Columbia (personification) (English Wikipedia)

Higham, John (1990). "Indian Princess and Roman Goddess: The First Female Symbols of America" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. 100: 48. Retrieved July 3, 2022. America alone was a savage. An early predilection for exhibiting her as a naked cannibal, toying with a severed head or a half-roasted human arm, gave way in the seventeenth century to less threatening but still muscular images. She became, for example, a barbaric queen, borne aloft in a giant conch shell, scattering baubles from her cornucopia to the European adventurers crowding below [...].

archive.org

Massachusetts Historical Society (December 1885). Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. University of Michigan. Boston : The Society. p. 159.

archive.today

Selections from Phillis Wheatley Poems and Letters Archived 2006-09-08 at archive.today

archives.gov

founders.archives.gov

"Enclosure: Poem by Phillis Wheatley, 26 October 1775". Retrieved December 7, 2023.

atlasobscura.com

"Object of Intrigue: Confederate Currency". Atlas Obscura. Ella Morton. March 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2024.

bep.gov

"Fractional Currency". Bureau of Engraving & Printing. Historical Resource Center. Retrieved July 13, 2024.

books.google.com

Donald Dewey (2007). The Art of Ill Will: The Story of American Political Cartoons. New York University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780814719855. Retrieved February 1, 2020. (Minus the torch and the book, Columbia herself had been called 'Liberty' long before F. S. Bartholdi's sculpture was dedicated in New York harbor in 1886.)
Johnson, Samuel (1787). Debates in Parliament: Nov. 19, 1740-April 16, 1741. J. Stockdale.
The New England Historical and Genealogical Register. New England Historic Genealogical Society. 1886. pp. 310–313. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Deutsch-Englisches Liederbuch: für dt. Schulen in d. Vereinigten Staaten von America. Steiger. 1864. pp. 110–111. Retrieved July 10, 2024.
David E. Nye (1996). American Technological Sublime. MIT Press. p. 266. ISBN 9780262640343.
Hatchett, Charles (1802), "Outline of the Properties and Habitudes of the Metallic Substance, lately discovered by Charles Hatchett, Esq. and by him denominated Columbium", Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts, I (January): 32–34.
Nicholson, William, ed. (1809), The British Encyclopedia: Or, Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, Comprising an Accurate and Popular View of the Present Improved State of Human Knowledge, vol. 2, Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, p. 284.

bountifulveteranspark.org

"Bountiful Veteran's Park". Bountiful Veteran's Park. Retrieved July 22, 2024.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

"The UK's Royal Mint makes history with a new coin featuring Britannia as a woman of color". CNN Style. March 19, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

doi.org

Steele, Thomas J. (1981). "The Figure of Columbia: Phillis Wheatley plus George Washington". The New England Quarterly. 54 (2): 264–266. doi:10.2307/364975. ISSN 0028-4866. JSTOR 364975.

hailcolumbia.us

"Hail Columbia". Hail Columbia. Archived from the original on November 18, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2013.

hmdb.org

"Columbia Triumphant Park and Statue Liberty Triumphant". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved July 21, 2024.

jstor.org

Steele, Thomas J. (1981). "The Figure of Columbia: Phillis Wheatley plus George Washington". The New England Quarterly. 54 (2): 264–266. doi:10.2307/364975. ISSN 0028-4866. JSTOR 364975.

landmarks.org

"Oak Park River Forest War Memorial". Landmarks Illinoi. Retrieved July 28, 2024.

legisource.net

"Columbia Beckons from the Pediment, But How Did She Get There? Exploring Colorado Capitol Architecture". Colorado Ligesource. August 11, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2024.

loc.gov

"Columbia the Gem of the Ocean". Liberty of Congress. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
"Chateau-Thierry Monument, Route du Monument , Chateau-Thierry, Departement de l'Aisne (France), FR". Liberaty of congress. Retrieved July 4, 2024.

news10.com

"History in Bronze: Troy's Monument Square". News10. January 29, 2021. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024. The 17-tall bronze statue ... depicts the Goddess Columbia

nps.gov

"Illinois monument". National Park Service. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

nytimes.com

Kennedy, Robert C. (November 2001). "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner, Artist: Thomas Nast". On This Day: HarpWeek. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on November 23, 2001. Retrieved November 23, 2001.

orderwhitemoon.org

Literata (2011). "Columbia". The Order of the White Moon Goddess Gallery. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2013.

ox.ac.uk

bodley.ox.ac.uk

The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 8, June 1738, p. 285

presidio.gov

"the World War II West Coast Memorial to the Missing". Presidio. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

roadsideamerica.com

"Hospers Memorial Statues". Roagside America.com. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

royalmint.com

"Britannia and Liberty: Behind the Design". The Royal Mint. Retrieved July 5, 2024.

si.edu

"Immune Columbia, Pattern, United States, 1785". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
"20 Dollars, National Bank Note, United States, 1883". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
"2 1/2 Dollars, Panama-Pacific International Exposition, United States, 1915". The Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
"Victory, World War I Black Soldiers' Memorial, (sculpture)". Sumithsonian Institution. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

siris-artinventories.si.edu

"Columbia, (sculpture)". Art Inventories Catalog Smithsonian American Art Museum Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS). Retrieved July 27, 2024.

smithsonianmag.com

Shane, Cari. "Before Lady Liberty, There Was Lady Columbia, America's First National Mascot". Sumithsonian magazine. Retrieved June 23, 2024.

stlouispatina.com

"Civil War Monument, Central Park, Jacksonville, Illinois". SAINT LOUIS PATIENTNA. April 9, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

thomasnastcartoons.com

Walfred, Michele (July 2014). "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner: Two Coasts, Two Perspectives". Thomas Nast Cartoons. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.

umass.edu

comcol.umass.edu

Selections from Phillis Wheatley Poems and Letters Archived 2006-09-08 at archive.today

usmint.gov

"Presidential Silver Medal Honoring Andrew Johnson Available August 14". United States Mint. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
"Panama-Pacific Exposition Half Dollar". United states Mint. Retrieved July 13, 2024.

virginia.edu

xroads.virginia.edu

"Origins: The Female Form as Allegory". Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2014.

waymarking.com

"Winged Victory - Manchester". Waymarking.com. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

web.archive.org

Kennedy, Robert C. (November 2001). "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner, Artist: Thomas Nast". On This Day: HarpWeek. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on November 23, 2001. Retrieved November 23, 2001.
Walfred, Michele (July 2014). "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner: Two Coasts, Two Perspectives". Thomas Nast Cartoons. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
"Origins: The Female Form as Allegory". Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
"Hail Columbia". Hail Columbia. Archived from the original on November 18, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Literata (2011). "Columbia". The Order of the White Moon Goddess Gallery. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
"History in Bronze: Troy's Monument Square". News10. January 29, 2021. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024. The 17-tall bronze statue ... depicts the Goddess Columbia

wesa.fm

"Pittsburgh school's World War I memorial restored for its centennial". 90.5 WESA Pittsburgh's NPR News Station. June 3, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Steele, Thomas J. (1981). "The Figure of Columbia: Phillis Wheatley plus George Washington". The New England Quarterly. 54 (2): 264–266. doi:10.2307/364975. ISSN 0028-4866. JSTOR 364975.

worldwar1centennial.org

"Soldiers & Sailors WWI Monument - Montclair". Memorial. Retrieved July 29, 2024.