Compiler (English Wikipedia)

Sun, Chengnian; Le, Vu; Zhang, Qirun; Su, Zhendong (2016). "Toward understanding compiler bugs in GCC and LLVM". Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. ISSTA 2016. ACM. pp. 294–305. doi:10.1145/2931037.2931074. ISBN 9781450343909. S2CID 8339241.
Hopper, Grace. "Keynote Address". Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages (HOPL) conference, June 1978. doi:10.1145/800025.1198341.
Backus, John (1 June 1978), "The history of Fortran I, II, and III", History of programming languages, New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 25–74, doi:10.1145/800025.1198345, ISBN 978-0-12-745040-7, retrieved 9 October 2024

cacm.acm.org

Bruderer, Herbert (21 December 2022). "Did Grace Hopper Create the First Compiler?".

altera.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Altera Staff (2017). "Spectra-Q™ Engine". Altera.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.

aosabook.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lattner, Chris (2017). "LLVM". In Brown, Amy; Wilson, Greg (eds.). The Architecture of Open Source Applications. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Iverson, Kenneth E. (1962). A Programming Language. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471430-14-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

bell-labs.com (Global: 5,739^th place; English: 4,857^th place)

Dennis M. Ritchie, "The Development of the C Language", ACM Second History of Programming Languages Conference, April 1993

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Gries, David (2012). "Appendix 1: Backus-Naur Form". The Science of Programming. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 304. ISBN 978-1461259831.
McCarthy, John; Abrahams, Paul W.; Edwards, Daniel J.; Hart, Timothy P.; Levin, Michael I. (1965). Lisp 1.5 Programmers Manual. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-26213011-0.

builtin.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Compiler vs. Interpreter in Programming". Built In. Retrieved 25 May 2025.

coding-guidelines.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

shape-of-code.coding-guidelines.com

"List of early compilers and assemblers".

computer.org (Global: 5,196^th place; English: 3,635^th place)

Strawn, George; Strawn, Candace (2015). "Grace Hopper: Compilers and Cobol". IT Professional. 17 (Jan.-Feb. 2015): 62–64. Bibcode:2015ITPro..17a..62S. doi:10.1109/MITP.2015.6.
"The Multics PL/1 Compiler", R. A. Freiburghouse, GE, Fall Joint Computer Conference 1969

cyberleninka.ru (Global: 475^th place; English: 5,657^th place)

Ilyushin, Evgeniy; Namiot, Dmitry (2016). "On source-to-source compilers". International Journal of Open Information Technologies. 4 (5): 48–51. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

Sudarsanam, Ashok; Malik, Sharad; Fujita, Masahiro (2002). "A Retargetable Compilation Methodology for Embedded Digital Signal Processors Using a Machine-Dependent Code Optimization Library". Readings in Hardware/Software Co-Design. Elsevier. pp. 506–515. doi:10.1016/b978-155860702-6/50045-4. ISBN 9781558607026. A compiler is a computer program that translates a program written in a high-level language (HLL), such as C, into an equivalent assembly language program [2].
Sun, Chengnian; Le, Vu; Zhang, Qirun; Su, Zhendong (2016). "Toward understanding compiler bugs in GCC and LLVM". Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. ISSTA 2016. ACM. pp. 294–305. doi:10.1145/2931037.2931074. ISBN 9781450343909. S2CID 8339241.
Hellige, Hans Dieter, ed. (2004) [November 2002]. Written at Bremen, Germany. Geschichten der Informatik - Visionen, Paradigmen, Leitmotive (in German) (1 ed.). Berlin / Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. pp. 45, 104, 105. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18631-8. ISBN 978-3-540-00217-8. ISBN 3-540-00217-0. (xii+514 pages)
Rutishauser, Heinz (1951). "Über automatische Rechenplanfertigung bei programmgesteuerten Rechenanlagen". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (in German). 31: 255. doi:10.1002/zamm.19510310820.
Hopper, Grace Murray (1952). "The education of a computer". Proceedings of the 1952 ACM national meeting (Pittsburgh) on - ACM '52. pp. 243–249. doi:10.1145/609784.609818. S2CID 10081016.
Ridgway, Richard K. (1952). "Compiling routines". Proceedings of the 1952 ACM national meeting (Toronto) on - ACM '52. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1145/800259.808980. S2CID 14878552.
Hopper, Grace. "Keynote Address". Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages (HOPL) conference, June 1978. doi:10.1145/800025.1198341.
Strawn, George; Strawn, Candace (2015). "Grace Hopper: Compilers and Cobol". IT Professional. 17 (Jan.-Feb. 2015): 62–64. Bibcode:2015ITPro..17a..62S. doi:10.1109/MITP.2015.6.
Backus, John (1 June 1978), "The history of Fortran I, II, and III", History of programming languages, New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 25–74, doi:10.1145/800025.1198345, ISBN 978-0-12-745040-7, retrieved 9 October 2024
"S1-A Simple Compiler", Compiler Construction Using Java, JavaCC, and Yacc, Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 289–329, 28 February 2012, doi:10.1002/9781118112762.ch12, ISBN 978-1-118-11276-2, retrieved 17 May 2023
Aycock, John (2003). "A Brief History of Just-in-Time". ACM Comput. Surv. 35 (2): 93–113. doi:10.1145/857076.857077. S2CID 15345671.
Swartz, Jordan S.; Betz, Vaugh; Rose, Jonathan (22–25 February 1998). "A fast routability-driven router for FPGAs" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1998 ACM/SIGDA sixth international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays - FPGA '98. Monterey, CA: ACM. pp. 140–149. doi:10.1145/275107.275134. ISBN 978-0897919784. S2CID 7128364. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017.
Metula, Erez (2011). "Tools of the Trade". Managed Code Rootkits. pp. 39–62. doi:10.1016/B978-1-59749-574-5.00003-9. ISBN 978-1-59749-574-5.

dx.doi.org

"S1-A Simple Compiler", Compiler Construction Using Java, JavaCC, and Yacc, Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 289–329, 28 February 2012, doi:10.1002/9781118112762.ch12, ISBN 978-1-118-11276-2, retrieved 17 May 2023

dtic.mil (Global: 833^rd place; English: 567^th place)

apps.dtic.mil

A. Snyder, A Portable Compiler for the Language C, MIT, 1974.
W. Wulf, K. Nori, "Delayed binding in PQCC generated compilers", CMU Research Showcase Report, CMU-CS-82-138, 1982

embedjournal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Chandrasekaran, Siddharth (26 January 2018). "Cross Compilation Demystified". embedjournal.com. Retrieved 5 March 2023.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

Backus, John. "The history of FORTRAN I, II and III" (PDF). History of Programming Languages. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Hoare, C.A.R. (December 1973). "Hints on Programming Language Design" (PDF). p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. (This statement is sometimes erroneously attributed to Edsger W. Dijkstra, also involved in implementing the first ALGOL 60 compiler.)

gi.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

dl.gi.de

Fothe, Michael; Wilke, Thomas, eds. (2015) [2014-11-14]. Written at Jena, Germany. Keller, Stack und automatisches Gedächtnis – eine Struktur mit Potenzial [Cellar, stack and automatic memory - a structure with potential] (PDF) (Tagungsband zum Kolloquium 14. November 2014 in Jena). GI Series: Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI) – Thematics (in German). Vol. T-7. Bonn, Germany: Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI) / Köllen Druck + Verlag GmbH. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-3-88579-426-4. ISSN 1614-3213. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020. [1] (77 pages)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Strawn, George; Strawn, Candace (2015). "Grace Hopper: Compilers and Cobol". IT Professional. 17 (Jan.-Feb. 2015): 62–64. Bibcode:2015ITPro..17a..62S. doi:10.1109/MITP.2015.6.

kent.edu (Global: 9,450^th place; English: 5,700^th place)

cs.kent.edu

K. Nygaard, University of Oslo, Norway, "Basic Concepts in Object Oriented Programming", SIGPLAN Notices V21, 1986

medium.com (Global: 551^st place; English: 406^th place)

christianbaghai.medium.com

Baghai, Christian (4 April 2023). "The Evolution of Programming Languages: From Primitive Binary to High-Level Abstractions". Medium. Retrieved 10 July 2024.

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

groups.csail.mit.edu

Abelson, Hal; Dybvig, R. K.; et al. Rees, Jonathan; Clinger, William (eds.). "Revised(3) Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme, (Dedicated to the Memory of ALGOL 60)". Retrieved 20 October 2009.

dspace.mit.edu

"Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine", Communications of the ACM, April 1960

multicians.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Corbató, F. J.; Vyssotsky, V. A. "Introduction and Overview of the MULTICS System". 1965 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Multicians.org.

pcmag.com (Global: 1,060^th place; English: 700^th place)

"Encyclopedia: Definition of Compiler". PCMag.com. Retrieved 2 July 2022.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Sun, Chengnian; Le, Vu; Zhang, Qirun; Su, Zhendong (2016). "Toward understanding compiler bugs in GCC and LLVM". Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. ISSTA 2016. ACM. pp. 294–305. doi:10.1145/2931037.2931074. ISBN 9781450343909. S2CID 8339241.
Hopper, Grace Murray (1952). "The education of a computer". Proceedings of the 1952 ACM national meeting (Pittsburgh) on - ACM '52. pp. 243–249. doi:10.1145/609784.609818. S2CID 10081016.
Ridgway, Richard K. (1952). "Compiling routines". Proceedings of the 1952 ACM national meeting (Toronto) on - ACM '52. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1145/800259.808980. S2CID 14878552.
Aycock, John (2003). "A Brief History of Just-in-Time". ACM Comput. Surv. 35 (2): 93–113. doi:10.1145/857076.857077. S2CID 15345671.
Swartz, Jordan S.; Betz, Vaugh; Rose, Jonathan (22–25 February 1998). "A fast routability-driven router for FPGAs" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1998 ACM/SIGDA sixth international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays - FPGA '98. Monterey, CA: ACM. pp. 140–149. doi:10.1145/275107.275134. ISBN 978-0897919784. S2CID 7128364. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017.

softwarepreservation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Backus, John. "The history of FORTRAN I, II and III" (PDF). History of Programming Languages. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

sourceforge.net (Global: 1,669^th place; English: 1,290^th place)

"SNOBOL4 Programming Language". SourceForge. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2025.

toronto.edu (Global: low place; English: 8,821^st place)

eecg.toronto.edu

Swartz, Jordan S.; Betz, Vaugh; Rose, Jonathan (22–25 February 1998). "A fast routability-driven router for FPGAs" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1998 ACM/SIGDA sixth international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays - FPGA '98. Monterey, CA: ACM. pp. 140–149. doi:10.1145/275107.275134. ISBN 978-0897919784. S2CID 7128364. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017.

umich.edu (Global: 459^th place; English: 360^th place)

eecs.umich.edu

Hoare, C.A.R. (December 1973). "Hints on Programming Language Design" (PDF). p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. (This statement is sometimes erroneously attributed to Edsger W. Dijkstra, also involved in implementing the first ALGOL 60 compiler.)

vub.ac.be (Global: low place; English: low place)

prog.vub.ac.be

"BCPL: A tool for compiler writing and system programming" M. Richards, University Mathematical Laboratory Cambridge, England 1969

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Fothe, Michael; Wilke, Thomas, eds. (2015) [2014-11-14]. Written at Jena, Germany. Keller, Stack und automatisches Gedächtnis – eine Struktur mit Potenzial [Cellar, stack and automatic memory - a structure with potential] (PDF) (Tagungsband zum Kolloquium 14. November 2014 in Jena). GI Series: Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI) – Thematics (in German). Vol. T-7. Bonn, Germany: Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI) / Köllen Druck + Verlag GmbH. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-3-88579-426-4. ISSN 1614-3213. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020. [1] (77 pages)
Lattner, Chris (2017). "LLVM". In Brown, Amy; Wilson, Greg (eds.). The Architecture of Open Source Applications. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Ilyushin, Evgeniy; Namiot, Dmitry (2016). "On source-to-source compilers". International Journal of Open Information Technologies. 4 (5): 48–51. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
Swartz, Jordan S.; Betz, Vaugh; Rose, Jonathan (22–25 February 1998). "A fast routability-driven router for FPGAs" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1998 ACM/SIGDA sixth international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays - FPGA '98. Monterey, CA: ACM. pp. 140–149. doi:10.1145/275107.275134. ISBN 978-0897919784. S2CID 7128364. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017.
Xilinx Staff (2009). "XST Synthesis Overview". Xilinx, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Altera Staff (2017). "Spectra-Q™ Engine". Altera.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.

wikisource.org (Global: 27^th place; English: 51^st place)

en.wikisource.org

United States Department of Defense (18 February 1980) Stoneman requirements

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Fothe, Michael; Wilke, Thomas, eds. (2015) [2014-11-14]. Written at Jena, Germany. Keller, Stack und automatisches Gedächtnis – eine Struktur mit Potenzial [Cellar, stack and automatic memory - a structure with potential] (PDF) (Tagungsband zum Kolloquium 14. November 2014 in Jena). GI Series: Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI) – Thematics (in German). Vol. T-7. Bonn, Germany: Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI) / Köllen Druck + Verlag GmbH. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-3-88579-426-4. ISSN 1614-3213. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020. [1] (77 pages)
Blindell, Gabriel Hjort (3 June 2016). Instruction selection: Principles, methods, and applications. Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-31934019-7. OCLC 951745657.

xilinx.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Xilinx Staff (2009). "XST Synthesis Overview". Xilinx, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.

Compiler (English Wikipedia)

acm.org (Global: 1,185th place; English: 840th place)

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acm.org (Global: 1,185^th place; English: 840^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bell-labs.com (Global: 5,739^th place; English: 4,857^th place)

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computer.org (Global: 5,196^th place; English: 3,635^th place)

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