Computer (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Computer" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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58web.archive.org

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27books.google.com

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15doi.org

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8worldcat.org

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7semanticscholar.org

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7computerhistory.org

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5harvard.edu

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5archive.org

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3nih.gov

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3jstor.org

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2quickclick.es

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2handle.net

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2theguardian.com

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2man.ac.uk

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2computer50.org

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2ieee.org

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2invent.org

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2stanford.edu

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1utexas.edu

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1etymonline.com

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1antikythera-mechanism.gr

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1uottawa.ca

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1chonday.com

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1scientific-computing.com

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1sciencedirect.com

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1bnf.fr

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1ncl.ac.uk

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1ghostarchive.org

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1acm.org

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1computerhope.com

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1nytimes.com

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1fu-berlin.de

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1independent.co.uk

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1techiwarehouse.com

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1ourcomputerheritage.org

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1bcs.org

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1eetimes.com

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1uspto.gov

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1youtube.com

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1epn-online.com

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1nobelprize.org

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1ti.com

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1nasa.gov

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1espacenet.com

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1electrochem.org

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1intel.com

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1networkworld.com

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1arstechnica.com

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1idc.com

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1time.com

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1arxiv.org

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1thefreedictionary.com

614^th place

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1arquivo.pt

1,668^th place

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acm.org

dl.acm.org

Randell, Brian. Digital Computers, History of Origins, (pdf), p. 545, Digital Computers: Origins, Encyclopedia of Computer Science, January 2003.

antikythera-mechanism.gr

The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project Archived 28 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 1 July 2007.

archive.org

Halacy, Daniel Stephen (1970). Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer. Crowell-Collier Press. ISBN 978-0-02-741370-0.
Lojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 120. ISBN 978-3-540-34258-8.
Patterson, David; Hennessy, John (1998). Computer Organization and Design. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 27–39. ISBN 978-1-55860-428-5.
Arpad Barna; Dan I. Porat (1976). Introduction to Microcomputers and the Microprocessors. Wiley. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-471-05051-3.
Jerry Peek; Grace Todino; John Strang (2002). Learning the UNIX Operating System: A Concise Guide for the New User. O'Reilly. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-596-00261-9.

arquivo.pt

"Definition of computer". Thefreedictionary.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2012.

arstechnica.com

Chartier, David (23 December 2008). "Global notebook shipments finally overtake desktops". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.

arxiv.org

Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolf, Stephen (1999). "A Brief History of the Internet". arXiv:cs/9901011.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Bletchley's code-cracking Colossus". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2021.

bbc.com

Miller, Joe (10 November 2014). "The woman who cracked Enigma cyphers". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

bcs.org

Lavington, Simon. "A brief history of British computers: the first 25 years (1948–1973)". British Computer Society. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2010.

bnf.fr

gallica.bnf.fr

Torres Quevedo, Leonardo (1901). "Machines á calculer". Mémoires Présentés par Divers Savants à l'Académie des Scienes de l'Institut de France (in French). XXXII. Impr. nationale (París).

books.google.com

Evans 2018, p. 23. Evans, Claire L. (2018). Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN 978-0-7352-1175-9. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
Leonardo Torres. Memoria sobre las máquinas algébricas: con un informe de la Real academia de ciencias exactas, fisicas y naturales, Misericordia, 1895.
Ronald T. Kneusel. Numbers and Computers, Springer, pp. 84-85, 2017. ISBN 978-3-319-50508-4
Arthur W. Burks (1989). The First Electronic Computer. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08104-7. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
Evans 2018, p. 39. Evans, Claire L. (2018). Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN 978-0-7352-1175-9. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
Puers, Robert; Baldi, Livio; Voorde, Marcel Van de; Nooten, Sebastiaan E. van (2017). Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes. John Wiley & Sons. p. 14. ISBN 978-3-527-34053-8. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016). Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 165–167. ISBN 978-0-470-50892-3. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
Malmstadt, Howard V.; Enke, Christie G.; Crouch, Stanley R. (1994). Making the Right Connections: Microcomputers and Electronic Instrumentation. American Chemical Society. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-8412-2861-0. Retrieved 28 August 2019. The relative simplicity and low power requirements of MOSFETs have fostered today's microcomputer revolution.
Fossum, Jerry G.; Trivedi, Vishal P. (2013). Fundamentals of Ultra-Thin-Body MOSFETs and FinFETs. Cambridge University Press. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-107-43449-3. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
Winston, Brian (1998). Media Technology and Society: A History: From the Telegraph to the Internet. Routledge. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-415-14230-4. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
Saxena, Arjun N. (2009). Invention of Integrated Circuits: Untold Important Facts. World Scientific. p. 140. ISBN 978-981-281-445-6. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
Bassett, Ross Knox (2007). To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8018-8639-3. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
Huff, Howard R.; Tsuya, H.; Gösele, U. (1998). Silicon Materials Science and Technology: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Silicon Materials Science and Technology. Electrochemical Society. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-1-56677-193-1. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
Colinge, Jean-Pierre; Greer, James C. (2016). Nanowire Transistors: Physics of Devices and Materials in One Dimension. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-107-05240-6. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
"Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.
"Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.
"Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.
"Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.
Cragon, Harvey (2000). Computer Architecture and Implementation. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-521-65168-4. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Xu, Zhiwei; Zhang, Jialin (2021). Computational Thinking: A Perspective on Computer Science. Singapore: Springer. p. 60. ISBN 978-981-16-3848-0. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022. It is called the stored program architecture or stored program model, also known as the von Neumann architecture. We will use these terms interchangeably.
Ronald J. Leach (27 January 2016). Introduction to Software Engineering. CRC Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4987-0528-8. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
Hong Zhu (22 March 2005). Software Design Methodology: From Principles to Architectural Styles. Elsevier. pp. 47–72. ISBN 978-0-08-045496-2. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
Ronald J. Leach (27 January 2016). Introduction to Software Engineering. CRC Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4987-0528-8. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
John Knight (12 January 2012). Fundamentals of Dependable Computing for Software Engineers. CRC Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-4665-1821-6. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
Frederick P. Brooks (Jr.) (1975). The Mythical Man-month: Essays on Software Engineering. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-00650-6. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
Ian Sommerville (2007). Software Engineering. Pearson Education. pp. 4–17. ISBN 978-0-321-31379-9. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
II, Joseph D. Dumas (2005). Computer Architecture: Fundamentals and Principles of Computer Design. CRC Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-8493-2749-0. Retrieved 9 November 2020.

chonday.com

"The Writer Automaton, Switzerland". chonday.com. 11 July 2013. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.

computer50.org

"Early Electronic Computers (1946–51)". University of Manchester. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
Napper, R. B. E. "Introduction to the Mark 1". The University of Manchester. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.

computerhistory.org

"1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated". The Silicon Engine: A Timeline of Semiconductors in Computers. Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
Laws, David (4 December 2013). "Who Invented the Transistor?". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
"1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
"Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race – CHM Revolution". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
"1964 – First Commercial MOS IC Introduced". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2019.

computerhope.com

"Who is the Father of the Computer?". ComputerHope.

doi.org

According to Schmandt-Besserat 1981, these clay containers contained tokens, the total of which were the count of objects being transferred. The containers thus served as something of a bill of lading or an accounts book. In order to avoid breaking open the containers, first, clay impressions of the tokens were placed on the outside of the containers, for the count; the shapes of the impressions were abstracted into stylized marks; finally, the abstract marks were systematically used as numerals; these numerals were finally formalized as numbers.
Eventually the marks on the outside of the containers were all that were needed to convey the count, and the clay containers evolved into clay tablets with marks for the count. Schmandt-Besserat 1999 estimates it took 4000 years. Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1981). "Decipherment of the earliest tablets". Science. 211 (4479): 283–285. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..283S. doi:10.1126/science.211.4479.283. PMID 17748027. Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1999). "Tokens: The Cognitive Significance". Documenta Praehistorica. XXVI. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012.
Smith 2013, p. 6. Smith, Erika E. (2013). "Recognizing a Collective Inheritance through the History of Women in Computing". CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. 15 (1): 1–9. doi:10.7771/1481-4374.1972.
Marchant, Jo (1 November 2006). "In search of lost time". Nature. 444 (7119): 534–538. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..534M. doi:10.1038/444534a. PMID 17136067. S2CID 4305761.
Charette, François (2006). "Archaeology: High tech from Ancient Greece". Nature. 444 (7119): 551–552. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..551C. doi:10.1038/444551a. PMID 17136077. S2CID 33513516.
Bedini, Silvio A.; Maddison, Francis R. (1966). "Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 56 (5): 1–69. doi:10.2307/1006002. JSTOR 1006002.
Price, Derek de S. (1984). "A History of Calculating Machines". IEEE Micro. 4 (1): 22–52. doi:10.1109/MM.1984.291305.
Thomas, Federico (1 August 2008). "A short account on Leonardo Torres' endless spindle". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 43 (8). IFToMM: 1055–1063. doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2007.07.003. hdl:10261/30460. ISSN 0094-114X.
Gomez-Jauregui, Valentin; Gutierrez-Garcia, Andres; González-Redondo, Francisco A.; Iglesias, Miguel; Manchado, Cristina; Otero, Cesar (1 June 2022). "Torres Quevedo's mechanical calculator for second-degree equations with complex coefficients". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 172 (8). IFToMM: 104830. doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2022.104830. hdl:10902/24391. S2CID 247503677.
Rojas, R. (1998). "How to make Zuse's Z3 a universal computer". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 20 (3): 51–54. doi:10.1109/85.707574. S2CID 14606587.
Light 1999, p. 459. Light, Jennifer S. (1999). "When Computers Were Women". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 455–483. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0128. JSTOR 25147356. S2CID 108407884.
Turing, A. M. (1937). "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. 2. 42 (1): 230–265. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230. S2CID 73712.
Cooke-Yarborough, E. H. (June 1998). "Some early transistor applications in the UK". Engineering Science & Education Journal. 7 (3): 100–106. doi:10.1049/esej:19980301. ISSN 0963-7346. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2009. (subscription required)
Motoyoshi, M. (2009). "Through-Silicon Via (TSV)". Proceedings of the IEEE. 97 (1): 43–48. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462. ISSN 0018-9219. S2CID 29105721.
Hittinger, William C. (1973). "Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology". Scientific American. 229 (2): 48–59. Bibcode:1973SciAm.229b..48H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24923169.
Kuo, Yue (1 January 2013). "Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future" (PDF). The Electrochemical Society Interface. 22 (1): 55–61. Bibcode:2013ECSIn..22a..55K. doi:10.1149/2.F06131if. ISSN 1064-8208. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2019.

ed-thelen.org

Bromley 1990. Bromley, Allan G. (1990). "Difference and Analytical Engines". In Aspray, William (ed.). Computing Before Computers (PDF). Ames: Iowa State University Press. pp. 59–98. ISBN 978-0-8138-0047-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

eetimes.com

Young, Ian (12 December 2018). "Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive". EETimes. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.

electrochem.org

Kuo, Yue (1 January 2013). "Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future" (PDF). The Electrochemical Society Interface. 22 (1): 55–61. Bibcode:2013ECSIn..22a..55K. doi:10.1149/2.F06131if. ISSN 1064-8208. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2019.

epemag.com

Zuse, Horst. "Part 4: Konrad Zuse's Z1 and Z3 Computers". The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse. EPE Online. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2008.

epn-online.com

"The Hapless Tale of Geoffrey Dummer" Archived 11 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, (n.d.), (HTML), Electronic Product News, accessed 8 July 2008.

espacenet.com

worldwide.espacenet.com

Robert Noyce's Unitary circuit, US patent 2981877, "Semiconductor device-and-lead structure", issued 1961-04-25, assigned to Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation .

etymonline.com

"computer (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2021.

fu-berlin.de

inf.fu-berlin.de

Rojas, Raúl. "How to Make Zuse's Z3 a Universal Computer" (PDF). fu-berlin.de. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2015.

ghostarchive.org

Bromley 1990. Bromley, Allan G. (1990). "Difference and Analytical Engines". In Aspray, William (ed.). Computing Before Computers (PDF). Ames: Iowa State University Press. pp. 59–98. ISBN 978-0-8138-0047-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

goremotesupport.com

"Crash! The Story of IT: Zuse". Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Thomas, Federico (1 August 2008). "A short account on Leonardo Torres' endless spindle". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 43 (8). IFToMM: 1055–1063. doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2007.07.003. hdl:10261/30460. ISSN 0094-114X.
Gomez-Jauregui, Valentin; Gutierrez-Garcia, Andres; González-Redondo, Francisco A.; Iglesias, Miguel; Manchado, Cristina; Otero, Cesar (1 June 2022). "Torres Quevedo's mechanical calculator for second-degree equations with complex coefficients". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 172 (8). IFToMM: 104830. doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2022.104830. hdl:10902/24391. S2CID 247503677.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

According to Schmandt-Besserat 1981, these clay containers contained tokens, the total of which were the count of objects being transferred. The containers thus served as something of a bill of lading or an accounts book. In order to avoid breaking open the containers, first, clay impressions of the tokens were placed on the outside of the containers, for the count; the shapes of the impressions were abstracted into stylized marks; finally, the abstract marks were systematically used as numerals; these numerals were finally formalized as numbers.
Eventually the marks on the outside of the containers were all that were needed to convey the count, and the clay containers evolved into clay tablets with marks for the count. Schmandt-Besserat 1999 estimates it took 4000 years. Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1981). "Decipherment of the earliest tablets". Science. 211 (4479): 283–285. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..283S. doi:10.1126/science.211.4479.283. PMID 17748027. Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1999). "Tokens: The Cognitive Significance". Documenta Praehistorica. XXVI. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012.
Marchant, Jo (1 November 2006). "In search of lost time". Nature. 444 (7119): 534–538. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..534M. doi:10.1038/444534a. PMID 17136067. S2CID 4305761.
Charette, François (2006). "Archaeology: High tech from Ancient Greece". Nature. 444 (7119): 551–552. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..551C. doi:10.1038/444551a. PMID 17136077. S2CID 33513516.
Hittinger, William C. (1973). "Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology". Scientific American. 229 (2): 48–59. Bibcode:1973SciAm.229b..48H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24923169.
Kuo, Yue (1 January 2013). "Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future" (PDF). The Electrochemical Society Interface. 22 (1): 55–61. Bibcode:2013ECSIn..22a..55K. doi:10.1149/2.F06131if. ISSN 1064-8208. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2019.

idc.com

IDC (25 July 2013). "Growth Accelerates in the Worldwide Mobile Phone and Smartphone Markets in the Second Quarter, According to IDC". Archived from the original on 26 June 2014.

ieee.org

ieeexplore.ieee.org

Cooke-Yarborough, E. H. (June 1998). "Some early transistor applications in the UK". Engineering Science & Education Journal. 7 (3): 100–106. doi:10.1049/esej:19980301. ISSN 0963-7346. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2009. (subscription required)
Federico Faggin, The Making of the First Microprocessor Archived 27 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, Winter 2009, IEEE Xplore

independent.co.uk

Randell, Brian; Fensom, Harry; Milne, Frank A. (15 March 1995). "Obituary: Allen Coombs". The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.

intel.com

"Intel's First Microprocessor—the Intel 4004". Intel Corp. November 1971. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.

invent.org

"Dawon Kahng". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
"Martin Atalla in Inventors Hall of Fame, 2009". Archived from the original on 19 September 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2013.

jstor.org

Bedini, Silvio A.; Maddison, Francis R. (1966). "Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 56 (5): 1–69. doi:10.2307/1006002. JSTOR 1006002.
Light 1999, p. 459. Light, Jennifer S. (1999). "When Computers Were Women". Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 455–483. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0128. JSTOR 25147356. S2CID 108407884.
Hittinger, William C. (1973). "Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology". Scientific American. 229 (2): 48–59. Bibcode:1973SciAm.229b..48H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24923169.

man.ac.uk

cs.man.ac.uk

Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998). "Computing's Golden Jubilee". Resurrection (20). ISSN 0958-7403. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
"Early computers at Manchester University". Resurrection. 1 (4). Summer 1992. ISSN 0958-7403. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2010.

nasa.gov

hq.nasa.gov

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ncl.ac.uk

cs.ncl.ac.uk

Randell 1982, p. 6, 11–13. Randell, Brian (1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.

networkworld.com

"7 dazzling smartphone improvements with Qualcomm's Snapdragon 835 chip". 3 January 2017. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.

newscientist.com

Graham-Cumming, John (23 December 2010). "Let's build Babbage's ultimate mechanical computer". opinion. New Scientist. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

According to Schmandt-Besserat 1981, these clay containers contained tokens, the total of which were the count of objects being transferred. The containers thus served as something of a bill of lading or an accounts book. In order to avoid breaking open the containers, first, clay impressions of the tokens were placed on the outside of the containers, for the count; the shapes of the impressions were abstracted into stylized marks; finally, the abstract marks were systematically used as numerals; these numerals were finally formalized as numbers.
Eventually the marks on the outside of the containers were all that were needed to convey the count, and the clay containers evolved into clay tablets with marks for the count. Schmandt-Besserat 1999 estimates it took 4000 years. Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1981). "Decipherment of the earliest tablets". Science. 211 (4479): 283–285. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..283S. doi:10.1126/science.211.4479.283. PMID 17748027. Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1999). "Tokens: The Cognitive Significance". Documenta Praehistorica. XXVI. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012.
Marchant, Jo (1 November 2006). "In search of lost time". Nature. 444 (7119): 534–538. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..534M. doi:10.1038/444534a. PMID 17136067. S2CID 4305761.
Charette, François (2006). "Archaeology: High tech from Ancient Greece". Nature. 444 (7119): 551–552. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..551C. doi:10.1038/444551a. PMID 17136077. S2CID 33513516.

nobelprize.org

Kilby, Jack (2000). "Nobel lecture" (PDF). Stockholm: Nobel Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008.

nytimes.com

Salz Trautman, Peggy (20 April 1994). "A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2017.

ourcomputerheritage.org

"Our Computer Heritage Pilot Study: Deliveries of Ferranti Mark I and Mark I Star computers". Computer Conservation Society. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2010.

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Torres, Leonardo (10 October 1895). "Memória sobre las Máquinas Algébricas" (PDF). Revista de Obras Públicas (in Spanish) (28): 217–222.
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According to Schmandt-Besserat 1981, these clay containers contained tokens, the total of which were the count of objects being transferred. The containers thus served as something of a bill of lading or an accounts book. In order to avoid breaking open the containers, first, clay impressions of the tokens were placed on the outside of the containers, for the count; the shapes of the impressions were abstracted into stylized marks; finally, the abstract marks were systematically used as numerals; these numerals were finally formalized as numbers.
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According to Schmandt-Besserat 1981, these clay containers contained tokens, the total of which were the count of objects being transferred. The containers thus served as something of a bill of lading or an accounts book. In order to avoid breaking open the containers, first, clay impressions of the tokens were placed on the outside of the containers, for the count; the shapes of the impressions were abstracted into stylized marks; finally, the abstract marks were systematically used as numerals; these numerals were finally formalized as numbers.
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