Colossus computer (English Wikipedia)

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      - Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11E The Tunny Network, (b) Wheel-breaking and Setting, p. 15. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 12 Cryptographic Aspects, 12A The Problem, (a) Formulae and Notation, p. 16. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11B The Tunny Cipher Machine, (e) Psi-key, p. 7. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11B The Tunny Cipher Machine, (a) Addition, p. 5. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 3 Organisation: 31 Mr Newman's section, p. 276. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 15 Some Historical Notes, 15A First Stages in Machine Development, (c) Heath Robinson, p. 33. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 15 – Some Historical Notes, 15C Period of Expansion, (b) Colossus, p. 35. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 5 Machines: 53 Colossus 53A Introduction, p.333. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 5 Machines: 53 Colossus 53B The Z stream, p.333. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 5 Machines: 53 Colossus, pp. 333–353. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        Good, Michie & Timms 1945. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 5 Machines: 51 Introductory, (j) Impressions of Colossus, p. 327. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.

aps.org

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archive.org

Randell 1980, p. 9. Randell, Brian (1980), "The Colossus" (PDF), in Metropolis, N.; Howlett, J.; Rota, Gian-Carlo (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, Elsevier Science, pp. 47–92, ISBN 978-0124916500
Budiansky 2000, p. 314. Budiansky, Stephen (2000), Battle of wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II, Free Press, ISBN 978-0684859323
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Randell 1980, p. 87. Randell, Brian (1980), "The Colossus" (PDF), in Metropolis, N.; Howlett, J.; Rota, Gian-Carlo (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, Elsevier Science, pp. 47–92, ISBN 978-0124916500

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Ward, Mark (16 November 2007). "Colossus loses code-cracking race". BBC News. Retrieved 2 January 2010.

bcs.org

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Small 1944, p. 15. Small, Albert W. (December 1944), The Special Fish Report describes the operation of Colossus in breaking Tunny messages
Small 1944, p. 65. Small, Albert W. (December 1944), The Special Fish Report describes the operation of Colossus in breaking Tunny messages
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doi.org

Flowers 1983, p. 246. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Preneel, Bart, ed. (2000), "Colossus and the German Lorenz Cipher – Code Breaking in WW II" (PDF), Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2000: International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques Bruges, Belgium May 14-18, 2000, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, p. 417, doi:10.1007/3-540-45539-6_29, ISBN 978-3540675174, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2008
Flowers 1983, p. 244. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 249–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 243, 245. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Coombs 1983. Coombs, Allen W. M. (July 1983), "The Making of Colossus", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 253–259, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10085, S2CID 597530
Lavington, S. H. (July 1977), "The Manchester Mark 1 and Atlas: a Historical Perspective" (PDF), Communications of the ACM, 21 (1): 4–12, doi:10.1145/359327.359331, S2CID 10301670, archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2004, retrieved 8 February 2009
Flowers 1983. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 241, 242. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 239–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Wells, Benjamin (2009). "Advances in I/O, Speedup, and Universality on Colossus, an Unconventional Computer". Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Unconventional Computation 2009 (UC09), Ponta Delgada, Portugal. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5175. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 247–261. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03745-0_27. ISBN 978-3-642-03744-3.

gchq.gov.uk

GCHQ 2024. "GCHQ Celebrates 80 Years of Colossus". GCHQ. 18 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.

ghostarchive.org

Roberts, Jerry (2009). Capt. Jerry Roberts: My Top Secret Codebreaking at Bletchley Park 1941 to 45: Lecture on 11 March 2009. University College London. 34 minutes in. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021 – via YouTube.

iacr.org

Preneel, Bart, ed. (2000), "Colossus and the German Lorenz Cipher – Code Breaking in WW II" (PDF), Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2000: International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques Bruges, Belgium May 14-18, 2000, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, p. 417, doi:10.1007/3-540-45539-6_29, ISBN 978-3540675174, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2008

independent.co.uk

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Flowers 1983, p. 246. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, p. 244. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 249–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 243, 245. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Coombs 1983. Coombs, Allen W. M. (July 1983), "The Making of Colossus", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 253–259, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10085, S2CID 597530
Flowers 1983. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 241, 242. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 239–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473

ncl.ac.uk

cs.ncl.ac.uk

Randell 1980, p. 9. Randell, Brian (1980), "The Colossus" (PDF), in Metropolis, N.; Howlett, J.; Rota, Gian-Carlo (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, Elsevier Science, pp. 47–92, ISBN 978-0124916500
Randell 1980, p. 87. Randell, Brian (1980), "The Colossus" (PDF), in Metropolis, N.; Howlett, J.; Rota, Gian-Carlo (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, Elsevier Science, pp. 47–92, ISBN 978-0124916500

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Flowers 1983, p. 246. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, p. 244. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 249–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 243, 245. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Coombs 1983. Coombs, Allen W. M. (July 1983), "The Making of Colossus", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 253–259, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10085, S2CID 597530
Lavington, S. H. (July 1977), "The Manchester Mark 1 and Atlas: a Historical Perspective" (PDF), Communications of the ACM, 21 (1): 4–12, doi:10.1145/359327.359331, S2CID 10301670, archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2004, retrieved 8 February 2009
Flowers 1983. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 241, 242. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 239–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473

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Lavington, S. H. (July 1977), "The Manchester Mark 1 and Atlas: a Historical Perspective" (PDF), Communications of the ACM, 21 (1): 4–12, doi:10.1145/359327.359331, S2CID 10301670, archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2004, retrieved 8 February 2009

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web.archive.org

Golden, Frederic (29 March 1999), "Who Built The First Computer?", Time, vol. 153, no. 12, archived from the original on 6 January 2006
Preneel, Bart, ed. (2000), "Colossus and the German Lorenz Cipher – Code Breaking in WW II" (PDF), Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2000: International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques Bruges, Belgium May 14-18, 2000, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, p. 417, doi:10.1007/3-540-45539-6_29, ISBN 978-3540675174, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2008
Colossus – The Rebuild Story, The National Museum of Computing, archived from the original on 18 April 2015, retrieved 13 May 2017
Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11B The Tunny Cipher Machine, p. 6. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
- Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11A Fish Machines, (c) The German Ciphered Teleprinter, p. 4. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
  - Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11C Wheel Patterns, (b) Differenced and Undifferenced Wheels, p. 11. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
    - Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 24 – Rectangling: 24B Making and Entering Rectangles pp. 114–115, 119–120. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
      - Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11E The Tunny Network, (b) Wheel-breaking and Setting, p. 15. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 12 Cryptographic Aspects, 12A The Problem, (a) Formulae and Notation, p. 16. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11B The Tunny Cipher Machine, (e) Psi-key, p. 7. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11B The Tunny Cipher Machine, (a) Addition, p. 5. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 3 Organisation: 31 Mr Newman's section, p. 276. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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worldcat.org

Winterbotham, F.W. (2000) [1974], The Ultra secret: the inside story of Operation Ultra, Bletchley Park and Enigma, London: Orion Books Ltd, ISBN 9780752837512, OCLC 222735270

youtube.com

Roberts, Jerry (2009). Capt. Jerry Roberts: My Top Secret Codebreaking at Bletchley Park 1941 to 45: Lecture on 11 March 2009. University College London. 34 minutes in. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021 – via YouTube.
Horwood, D.C. (1973). A technical description of Colossus I: PRO HW 25/24. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014 – via YouTube.