 57427824.
Esquivel J, Sticca R, Sugarbaker P, et al. (January 2007). "Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the management of peritoneal surface malignancies of colonic origin: a consensus statement. Society of Surgical Oncology". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 14 (1): 128–133. doi:10.1245/s10434-006-9185-7. PMID 17072675. S2CID 21282326.
Cercek A, Lumish M, Sinopoli J, et al. (June 2022). "PD-1 Blockade in Mismatch Repair–Deficient, Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 386 (25): 2363–2376. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2201445. PMC 9492301. PMID 35660797. S2CID 249395846.
Higginson IJ, Evans CJ (September–October 2010). "What is the evidence that palliative care teams improve outcomes for cancer patients and their families?". Cancer Journal. 16 (5): 423–435. doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f684e5. PMID 20890138. S2CID 39881122.
Osterman E, Glimelius B (September 2018). "Recurrence Risk After Up-to-Date Colon Cancer Staging, Surgery, and Pathology: Analysis of the Entire Swedish Population". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 61 (9): 1016–1025. doi:10.1097/dcr.0000000000001158. PMID 30086050. S2CID 51934598.
Xu Z, Becerra AZ, Fleming FJ, et al. (October 2019). "Treatments for Stage IV Colon Cancer and Overall Survival". The Journal of Surgical Research. 242: 47–54. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2019.04.034. PMID 31071604. S2CID 149443256.
Restivo A, Zorcolo L, D'Alia G, et al. (February 2016). "Risk of complications and long-term functional alterations after local excision of rectal tumors with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM)". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 31 (2): 257–266. doi:10.1007/s00384-015-2371-y. PMID 26298182. S2CID 29087556.
Bregendahl S, Emmertsen KJ, Lindegaard JC, et al. (January 2015). "Urinary and sexual dysfunction in women after resection with and without preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: a population-based cross-sectional study". Colorectal Disease. 17 (1): 26–37. doi:10.1111/codi.12758. PMID 25156386. S2CID 42069306.
McGeechan GJ, Byrnes K, Campbell M, et al. (January 2021). "A systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the experience of living with colorectal cancer as a chronic illness". Psychology & Health. 37 (3): 350–374. doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1867137. PMID 33499649. S2CID 231771176.
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–2128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMC 10790329. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253.

tees.ac.uk

research.tees.ac.uk

McGeechan GJ, Byrnes K, Campbell M, et al. (January 2021). "A systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the experience of living with colorectal cancer as a chronic illness". Psychology & Health. 37 (3): 350–374. doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1867137. PMID 33499649. S2CID 231771176.

thedacare.org

"First Colonoscopies Now Recommended at Age 45". ThedaCare. Retrieved December 30, 2022.

uea.ac.uk

ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk

Watson AJ, Collins PD (2011). "Colon cancer: a civilization disorder". Digestive Diseases. 29 (2): 222–228. doi:10.1159/000323926. PMID 21734388. S2CID 7640363.

uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org

"Screening for Colorectal Cancer". U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. 2008. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2011.

wcrf.org

"Colorectal Cancer 2011 Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer" (PDF). World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute for Cancer Research. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2016.

web.archive.org

"General Information About Colon Cancer". NCI. May 12, 2014. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
"Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
"Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. May 12, 2014. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum Cancer". NCI. Archived from the original on June 24, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
"Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: recommendation statement". American Family Physician. 76 (1): 109–113. July 2007. PMID 17668849. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.
Alpers DH, Kalloo AN, Kaplowitz N, et al. (2008). Yamada T (ed.). Principles of clinical gastroenterology. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 381. ISBN 978-1-4051-6910-3. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015.
"Colorectal Cancer 2011 Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer" (PDF). World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute for Cancer Research. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2016.
"Oncogenes". Kimball's Biology Pages. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017.
"Colon, Rectosigmoid, and Rectum Equivalent Terms and Definitions C180–C189, C199, C209, (Excludes lymphoma and leukemia M9590 – M9992 and Kaposi sarcoma M9140) – Colon Solid Tumor Rules 2018. July 2019 Update" (PDF). National Cancer Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2020.
Searke D (2006). Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 809. ISBN 978-0-19-974797-9. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015.
Rennert G (2007). Cancer Prevention. Springer. p. 179. ISBN 978-3-540-37696-5. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. "Aspirin or Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for the Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer". United States Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. 2010/2011
"What Can I Do to Reduce My Risk of Colorectal Cancer?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 2, 2014. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
"Screening for Colorectal Cancer". U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. 2008. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" (PDF). Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation. American Gastroenterological Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
"NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme". cancerscreening.nhs.uk. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014.
"Home – Bowel Cancer Australia". bowelcanceraustralia.org. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014.
"Bevolkingsonderzoek darmkanker". rivm.nl. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014.
"Palliative or Supportive Care". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
"ASCO Provisional Clinical Opinion: The Integration of Palliative Care into Standard Oncology Care". ASCO. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
"National Comprehensive Cancer Network" (PDF). nccn.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2009.
WHO (February 2010). "Cancer". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al. (2010). "Colorectal Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2008 – Summary". Archived from the original on October 17, 2012.; "GLOBOCAN 2008 v2.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10". Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Archived from the original on May 8, 2011.
"Bowel cancer | About bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK". www.cancerresearchuk.org. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
"Cancer: Carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat". IARC. October 26, 2015. Archived from the original on July 23, 2025.
"IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat" (PDF). IARC. October 26, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 27, 2025.

webmd.com

"What is the relationship between Ashkenazi Jews and colorectal cancer?". WebMD. Retrieved October 17, 2019.

who.int

"Cancer prevention". World Health Organization. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
WHO (February 2010). "Cancer". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
"Cancer: Carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat". IARC. October 26, 2015. Archived from the original on July 23, 2025.

iarc.who.int

"IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat" (PDF). IARC. October 26, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 27, 2025.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Vyas DA, Eisenstein LG, Jones DS (August 27, 2020). Malina D (ed.). "Hidden in Plain Sight — Reconsidering the Use of Race Correction in Clinical Algorithms". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (9): 874–882. doi:10.1056/NEJMms2004740. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 32853499. S2CID 221359557.
Bowles TL, Hu CY, You NY, et al. (May 2013). "An Individualized Conditional Survival Calculator for Patients with Rectal Cancer". Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 56 (5): 551–559. doi:10.1097/DCR.0b013e31827bd287. ISSN 0012-3706. PMC 3673550. PMID 23575393.
Tabibzadeh A, Tameshkel FS, Moradi Y, et al. (October 30, 2020). "Signal transduction pathway mutations in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 18713. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1018713T. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73770-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7599243. PMID 33127962.
Leslie A, Carey FA, Pratt NR, et al. (July 2002). "The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence". The British Journal of Surgery. 89 (7): 845–860. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02120.x. ISSN 0007-1323. PMID 12081733. S2CID 36456541.
Nguyen LH, Goel A, Chung DC (January 2020). "Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis". Gastroenterology. 158 (2): 291–302. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.059. ISSN 0016-5085. PMC 6981255. PMID 31622622.
Tuan J, Chen YX (December 18, 2015). "Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk and Interactions with Microbiota: Fiber, Red or Processed Meat and Alcoholic Drinks". Gastrointestinal Tumors. 3 (1). S. Karger AG: 17–24. doi:10.1159/000442831. ISSN 2296-3774. PMC 5040877. PMID 27722153.
Yamashita K, Oka S, Tanaka S, et al. (March 1, 2019). "Long-term prognosis after treatment for T1 carcinoma of laterally spreading tumors: a multicenter retrospective study". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 34 (3): 481–490. doi:10.1007/s00384-018-3203-7. ISSN 1432-1262. PMID 30607579. S2CID 57427824.
Troester A, Parikh R, Southwell B, et al. (August 20, 2024). "Treatment of stage I-III squamous cell anal cancer: a comparative effectiveness systematic review". JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 117 (2): 240–252. doi:10.1093/jnci/djae195. ISSN 0027-8874. PMC 11807441. PMID 39163501.
Huh JW, Tanksley J, Chino J, et al. (July 1, 2020). "Long-term Consequences of Pelvic Irradiation: Toxicities, Challenges, and Therapeutic Opportunities with Pharmacologic Mitigators". Clinical Cancer Research. 26 (13): 3079–3090. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2744. ISSN 1078-0432. PMID 32098770. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
Son H, Son YJ, Kim H, et al. (June 8, 2018). "Effect of psychosocial interventions on the quality of life of patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 16 (1): 119. doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0943-6. ISSN 1477-7525. PMC 5994008. PMID 29884182.
Peng YN, Huang ML, Kao CH (January 31, 2019). "Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Literature Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (3): 411. doi:10.3390/ijerph16030411. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 6388369. PMID 30709020.
Cheng V, Oveisi N, McTaggart-Cowan H, et al. (2022). "Colorectal Cancer and Onset of Anxiety and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Current Oncology. 29 (11): 8751–8766. doi:10.3390/curroncol29110689. ISSN 1718-7729. PMC 9689519. PMID 36421342.
Reynolds LM, Consedine NS, Pizarro DA, et al. (2013). "Disgust and Behavioral Avoidance in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Treatment: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda". Cancer Nursing. 36 (2): 122–130. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e31826a4b1b. ISSN 0162-220X. PMID 23047793.
Phelan SM, Griffin JM, Jackson GL, et al. (2013). "Stigma, perceived blame, self-blame, and depressive symptoms in men with colorectal cancer". Psycho-Oncology. 22 (1): 65–73. doi:10.1002/pon.2048. ISSN 1057-9249. PMC 6000725. PMID 21954081.
Hoon LS, Chi Sally CW, Hong-Gu H (2013). "Effect of psychosocial interventions on outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer: A review of the literature". European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 17 (6): 883–891. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2013.05.001. ISSN 1462-3889. PMID 23759360.
Meng X, Wang X, Dong Z (October 1, 2021). "Impact of non-pharmacological interventions on quality of life, anxiety, and depression scores in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Supportive Care in Cancer. 29 (10): 5635–5652. doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06185-x. ISSN 1433-7339. PMID 33786669.
Hua H, Jiang Q, Sun P, et al. (May 5, 2023). "Risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis". Frontiers in Oncology. 13. doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1132306. ISSN 2234-943X. PMC 10196487. PMID 37213277.
Doroudian S, Osterman E, Glimelius B (June 9, 2024). "Risk Factors for Recurrence After Surgery for Rectal Cancer in a Modern, Nationwide Population-Based Cohort". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 31 (9): 5570–5584. doi:10.1245/s10434-024-15552-x. ISSN 1068-9265. PMC 11300512. PMID 38853216.
Nors J, Iversen LH, Erichsen R, et al. (January 1, 2024). "Incidence of Recurrence and Time to Recurrence in Stage I to III Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study". JAMA Oncology. 10 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.5098. ISSN 2374-2437. PMC 10654928. PMID 37971197.
Puzzono M, Mannucci A, Grannò S, et al. (2021). "The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review". Cancers. 13 (23): 5933. doi:10.3390/cancers13235933. ISSN 2072-6694. PMC 8657307. PMID 34885046.
Vuik FE, Nieuwenburg SA, Bardou M, et al. (2019). "Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults in Europe over the last 25 years". Gut. 68 (10): 1820–1826. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317592. ISSN 0017-5749. PMC 6839794. PMID 31097539.
Unanue-Arza S, Solís-Ibinagagoitia M, Díaz-Seoane M, et al. (December 12, 2020). "Inequalities and risk factors related to non-participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review". The European Journal of Public Health. 31 (2): 346–355. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa203. ISSN 1101-1262. PMC 8071594. PMID 33313657.

yalemedicine.org

Katella K. "Colorectal Cancer: What Millennials and Gen Zers Need to Know". YaleMedicine.