Commons (English Wikipedia)

Laerhoven, Frank Van; Ostrom, Elinor (2007). "Traditions and Trends in the Study of the Commons". International Journal of the Commons. 1 (1): 3. Bibcode:2007IJCom...1....3L. doi:10.18352/ijc.76. hdl:10535/3137.
Giotitsas, Chris; Nardelli, Pedro H. J.; Williamson, Sam; Roos, Andreas; Pournaras, Evangelos; Kostakis, Vasilis (2022). "Energy governance as a commons: Engineering alternative socio-technical configurations". Energy Research & Social Science. 84 102354. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102354. hdl:1983/86f7758d-5e42-44ea-b86c-456597bd6cf9.
de Rosnay, Mélanie Dulong; Stalder, Felix (17 December 2020). "Digital commons". Concepts of the Digital Society. 9 (4). doi:10.14763/2020.4.1530. hdl:10419/233108. Archived from the original on 23 May 2025 – via Internet Policy Review.

in-abundance.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Food Systems in Common: Council Farms, Agroecological Food Sovereignty, and Public-Common Partnerships | Kai Heron, Bertie Russell & Keir Milburn". www.in-abundance.org. Retrieved 2026-06-09.
"Public-Common Partnerships: Democratising Ownership and Urban Development | Kai Heron, Keir Milburn & Bertie Russell". www.in-abundance.org. Retrieved 2026-06-09.

indiana.edu (Global: 2,374^th place; English: 1,453^rd place)

dlc.dlib.indiana.edu

"Digital Library Of The Commons". dlc.dlib.indiana.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2016-03-02.

infrademos.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"infra-demos". infra-demos.

ingentaconnect.com (Global: 3,367^th place; English: 3,282^nd place)

Paudel, Govinda; Carr, John; Munro, Paul George (2022). "Community forestry in Nepal: a critical review". International Forestry Review. 24 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1505/146554822835224810.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Lloyd, William Forster (1833). "Two Lectures on Population". Population and Development Review. 6 (3): 473–496. JSTOR 1972412.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rockström, Johan; Kotzé, Louis; Milutinović, Svetlana; Biermann, Frank; Brovkin, Victor; Donges, Jonathan; Ebbesson, Jonas; French, Duncan; Gupta, Joyeeta; Kim, Rakhyun; Lenton, Timothy; Lenzi, Dominic; Nakicenovic, Nebojsa; Neumann, Barbara; Schuppert, Fabian (2024). "The planetary commons: A new paradigm for safeguarding Earth-regulating systems in the Anthropocene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (5) e2301531121. Bibcode:2024PNAS..12101531R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2301531121. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10835110. PMID 38252839.
Giotitsas, Chris; Nardelli, Pedro H. J.; Kostakis, Vasilis; Narayanan, Arun (2020). "From private to public governance: The case for reconfiguring energy systems as a commons". Energy Research & Social Science. 70 101737. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101737. PMC 7424385.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rockström, Johan; Kotzé, Louis; Milutinović, Svetlana; Biermann, Frank; Brovkin, Victor; Donges, Jonathan; Ebbesson, Jonas; French, Duncan; Gupta, Joyeeta; Kim, Rakhyun; Lenton, Timothy; Lenzi, Dominic; Nakicenovic, Nebojsa; Neumann, Barbara; Schuppert, Fabian (2024). "The planetary commons: A new paradigm for safeguarding Earth-regulating systems in the Anthropocene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (5) e2301531121. Bibcode:2024PNAS..12101531R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2301531121. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10835110. PMID 38252839.
Ostrom, Elinor (1999). "Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges". Science Magazine. 284 (5412): 278–282. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..278.. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.510.4369. doi:10.1126/science.284.5412.278. PMID 10195886. S2CID 19472705. Retrieved 11 May 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; English: 75^th place)

Chace, Zoe (12 June 2012). "Remembering Elinor Ostrom, Nobel Laureate". NPR.org.

oapen.org (Global: 5,141^st place; English: 3,278^th place)

library.oapen.org

Bauwens, Michel; Kostakis, Vasilis; Pazaitis, Alex (2019). Peer to Peer: The Commons Manifesto (PDF). University of Westminster Press. doi:10.16997/book33. ISBN 978-1-911534-78-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2025. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

onlinecreation.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Fuster Morell, Mayo (2010). "Dissertation: Governance of online creation communities: Provision of infrastructure for the building of digital commons". Online Creation Communities. p. 5. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018.

onthecommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"¡Viva la Acequia! | On the Commons". www.onthecommons.org. Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2020-12-19.

ourwatercommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Davidson-Harden, Adam. "Local Control and Management of Our Water Commons: Stories of Rising to the Challenge" (PDF). www.ourwatercommons.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2011.

perc.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mehta, Trupti Ambrish (June 2002). "Community Forestry in India and Nepal". PERC Reports.

policyreview.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Khattar, Pranay; Kostakis, Vasilis (24 March 2026). "Mining the commons: AI extraction, Wikipedia, and the case for a multi-stakeholder settlement". Internet Policy Review. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
de Rosnay, Mélanie Dulong; Stalder, Felix (17 December 2020). "Digital commons". Concepts of the Digital Society. 9 (4). doi:10.14763/2020.4.1530. hdl:10419/233108. Archived from the original on 23 May 2025 – via Internet Policy Review.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Ostrom, Elinor (1999). "Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges". Science Magazine. 284 (5412): 278–282. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..278.. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.510.4369. doi:10.1126/science.284.5412.278. PMID 10195886. S2CID 19472705. Retrieved 11 May 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

science.org (Global: 1,007^th place; English: 665^th place)

Sneath, David (1998). "State Policy and Pasture Degradation in Inner Asia". Science Magazine. 281 (5380): 1147–1148. Bibcode:1998Sci...281.1147S. doi:10.1126/science.281.5380.1147. S2CID 128377756. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
Ostrom, Elinor (1999). "Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges". Science Magazine. 284 (5412): 278–282. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..278.. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.510.4369. doi:10.1126/science.284.5412.278. PMID 10195886. S2CID 19472705. Retrieved 11 May 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Kostakis, Vasilis; Latoufis, Kostas; Liarokapis, Minas; Bauwens, Michel (2018). "The convergence of digital commons with local manufacturing from a degrowth perspective: Two illustrative cases". Journal of Cleaner Production. 197: 1684–1693. Bibcode:2018JCPro.197.1684K. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.077. S2CID 43975556.
Colding, Johan; Barthel, Stephan; Bendt, Pim; Snep, Robbert; van der Knaap, Wim; Ernstson, Henrik (2013-10-01). "Urban green commons: Insights on urban common property systems". Global Environmental Change. 23 (5): 1039–1051. Bibcode:2013GEC....23.1039C. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.006. ISSN 0959-3780.

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

blogs.scientificamerican.com

Frischmann, Brett. "The Tragedy of the Commons, Revisited". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2020-04-28.

sehepunkte.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hartmut Zückert, "Allmende und Allmendaufhebung". Vergleichende Studien zum Spätmittelalter bis zu den Agrarreformen des 18./19. Jahrhunderts (= Quellen und Forschungen zur Agrargeschichte; Bd. 47), Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius 2003, IX + 462 S., 4 Farb-Abb., ISBN 978-3-8282-0226-9 review (in German)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Huberman, Bernardo A. (2008), Crowdsourcing, Attention and Productivity, arXiv:0809.3030, Bibcode:2008arXiv0809.3030H, doi:10.2139/ssrn.1266996, S2CID 233754616
Kostakis, Vasilis; Latoufis, Kostas; Liarokapis, Minas; Bauwens, Michel (2018). "The convergence of digital commons with local manufacturing from a degrowth perspective: Two illustrative cases". Journal of Cleaner Production. 197: 1684–1693. Bibcode:2018JCPro.197.1684K. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.077. S2CID 43975556.
Sneath, David (1998). "State Policy and Pasture Degradation in Inner Asia". Science Magazine. 281 (5380): 1147–1148. Bibcode:1998Sci...281.1147S. doi:10.1126/science.281.5380.1147. S2CID 128377756. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
Ostrom, Elinor (1999). "Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges". Science Magazine. 284 (5412): 278–282. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..278.. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.510.4369. doi:10.1126/science.284.5412.278. PMID 10195886. S2CID 19472705. Retrieved 11 May 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

shareable.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sharing Cities: activating the Urban Commons Archived 2017-12-29 at the Wayback Machine. (2017). Mountain View: Shareable. Retrieved December 28, 2017

thefreedictionary.com (Global: 1,251^st place; English: 1,161^st place)

Baggio, J., Barnett, A., Perez-Ibarra, I., Brady, U., Ratajczyk, E., Rollins, N., ... & Janssen, M. (2016). Explaining success and failure in the commons: the configural nature of Ostrom's institutional design principles. International Journal of the Commons, 10(2)./ref> have continued to analyze what factors support the successful management of the commons and common-pool resources. Design principles are considered a form of soft human-made infrastructure that are a pillar of successful management of the commons. In "Governing the Commons", Ostrom describes the following design principles which she found are often used in cases where common-pool resources are governed successfully: Clearly defined boundaries, congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions, collective-choice arrangements, monitoring, graduated sanctions, conflict resolution mechanisms, minimal recognition of rights to organize, and nested enterprises. In addition to these principles, there are many others which may support the effective management of common-pool resources. Design principles are most effective in successful common-pool resource management when more than nine are used in combination <ref>Baggio, J., Barnett, A., Perez-Ibarra, I., Brady, U., Ratajczyk, E., Rollins, N., ... & Janssen, M. (2016). Explaining success and failure in the commons: the configural nature of Ostrom's institutional design principles. International Journal of the Commons, 10(2)./ref>.
Types

Environmental resource

European land use

Main article: Common land
Originally in medieval England the common was an integral part of the manor, and was thus legally part of the estate in land owned by the lord of the manor, but over which certain classes of manorial tenants and others held certain rights. By extension, the term "commons" has come to be applied to other resources which a community has rights or access to. The older texts use the word "common" to denote any such right, but more modern usage is to refer to particular rights of common, and to reserve the name "common" for the land over which the rights are exercised. A person who has a right in, or over, common land jointly with another or others is called a commoner.<ref name="Anon">Anon. "Commoner". Farlex Inc. Retrieved 20 April 2012.

thezeromarginalcostsociety.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rifkin, Jeremy. "10 – Comedy of the Commons". The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative. Retrieved 2 February 2016.

transcript-open.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

Peter, Lukas (2021-01-20). Democracy, Markets and the Commons: Towards a Reconciliation of Freedom and Ecology. Edition Politik. Vol. 107 (1 ed.). Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag. doi:10.14361/9783839454244. ISBN 978-3-8376-5424-0.

umass.edu (Global: 3,436^th place; English: 2,060^th place)

peri.umass.edu

"Corporate Toxics Information Project". Political Economy Research Institute. PERI-Umass. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25.
Ash, Michael. "Justice in the Air" (PDF). PERI. PERI- Umass. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-05-10.

unep.org (Global: 4,173^rd place; English: 3,588^th place)

"Global Commons". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-09-23.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

ich.unesco.org

UNESCO. "Irrigators' tribunals of the Spanish Mediterranean coast: the Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia and the Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

urban-policy.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Dellenbaugh-Losse, M. (2017). "What makes urban commons different from other commons?" Urban Policy. Retrieved December 28, 2017

wealthofthecommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Federici, S. (2012). "Feminism and the Politics of the Commons". The Wealth of the Commons. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
Federici, S. (2012). "Feminism and the Politics of the Commons" In The Wealth of the Commons. Retrieved April 25, 2020

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Digital Library Of The Commons". dlc.dlib.indiana.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
"Global Commons". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
"Corporate Toxics Information Project". Political Economy Research Institute. PERI-Umass. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25.
Ash, Michael. "Justice in the Air" (PDF). PERI. PERI- Umass. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
Fuster Morell, Mayo (2010). "Dissertation: Governance of online creation communities: Provision of infrastructure for the building of digital commons". Online Creation Communities. p. 5. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018.
Berry, David (21 February 2005). "The commons". Free Software Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 December 2009.
Bauwens, Michel; Kostakis, Vasilis; Pazaitis, Alex (2019). Peer to Peer: The Commons Manifesto (PDF). University of Westminster Press. doi:10.16997/book33. ISBN 978-1-911534-78-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2025. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
de Rosnay, Mélanie Dulong; Stalder, Felix (17 December 2020). "Digital commons". Concepts of the Digital Society. 9 (4). doi:10.14763/2020.4.1530. hdl:10419/233108. Archived from the original on 23 May 2025 – via Internet Policy Review.
Sharing Cities: activating the Urban Commons Archived 2017-12-29 at the Wayback Machine. (2017). Mountain View: Shareable. Retrieved December 28, 2017
Davidson-Harden, Adam. "Local Control and Management of Our Water Commons: Stories of Rising to the Challenge" (PDF). www.ourwatercommons.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
"¡Viva la Acequia! | On the Commons". www.onthecommons.org. Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2020-12-19.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Harvey, David (2012). Rebel cities: from the right to the city to the urban revolution. New York: Verso. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-84467-882-2. OCLC 767564397.
Olsen, Jonah (2024-07-09). "Resilient Commoning: The Reproduction of the Basque Commons in the Longue Durée". Antipode. 56 (6): 2321–2342. Bibcode:2024Antip..56.2321O. doi:10.1111/anti.13077. ISSN 0066-4812.
Rockström, Johan; Kotzé, Louis; Milutinović, Svetlana; Biermann, Frank; Brovkin, Victor; Donges, Jonathan; Ebbesson, Jonas; French, Duncan; Gupta, Joyeeta; Kim, Rakhyun; Lenton, Timothy; Lenzi, Dominic; Nakicenovic, Nebojsa; Neumann, Barbara; Schuppert, Fabian (2024). "The planetary commons: A new paradigm for safeguarding Earth-regulating systems in the Anthropocene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (5) e2301531121. Bibcode:2024PNAS..12101531R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2301531121. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10835110. PMID 38252839.
Heron, Kai; Milburn, Keir; Russell, Bertie (2025). Radical abundance: how to win a green democratic future. London, UK ; Las Vegas, NV: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-5135-3. OCLC 1506310314.
Pera, Marina; Bussu, Sonia (2024-02-27). "Towards Democratisation of Public Administration: Public-Commons Partnerships in Barcelona". International Journal of the Commons. 18 (1): 164–176. Bibcode:2024IJCom..18..164P. doi:10.5334/ijc.1385. ISSN 1875-0281.
De Angelis, Massimo (2010-08-17). "The Production of Commons and the "Explosion" of the Middle Class". Antipode. 42 (4): 954–977. Bibcode:2010Antip..42..954D. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00783.x. ISSN 0066-4812.
Federici, Silvia (2012). Revolution at point zero: housework, reproduction, and feminist struggle. Between the Lines. ISBN 978-1-77113-494-1. OCLC 1129596584.
Dietz, Thomas; Ostrom, Elinor; Stern, Paul C. (2003-12-12). "The Struggle to Govern the Commons". Science. 302 (5652): 1907–1912. doi:10.1126/science.1091015. ISSN 0036-8075.
Colding, Johan; Barthel, Stephan; Bendt, Pim; Snep, Robbert; van der Knaap, Wim; Ernstson, Henrik (2013-10-01). "Urban green commons: Insights on urban common property systems". Global Environmental Change. 23 (5): 1039–1051. Bibcode:2013GEC....23.1039C. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.006. ISSN 0959-3780.

yale.edu (Global: 559^th place; English: 389^th place)

digitalcommons.law.yale.edu

Rose, Carol M. (1986). "The Comedy of the Commons: Commerce, Custom, and Inherently Public Property". Faculty Scholarship Series: Paper 1828. Retrieved December 28, 2011.

Commons (English Wikipedia)

abahlali.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

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in-abundance.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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onlinecreation.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

onthecommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ourwatercommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

perc.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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shareable.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Types

Environmental resource

European land use

thezeromarginalcostsociety.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

transcript-open.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

umass.edu (Global: 3,436th place; English: 2,060th place)

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unesco.org (Global: 104th place; English: 170th place)

ich.unesco.org

urban-policy.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

wealthofthecommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

yale.edu (Global: 559th place; English: 389th place)

digitalcommons.law.yale.edu

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adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

barcelona.cat (Global: 5,128^th place; English: low place)

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commonslibrary.org (Global: low place; English: 9,101^st place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

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science.org (Global: 1,007^th place; English: 665^th place)

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unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

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yale.edu (Global: 559^th place; English: 389^th place)