Common blackbird (English Wikipedia)

"The A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds". Check-list of North American Birds (Seventh ed.). AOU. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2007.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). p. 170.
Burton, Robert (1985). Bird behaviour. London: Granada. p. 125. ISBN 0-246-12440-7.
Opie, I. and P. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 394–5. ISBN 0-19-869111-4.
de Vries, Ad (1976). Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. p. 51. ISBN 0-7204-8021-3.

birdsinbackyards.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Common Blackbird". Birds in Backyards. Australian Museum. Retrieved 30 December 2007.

birdsong.academy (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Blackbird - learn its song and calls". Birdsong Academy. Retrieved 2024-05-20.

birdtheme.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bird stamps from Sweden". Theme Birds on Stamps. Kjell Scharning. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
"218 Thrushes Turdidae". Theme Birds on Stamps. Kjell Scharning. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

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blx1.bto.org

"Blackbird Turdus merula [Linnaeus, 1758]". BTOWeb BirdFacts. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 30 December 2007.

cnrs.fr (Global: 2,402^nd place; English: 5,549^th place)

cefe.cnrs.fr

Gregoire, Arnaud; Faivre, Bruno; Heeb, Philipp; Cezilly, Frank (2002). "A comparison of infestation patterns by Ixodes ticks in urban and rural populations of the Common Blackbird Turdus merula" (PDF). Ibis. 144 (4): 640–645. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00102.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17.

cornell.edu (Global: 332^nd place; English: 246^th place)

birds.cornell.edu

"All About Birds: Bronzed Cowbird". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2003. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
"All About Birds: Great-tailed Grackle". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2003. Retrieved 18 February 2008.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

BirdLife International (2016). "Turdus merula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103888106A87871094.en. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
Partecke, J.; Gwinner, E. (2007). "Increased sedentariness in European blackbirds following urbanization: a consequence of local adaptation?". Ecology. 88 (4): 882–90. Bibcode:2007Ecol...88..882P. doi:10.1890/06-1105. PMID 17536705.
McNeil, Raymond; Cyr, André (October 1971). "General Notes: European Blackbird (Turdus merula) in Quebec" (PDF). The Auk. 88 (4): 919–920. doi:10.2307/4083850. JSTOR 4083850.
Bright, Ashleigh; Waas, Joseph R. (August 2002). "Effects of bill pigmentation and UV reflectance during territory establishment in blackbirds" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 64 (2): 207–213. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.3042. S2CID 51833485. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
Streif, Michael; Rasa O. Anne E. (2001). "Divorce and its consequences in the Common blackbird Turdus merula". Ibis. 143 (4): 554–560. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04882.x.
Garamszegia, László Zsolt; Anders Pape Møller (2004). "Extrapair paternity and the evolution of bird song". Behavioral Ecology. 15 (3): 508–519. doi:10.1093/beheco/arh041.
Davies, N. B.; Brooke, M. de L. (1989). "An experimental study of co-evolution between the Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, and its hosts. I. Host egg discrimination". Journal of Animal Ecology. 58 (1): 207–224. Bibcode:1989JAnEc..58..207D. doi:10.2307/4995. JSTOR 4995.
Glue, David; Morgan, Robert (1972). "Cuckoo hosts in British habitats". Bird Study. 19 (4): 187–192. Bibcode:1972BirdS..19..187G. doi:10.1080/00063657209476342.
Hale, Katrina; Briskie, James V. (March 2007). "Response of introduced European birds in New Zealand to experimental brood parasitism" (PDF). Journal of Avian Biology. 38 (2): 198–204. doi:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03734.x. ISSN 0908-8857. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
Hatchwell, B. J.; Wood; Anwar, M. J. M.; Perrins C. M. (2000). "The prevalence and ecology of the haematozoan parasites of European blackbirds, Turdus merula". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78 (4): 684–687. doi:10.1139/cjz-78-4-684.
Gregoire, Arnaud; Faivre, Bruno; Heeb, Philipp; Cezilly, Frank (2002). "A comparison of infestation patterns by Ixodes ticks in urban and rural populations of the Common Blackbird Turdus merula" (PDF). Ibis. 144 (4): 640–645. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00102.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17.
Kipp, Susanne; Goedecke, Andreas; Dorn, Wolfram; Wilske, Bettina; Fingerle, Volke (May 2006). "Role of birds in Thuringia, Germany, in the natural cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the Lyme disease spirochaete". International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 296: 125–128. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.001. PMID 16530003.
Rattenbourg, Neils C.; Amlaner, C. J.; Lima, S.L. (2000). "Behavioral, neurophysiological and evolutionary perspectives on unihemispheric sleep". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 24 (8): 817–842. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00039-7. PMID 11118608. S2CID 7592942.
BirdLife International (2014). "Turdus merula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014 e.T22708775A62578644. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T22708775A62578644.en.
Lawson, Becki; Robinson, Robert A.; Briscoe, Andrew G.; Cunningham, Andrew A.; Fooks, Anthony R.; Heaver, Joseph P.; Hernández-Triana, Luis M.; John, Shinto K.; Johnson, Nicholas; Johnston, Colin; Lean, Fabian Z. X.; Macgregor, Shaheed K.; Masters, Nicholas J.; McCracken, Fiona; McElhinney, Lorraine M. (2022-06-18). "Combining host and vector data informs emergence and potential impact of an Usutu virus outbreak in UK wild birds". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 10298. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13258-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9206397.

dsl.ac.uk (Global: 8,539^th place; English: 5,058^th place)

Dictionary of the Scots Language. University of Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.

dzif.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Usutu virus decreases the population of common blackbirds in the outbreak region | German Center for Infection Research". www.dzif.de. Retrieved 2024-11-12.

euring.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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"British garden birds – lifespan". garden-birds.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-04-24. Retrieved 7 April 2007.
"Blackbird". British Garden Birds. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09. Retrieved 4 January 2016.

gwct.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"89% of Blackbird nest failures are attributed to predators". Game and Wildfowl Conservation Trust. Retrieved 23 January 2012.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Clarke, G. M.; Gross, S., Matthews, M.; Catling, P. C.; Baker, B.; Hewitt, C. L.; Crowther, D.; Saddler, S. R. (2000), Environmental Pest Species in Australia, Australia: State of the Environment, Second Technical Paper Series (Biodiversity), Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra. hdl:102.100.100/203987

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Partecke, J.; Gwinner, E. (2007). "Increased sedentariness in European blackbirds following urbanization: a consequence of local adaptation?". Ecology. 88 (4): 882–90. Bibcode:2007Ecol...88..882P. doi:10.1890/06-1105. PMID 17536705.
Davies, N. B.; Brooke, M. de L. (1989). "An experimental study of co-evolution between the Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, and its hosts. I. Host egg discrimination". Journal of Animal Ecology. 58 (1): 207–224. Bibcode:1989JAnEc..58..207D. doi:10.2307/4995. JSTOR 4995.
Glue, David; Morgan, Robert (1972). "Cuckoo hosts in British habitats". Bird Study. 19 (4): 187–192. Bibcode:1972BirdS..19..187G. doi:10.1080/00063657209476342.

iucnredlist.org (Global: 88^th place; English: 160^th place)

BirdLife International (2016). "Turdus merula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103888106A87871094.en. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
BirdLife International (2014). "Turdus merula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014 e.T22708775A62578644. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T22708775A62578644.en.

joyofplants.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Blackbird – Turdus merula". The Royal Horticultural Society/The Wildlife Trusts. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2012.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

McNeil, Raymond; Cyr, André (October 1971). "General Notes: European Blackbird (Turdus merula) in Quebec" (PDF). The Auk. 88 (4): 919–920. doi:10.2307/4083850. JSTOR 4083850.
Davies, N. B.; Brooke, M. de L. (1989). "An experimental study of co-evolution between the Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, and its hosts. I. Host egg discrimination". Journal of Animal Ecology. 58 (1): 207–224. Bibcode:1989JAnEc..58..207D. doi:10.2307/4995. JSTOR 4995.

lambeth.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Blackbird Action Plan" (PDF). Lambeth Council's Parks and Greenspaces Business Unit. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.

mindat.org (Global: 1,528^th place; English: 1,471^st place)

"Turdus merula". www.mindat.org. 4 Aug 2025. Retrieved 19 Sep 2025.

nature.com (Global: 234^th place; English: 397^th place)

Lawson, Becki; Robinson, Robert A.; Briscoe, Andrew G.; Cunningham, Andrew A.; Fooks, Anthony R.; Heaver, Joseph P.; Hernández-Triana, Luis M.; John, Shinto K.; Johnson, Nicholas; Johnston, Colin; Lean, Fabian Z. X.; Macgregor, Shaheed K.; Masters, Nicholas J.; McCracken, Fiona; McElhinney, Lorraine M. (2022-06-18). "Combining host and vector data informs emergence and potential impact of an Usutu virus outbreak in UK wild birds". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 10298. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13258-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9206397.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Partecke, J.; Gwinner, E. (2007). "Increased sedentariness in European blackbirds following urbanization: a consequence of local adaptation?". Ecology. 88 (4): 882–90. Bibcode:2007Ecol...88..882P. doi:10.1890/06-1105. PMID 17536705.
Kipp, Susanne; Goedecke, Andreas; Dorn, Wolfram; Wilske, Bettina; Fingerle, Volke (May 2006). "Role of birds in Thuringia, Germany, in the natural cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the Lyme disease spirochaete". International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 296: 125–128. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.001. PMID 16530003.
Rattenbourg, Neils C.; Amlaner, C. J.; Lima, S.L. (2000). "Behavioral, neurophysiological and evolutionary perspectives on unihemispheric sleep". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 24 (8): 817–842. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00039-7. PMID 11118608. S2CID 7592942.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lawson, Becki; Robinson, Robert A.; Briscoe, Andrew G.; Cunningham, Andrew A.; Fooks, Anthony R.; Heaver, Joseph P.; Hernández-Triana, Luis M.; John, Shinto K.; Johnson, Nicholas; Johnston, Colin; Lean, Fabian Z. X.; Macgregor, Shaheed K.; Masters, Nicholas J.; McCracken, Fiona; McElhinney, Lorraine M. (2022-06-18). "Combining host and vector data informs emergence and potential impact of an Usutu virus outbreak in UK wild birds". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 10298. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13258-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9206397.

nrcresearchpress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hatchwell, B. J.; Wood; Anwar, M. J. M.; Perrins C. M. (2000). "The prevalence and ecology of the haematozoan parasites of European blackbirds, Turdus merula". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78 (4): 684–687. doi:10.1139/cjz-78-4-684.

nzes.org.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

Williams, Peter A (2006). "The role of blackbirds (Turdus merula) in weed invasion in New Zealand" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 30 (2): 285–291.

poemhunter.com (Global: low place; English: 8,913^th place)

"A Blackbird Singing". Poemhunter. 13 January 2003. Retrieved 7 December 2007.

poetsgraves.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Adlestrop". Poets' Graves. Retrieved 7 December 2007.

rollingstone.com (Global: 47^th place; English: 38^th place)

"Blackbird". Rolling Stone. 10 April 2020.

rspb.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 7,653^rd place)

"We watched a blackbird kill and then fly away with a shrew. Is this unusual?". The RSPB. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
"Threats". Blackbird. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Retrieved 19 December 2007.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Bright, Ashleigh; Waas, Joseph R. (August 2002). "Effects of bill pigmentation and UV reflectance during territory establishment in blackbirds" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 64 (2): 207–213. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.3042. S2CID 51833485. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
Rattenbourg, Neils C.; Amlaner, C. J.; Lima, S.L. (2000). "Behavioral, neurophysiological and evolutionary perspectives on unihemispheric sleep". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 24 (8): 817–842. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00039-7. PMID 11118608. S2CID 7592942.

sofnet.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Koltrasten Sveriges nationalfågel" (in Swedish). Sveriges Ornitologiska Förening - BirdLife Sverige. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.

sussexwildlifetrust.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Blackbird: bird song and calls | Sussex Wildlife Trust". sussexwildlifetrust.org.uk. Retrieved 2025-02-25.

thetimes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Elliott, Valerie. "Birds get taste for tadpoles as summer heat keeps worms under ground". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2021-04-16.

ualberta.ca (Global: 3,600^th place; English: 2,528^th place)

biology.ualberta.ca

Hale, Katrina; Briskie, James V. (March 2007). "Response of introduced European birds in New Zealand to experimental brood parasitism" (PDF). Journal of Avian Biology. 38 (2): 198–204. doi:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03734.x. ISSN 0908-8857. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2012-01-16.

uni-bonn.de (Global: 6,912^th place; English: 8,465^th place)

hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de

Misof, Katharina (2005). Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula) and their gastrointestinal parasites: A role for parasites in life-history decisions? (PDF). Doctoral dissertation, Bonn. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19.

unm.edu (Global: 2,007^th place; English: 1,298^th place)

sora.unm.edu

McNeil, Raymond; Cyr, André (October 1971). "General Notes: European Blackbird (Turdus merula) in Quebec" (PDF). The Auk. 88 (4): 919–920. doi:10.2307/4083850. JSTOR 4083850.

waikato.ac.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

cber.bio.waikato.ac.nz

Bright, Ashleigh; Waas, Joseph R. (August 2002). "Effects of bill pigmentation and UV reflectance during territory establishment in blackbirds" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 64 (2): 207–213. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.3042. S2CID 51833485. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2007-12-16.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"The A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds". Check-list of North American Birds (Seventh ed.). AOU. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
Bright, Ashleigh; Waas, Joseph R. (August 2002). "Effects of bill pigmentation and UV reflectance during territory establishment in blackbirds" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 64 (2): 207–213. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.3042. S2CID 51833485. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
"Blackbird – Turdus merula". The Royal Horticultural Society/The Wildlife Trusts. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
"British garden birds – lifespan". garden-birds.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-04-24. Retrieved 7 April 2007.
"Blackbird". British Garden Birds. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
"Blackbird Action Plan" (PDF). Lambeth Council's Parks and Greenspaces Business Unit. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
Hale, Katrina; Briskie, James V. (March 2007). "Response of introduced European birds in New Zealand to experimental brood parasitism" (PDF). Journal of Avian Biology. 38 (2): 198–204. doi:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03734.x. ISSN 0908-8857. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
Misof, Katharina (2005). Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula) and their gastrointestinal parasites: A role for parasites in life-history decisions? (PDF). Doctoral dissertation, Bonn. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19.
Gregoire, Arnaud; Faivre, Bruno; Heeb, Philipp; Cezilly, Frank (2002). "A comparison of infestation patterns by Ixodes ticks in urban and rural populations of the Common Blackbird Turdus merula" (PDF). Ibis. 144 (4): 640–645. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00102.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17.
"Koltrasten Sveriges nationalfågel" (in Swedish). Sveriges Ornitologiska Förening - BirdLife Sverige. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.

worldbirdnames.org (Global: 1,007^th place; English: 1,255^th place)

Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (20 July 2015). "Thrushes". IOC World Bird List, version 5.3. Retrieved 29 September 2015.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Elliott, Valerie. "Birds get taste for tadpoles as summer heat keeps worms under ground". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
Hale, Katrina; Briskie, James V. (March 2007). "Response of introduced European birds in New Zealand to experimental brood parasitism" (PDF). Journal of Avian Biology. 38 (2): 198–204. doi:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03734.x. ISSN 0908-8857. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
Lawson, Becki; Robinson, Robert A.; Briscoe, Andrew G.; Cunningham, Andrew A.; Fooks, Anthony R.; Heaver, Joseph P.; Hernández-Triana, Luis M.; John, Shinto K.; Johnson, Nicholas; Johnston, Colin; Lean, Fabian Z. X.; Macgregor, Shaheed K.; Masters, Nicholas J.; McCracken, Fiona; McElhinney, Lorraine M. (2022-06-18). "Combining host and vector data informs emergence and potential impact of an Usutu virus outbreak in UK wild birds". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 10298. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13258-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9206397.

Common blackbird (English Wikipedia)

10000birds.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

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handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

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nature.com (Global: 234^th place; English: 397^th place)

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