Common ostrich (English Wikipedia)

Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore, eds. (1903). "Ostrich". The New International Encyclopædia. Vol. XIII. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 497–498.
Nell, Leon (2003). The Garden Route and Little Karoo. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-86872-856-5.^{[permanent dead link]}
Brand, T. S.; Gous, R. M. (2006). "Feeding ostriches". In Bels, Vincent L. (ed.). Feeding in Domestic Vertebrates. Wallingford, UK: Cabi Publishing. pp. 136–155. ISBN 978-1-84593-063-9.
Marshall, Alan John (1960). Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds. Academic Press. p. 446. ISBN 978-0-12-473601-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Roots, Clive (2006). Flightless Birds. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-313-33545-7.
Stöcker, Friedrich W.; Dietrich, Gerhard, eds. (1995). "Ostrich". Concise Encyclopedia Biology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1149. ISBN 978-3-11-010661-9.
Werness, Hope B. (2006). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in Art. London: Continuum. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-8264-1913-2.
Halcombe, John Joseph (1872). Mission life. Vol. 3, Part 1. W. Wells Gardner. p. 304.
Maclean, Gordon Lindsay (1996). The Ecophysiology of Desert Birds. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 26. ISBN 978-3-540-59269-3.
Bertram, Brian C.R. (1992). The Ostrich Communal Nesting System. Princeton University Press.^{[page needed]}
Shanawany, M.M. (1999). Ostrich Production Systems. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 32. ISBN 978-92-5-104300-4.
Attwater, Donald, ed. (1997). "Ostrich Eggs". A Catholic Dictionary (3rd ed.). Charlotte, North Carolina: TAN Books. ISBN 978-0-89555-549-6.
Kreibich, Andreas; Sommer, Mathias (1995). Ostrich Farm Management. Landwirtschaftsverlag GmbH. ISBN 978-3-7843-2729-7. cited in Ekesbo, Ingvar (2011). Farm Animal Behaviour: Characteristics for Assessment of Health and Welfare. CABI. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-84593-770-6.
Coyne, Jerry A. (2010). Why Evolution Is True. Penguin. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-14-311664-6.

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Bennett, Darin C.; Yutaka Karasawa (2003). "Effect of Protein Intake on Kidney Function in Adult Female Ostriches (Struthio Camelus)" (PDF). p. vii.

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BirdLife International (2018). "Struthio camelus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T45020636A132189458. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T45020636A132189458.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Gurney, J. H. (July 1868). "Notes on Mr. Layard's 'Birds of South Africa'". The Ibis. 4 (15): 253–254. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1868.tb06118.x. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
Neumann, Oscar (1898). "Beiträge zur Vogelfauna von Ost- und Central-Afrika". Journal für Ornithologie. 46 (2): 243. doi:10.1007/bf02208449. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
BirdLife International. (2022). "Struthio molybdophanes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22732795A208237218. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22732795A208237218.en. Retrieved 27 November 2025.
Yuri, Tamaki; Kimball, Rebecca; Harshman, John; Bowie, Rauri; Braun, Michael; Chojnowski, Jena; Han, Kin-Lan; Hackett, Shannon; Huddleston, Christopher; Moore, William; Reddy, Sushma (13 March 2013). "Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals". Biology. 2 (1): 419–444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 4009869. PMID 24832669.
Clarke, Andrew (14 July 2008). Faculty of 1000 evaluation for A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history (Report). doi:10.3410/f.1115666.571731.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–1696. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID 24825849.
Sellers, W. I.; Manning, P. L. (2007). "Estimating dinosaur maximum running speeds using evolutionary robotics". Proc. R. Soc. B. 274 (1626): 2711–2716. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0846. PMC 2279215. PMID 17711833. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
Martin, G. R.; Katzir, G. (2000). "Sun Shades and Eye Size in Birds". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 56 (6): 340–344. doi:10.1159/000047218. PMID 11326139. S2CID 43023723.
Martin, G. R.; Ashash, U.; Katzir, Gadi (2001). "Ostrich ocular optics". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 58 (2): 115–120. doi:10.1159/000047265. PMID 11805377. S2CID 46827656.
Skadhauge, E.; Erlwanger, K. H.; Ruziwa, S. D.; Dantzer, V.; Elbrønd, V. S.; Chamunorwa, J. P. (2003). "Does the ostrich (Struthio camelus) have the electrophysiological properties and microstructure of other birds?". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 134 (4): 749–755. doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00006-0. PMID 12814783.
Thiollay, J.M. (2006). "Severe decline of large birds in the Northern Sahel of West Africa: a long-term assessment". Bird Conservation International. 16 (4): 353–365. doi:10.1017/S0959270906000487.
Freitag, Stefanie; Robinson, Terence J. (1993). "Phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial DNA of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)" (PDF). Auk. 110 (3): 614–622. doi:10.2307/4088425. JSTOR 4088425.
Elzanowski, Andrzej; Louchart, Antoine (2022). "Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches, Struthio (Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 195 (1): 88–105. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab049.
Lesku, J. A.; Meyer, L. C. R.; Fuller, A.; Maloney, S. K.; Dell'Omo, G.; Vyssotski, A. L.; Rattenborg, N. C. (2011). Balaban, Evan (ed.). "Ostriches Sleep like Platypuses". PLOS ONE. 6 (8) e23203. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623203L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023203. PMC 3160860. PMID 21887239.
Bertram, B.C.R. (1979). "Ostriches recognise their own eggs and discard others". Nature. 279 (5710): 233–234. Bibcode:1979Natur.279..233B. doi:10.1038/279233a0. PMID 440431. S2CID 4236729.
Thouless, C.R.; Fanshawe, J.H. & Bertram, B.C.R. (1989). "Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus and Ostrich Struthio camelus eggs: the origins of stone-throwing behaviour". Ibis. 131: 9–15. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02737.x.
Cooper, R. G.; Horbańczuk, J. O.; Villegas-Vizcaíno, R.; Kennou Sebei, S.; Faki Mohammed, A. E.; Mahrose, K. M. A. (2009). "Wild ostrich (Struthio camelus) ecology and physiology". Tropical Animal Health and Production. 42 (3): 363–373. doi:10.1007/s11250-009-9428-2. PMID 19693684. S2CID 22907744.
Hayward, M. W.; Kerley, G. I. H. (2005). "Prey preferences of the lion (Panthera leo)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 267 (3): 309–322. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.611.8271. doi:10.1017/S0952836905007508. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G.; Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey preferences of the leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 298–313. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
Makanya, A.N.; T. Koller; R. Hulshchuck; V. Djonov (15 March 2012). "Pre-hatch lung development in the ostrich". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 180 (2–3): 183–192. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2011.11.005. PMID 22138612. S2CID 25480430.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K.; Kanwish, J. Lawsiewski R. C. (1969). "Temperature Regulation and Respiration in the Ostrich" (PDF). The Condor. 71 (4): 341–352. doi:10.2307/1365733. JSTOR 1365733.
King, J. R.; Farner, D.S. (1961). "Energy Metabolism, thermoregulation, and body temperature". In Marshall, A. J. (ed.). Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. pp. 215–88. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4832-3143-3.50014-9. ISBN 978-1-4832-3143-3. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Maina, J.N.; Singh, P.; Moss, E.A. (2009). "Inspiratory aerodynamic valving occurs in the ostrich, Struthio camelus, lung: A computational fluid dynamics study under resting unsteady state inhalation". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 169 (3): 262–270. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.09.011. PMID 19786124. S2CID 70939.
Zakrzewicz, A.; Secomb, T.W.; Pries, A.R. (2002). "Angioadaptation: Keeping the vascular system in shape". News in Physiological Sciences. 17 (5): 197–201. doi:10.1152/nips.01395.2001. PMID 12270956.
Maina, J.N.; Nathaniel C. (2001). "A qualitative and quantitative study of the lung of an ostrich, Struthio camelus". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 204 (Pt 13): 2313–2330. Bibcode:2001JExpB.204.2313M. doi:10.1242/jeb.204.13.2313. PMID 11507114.
Parto P. (2012). "The Structure of the Atrioventricular Node in the Heart of the Female Laying Ostrich (Struthio camelus)". Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 41 (1): 75–78. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01109.x. PMID 21943125. S2CID 31018229.
Henriquez, H.; Henriquez, J. & Olave, E. (2012). "The distribution patterns of the coronary arteries and ventricular branches in the heart of the ostrich (Struthio Camelus)". International Journal of Morphology. 30 (3): 1013–1018. doi:10.4067/S0717-95022012000300040.
Parto, P.; Tadjalli, M.; Ghazi, S. R. & Salamat, M. A. (2013). "Distribution and Structure of Purkinje Fibers in the Heart of Ostrich (Struthio camelus) with the Special References on the Ultrastructure". International Journal of Zoology. 2013: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2013/293643.
Isaacks, R.; Harkness, D.; Sampsell, J.; Adler, S.; Roth, C.; Kim, P.; Goldman, R. (1977). "Studies on Avian Erythrocyte Metabolism. Inositol Tetrakisphosphate: The Major Phosphate Compound in the Erythrocytes of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus)". European Journal of Biochemistry. 77 (3): 567–574. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11700.x. PMID 19258.
Isaacks, R. E.; Harkness, D. R.; Froeman, G. A.; Goldman, P. H.; Adler, J. L.; Sussman, S. A.; Roth, S. (1976). "Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism—II. Relationship between the major phosphorylated metabolic intermediates and oxygen affinity of whole blood in chick embryos and chicks". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 53 (2): 151–156. doi:10.1016/S0300-9629(76)80046-1. PMID 2411.
Skadhauge, E; Warüi CN; Kamau JM; Maloiy GM (1984). "Function of the lower intestine and osmoregulation in the ostrich: preliminary anatomical and physiological observations". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology. 69 (4): 809–18. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002870. PMID 6514998.
Withers, Philip (October 1983). "Energy Water and Solute Balance of the Ostrich Struthio camelus". Physiological Zoology. 56 (4): 568–579. doi:10.1086/physzool.56.4.30155880. S2CID 87164761.
Gray, David A.; Brown, Christopher R. (1995). "Saline-Infusion-Induced Increase in Plasma osmolality Do Not Stimulate Nasal Gland Secretion in the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)". Physiological Zoology. 68 (1): 164–175. doi:10.1086/physzool.68.1.30163924. JSTOR 30163924. S2CID 85890608.
Gray, D.A.; Naudé, R.J.; Erasmus, T. (1988). "Plasma arginine vasotocin and angiotensin II in the water deprived common ostrich (Struthio camelus)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 89 (2): 251–256. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(88)91088-2.
Polly K.; Phillips & Sanborn Allen F. (1994). "An infrared, thermographic study of surface temperature in three ratites: Ostrich, emu and double-wattled cassowary". Journal of Thermal Biology. 19 (6): 423–430. Bibcode:1994JTBio..19..423P. doi:10.1016/0306-4565(94)90042-6.
Maloney, Shane K (2008). "Termoregulation in ratities:a review". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 48 (10): 1293–1301. doi:10.1071/EA08142.
Thompson, Dorothy Burr (1955). "A Portrait of Arsinoe Philadelphos". American Journal of Archaeology. 59 (3): 199–206. doi:10.2307/500319. JSTOR 500319. S2CID 192967497.
Texier, P. J.; Porraz, G.; Parkington, J.; Rigaud, J. P.; Poggenpoel, C.; Miller, C.; Tribolo, C.; Cartwright, C.; Coudenneau, A.; et al. (2010). "A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa". PNAS. 107 (14): 6180–6185. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.6180T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913047107. PMC 2851956. PMID 20194764.
Usurelu, Sergiu; Bettencourt, Vanessa; Melo, Gina (2015). "Abdominal trauma by ostrich". Annals of Medicine & Surgery. 4 (1): 41–43. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2014.12.004. PMC 4323753. PMID 25685344.

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ibs.bialowieza.pl (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G.; Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey preferences of the leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 298–313. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2021.

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BirdLife International. (2022). "Struthio molybdophanes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T22732795A208237218. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22732795A208237218.en. Retrieved 27 November 2025.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Freitag, Stefanie; Robinson, Terence J. (1993). "Phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial DNA of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)" (PDF). Auk. 110 (3): 614–622. doi:10.2307/4088425. JSTOR 4088425.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K.; Kanwish, J. Lawsiewski R. C. (1969). "Temperature Regulation and Respiration in the Ostrich" (PDF). The Condor. 71 (4): 341–352. doi:10.2307/1365733. JSTOR 1365733.
Gray, David A.; Brown, Christopher R. (1995). "Saline-Infusion-Induced Increase in Plasma osmolality Do Not Stimulate Nasal Gland Secretion in the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)". Physiological Zoology. 68 (1): 164–175. doi:10.1086/physzool.68.1.30163924. JSTOR 30163924. S2CID 85890608.
Thompson, Dorothy Burr (1955). "A Portrait of Arsinoe Philadelphos". American Journal of Archaeology. 59 (3): 199–206. doi:10.2307/500319. JSTOR 500319. S2CID 192967497.

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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Yuri, Tamaki; Kimball, Rebecca; Harshman, John; Bowie, Rauri; Braun, Michael; Chojnowski, Jena; Han, Kin-Lan; Hackett, Shannon; Huddleston, Christopher; Moore, William; Reddy, Sushma (13 March 2013). "Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals". Biology. 2 (1): 419–444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 4009869. PMID 24832669.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–1696. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID 24825849.
Sellers, W. I.; Manning, P. L. (2007). "Estimating dinosaur maximum running speeds using evolutionary robotics". Proc. R. Soc. B. 274 (1626): 2711–2716. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0846. PMC 2279215. PMID 17711833. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
Martin, G. R.; Katzir, G. (2000). "Sun Shades and Eye Size in Birds". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 56 (6): 340–344. doi:10.1159/000047218. PMID 11326139. S2CID 43023723.
Martin, G. R.; Ashash, U.; Katzir, Gadi (2001). "Ostrich ocular optics". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 58 (2): 115–120. doi:10.1159/000047265. PMID 11805377. S2CID 46827656.
Skadhauge, E.; Erlwanger, K. H.; Ruziwa, S. D.; Dantzer, V.; Elbrønd, V. S.; Chamunorwa, J. P. (2003). "Does the ostrich (Struthio camelus) have the electrophysiological properties and microstructure of other birds?". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 134 (4): 749–755. doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00006-0. PMID 12814783.
Bezuidenhout, A. J. (1984). "The coronary circulation of the heart of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)". Journal of Anatomy. 138 (3): 385–97. PMC 1164323. PMID 6735902.
Lesku, J. A.; Meyer, L. C. R.; Fuller, A.; Maloney, S. K.; Dell'Omo, G.; Vyssotski, A. L.; Rattenborg, N. C. (2011). Balaban, Evan (ed.). "Ostriches Sleep like Platypuses". PLOS ONE. 6 (8) e23203. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623203L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023203. PMC 3160860. PMID 21887239.
Bertram, B.C.R. (1979). "Ostriches recognise their own eggs and discard others". Nature. 279 (5710): 233–234. Bibcode:1979Natur.279..233B. doi:10.1038/279233a0. PMID 440431. S2CID 4236729.
Cooper, R. G.; Horbańczuk, J. O.; Villegas-Vizcaíno, R.; Kennou Sebei, S.; Faki Mohammed, A. E.; Mahrose, K. M. A. (2009). "Wild ostrich (Struthio camelus) ecology and physiology". Tropical Animal Health and Production. 42 (3): 363–373. doi:10.1007/s11250-009-9428-2. PMID 19693684. S2CID 22907744.
Makanya, A.N.; T. Koller; R. Hulshchuck; V. Djonov (15 March 2012). "Pre-hatch lung development in the ostrich". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 180 (2–3): 183–192. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2011.11.005. PMID 22138612. S2CID 25480430.
Maina, J.N.; Singh, P.; Moss, E.A. (2009). "Inspiratory aerodynamic valving occurs in the ostrich, Struthio camelus, lung: A computational fluid dynamics study under resting unsteady state inhalation". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 169 (3): 262–270. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.09.011. PMID 19786124. S2CID 70939.
Zakrzewicz, A.; Secomb, T.W.; Pries, A.R. (2002). "Angioadaptation: Keeping the vascular system in shape". News in Physiological Sciences. 17 (5): 197–201. doi:10.1152/nips.01395.2001. PMID 12270956.
Maina, J.N.; Nathaniel C. (2001). "A qualitative and quantitative study of the lung of an ostrich, Struthio camelus". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 204 (Pt 13): 2313–2330. Bibcode:2001JExpB.204.2313M. doi:10.1242/jeb.204.13.2313. PMID 11507114.
Parto P. (2012). "The Structure of the Atrioventricular Node in the Heart of the Female Laying Ostrich (Struthio camelus)". Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 41 (1): 75–78. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01109.x. PMID 21943125. S2CID 31018229.
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physicsworld.com (Global: 6,771^st place; English: 5,238^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

royalsocietypublishing.org (Global: 1,880^th place; English: 2,810^th place)

sandiegozoo.org (Global: 9,384^th place; English: 7,336^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

taxonomy.nl (Global: 4,760^th place; English: low place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

thehindu.com (Global: 72^nd place; English: 37^th place)

umich.edu (Global: 429^th place; English: 307^th place)

unm.edu (Global: 1,919^th place; English: 1,213^th place)

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; English: 322^nd place)

wdl.org (Global: 2,285^th place; English: 2,467^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)