Colossus computer (English Wikipedia)

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        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
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        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11B The Tunny Cipher Machine, (e) Psi-key, p. 7. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11B The Tunny Cipher Machine, (a) Addition, p. 5. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 3 Organisation: 31 Mr Newman's section, p. 276. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 15 Some Historical Notes, 15A First Stages in Machine Development, (c) Heath Robinson, p. 33. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 15 – Some Historical Notes, 15C Period of Expansion, (b) Colossus, p. 35. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 5 Machines: 53 Colossus 53A Introduction, p.333. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 5 Machines: 53 Colossus 53B The Z stream, p.333. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 5 Machines: 53 Colossus, pp. 333–353. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        "(facsimile)". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010 – via AlanTuring.net.
        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 5 Machines: 51 Introductory, (j) Impressions of Colossus, p. 327. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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aps.org

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archive.org

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Randell 1980, p. 87. Randell, Brian (1980), "The Colossus" (PDF), in Metropolis, N.; Howlett, J.; Rota, Gian-Carlo (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, Elsevier Science, pp. 47–92, ISBN 978-0124916500

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Ward, Mark (16 November 2007). "Colossus loses code-cracking race". BBC News. Retrieved 2 January 2010.

bcs.org

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Small 1944, p. 15. Small, Albert W. (December 1944), The Special Fish Report describes the operation of Colossus in breaking Tunny messages
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Flowers 1983, p. 246. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Preneel, Bart, ed. (2000), "Colossus and the German Lorenz Cipher – Code Breaking in WW II" (PDF), Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2000: International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques Bruges, Belgium May 14-18, 2000, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, p. 417, doi:10.1007/3-540-45539-6_29, ISBN 978-3540675174, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2008
Flowers 1983, p. 244. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 249–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 243, 245. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Coombs 1983. Coombs, Allen W. M. (July 1983), "The Making of Colossus", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 253–259, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10085, S2CID 597530
Lavington, S. H. (July 1977), "The Manchester Mark 1 and Atlas: a Historical Perspective" (PDF), Communications of the ACM, 21 (1): 4–12, doi:10.1145/359327.359331, S2CID 10301670, archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2004, retrieved 8 February 2009
Flowers 1983. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 241, 242. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 239–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Wells, Benjamin (2009). "Advances in I/O, Speedup, and Universality on Colossus, an Unconventional Computer". Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Unconventional Computation 2009 (UC09), Ponta Delgada, Portugal. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5175. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 247–261. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03745-0_27. ISBN 978-3-642-03744-3.

gchq.gov.uk

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ghostarchive.org

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iacr.org

Preneel, Bart, ed. (2000), "Colossus and the German Lorenz Cipher – Code Breaking in WW II" (PDF), Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2000: International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques Bruges, Belgium May 14-18, 2000, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, p. 417, doi:10.1007/3-540-45539-6_29, ISBN 978-3540675174, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2008

independent.co.uk

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Flowers 1983, p. 246. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, p. 244. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 249–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 243, 245. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Coombs 1983. Coombs, Allen W. M. (July 1983), "The Making of Colossus", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 253–259, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10085, S2CID 597530
Flowers 1983. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 241, 242. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 239–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473

ncl.ac.uk

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Randell 1980, p. 9. Randell, Brian (1980), "The Colossus" (PDF), in Metropolis, N.; Howlett, J.; Rota, Gian-Carlo (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, Elsevier Science, pp. 47–92, ISBN 978-0124916500
Randell 1980, p. 87. Randell, Brian (1980), "The Colossus" (PDF), in Metropolis, N.; Howlett, J.; Rota, Gian-Carlo (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, Elsevier Science, pp. 47–92, ISBN 978-0124916500

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Flowers 1983, p. 246. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, p. 244. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 249–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 243, 245. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Coombs 1983. Coombs, Allen W. M. (July 1983), "The Making of Colossus", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 253–259, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10085, S2CID 597530
Lavington, S. H. (July 1977), "The Manchester Mark 1 and Atlas: a Historical Perspective" (PDF), Communications of the ACM, 21 (1): 4–12, doi:10.1145/359327.359331, S2CID 10301670, archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2004, retrieved 8 February 2009
Flowers 1983. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 241, 242. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473
Flowers 1983, pp. 239–252. Flowers, Thomas H. (1983), "The Design of Colossus", Annals of the History of Computing, 5 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10079, S2CID 39816473

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Lavington, S. H. (July 1977), "The Manchester Mark 1 and Atlas: a Historical Perspective" (PDF), Communications of the ACM, 21 (1): 4–12, doi:10.1145/359327.359331, S2CID 10301670, archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2004, retrieved 8 February 2009

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Golden, Frederic (29 March 1999), "Who Built The First Computer?", Time, vol. 153, no. 12, archived from the original on 6 January 2006
Preneel, Bart, ed. (2000), "Colossus and the German Lorenz Cipher – Code Breaking in WW II" (PDF), Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2000: International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques Bruges, Belgium May 14-18, 2000, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, p. 417, doi:10.1007/3-540-45539-6_29, ISBN 978-3540675174, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2008
Colossus – The Rebuild Story, The National Museum of Computing, archived from the original on 18 April 2015, retrieved 13 May 2017
Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11B The Tunny Cipher Machine, p. 6. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
- Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11A Fish Machines, (c) The German Ciphered Teleprinter, p. 4. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
  - Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11C Wheel Patterns, (b) Differenced and Undifferenced Wheels, p. 11. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
    - Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 24 – Rectangling: 24B Making and Entering Rectangles pp. 114–115, 119–120. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
      - Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11E The Tunny Network, (b) Wheel-breaking and Setting, p. 15. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 12 Cryptographic Aspects, 12A The Problem, (a) Formulae and Notation, p. 16. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11B The Tunny Cipher Machine, (e) Psi-key, p. 7. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 1 Introduction: 11 German Tunny, 11B The Tunny Cipher Machine, (a) Addition, p. 5. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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        Good, Michie & Timms 1945, 3 Organisation: 31 Mr Newman's section, p. 276. Good, Jack; Michie, Donald; Timms, Geoffrey (1945), General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods, UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5
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youtube.com

Roberts, Jerry (2009). Capt. Jerry Roberts: My Top Secret Codebreaking at Bletchley Park 1941 to 45: Lecture on 11 March 2009. University College London. 34 minutes in. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021 – via YouTube.
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