Computer science (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Computer science" in English language version.

Last modified: 22:23:15, 3 September 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

4234web.archive.org

1^st place

2519doi.org

2^nd place

1312semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

117worldcat.org

4^th place

104stanford.edu

194^th place

182^nd place

73adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

32csab.org

low place

22computerhistory.org

2,702^nd place

1,789^th place

22ibm.com

1,369^th place

968^th place

22ghostarchive.org

64^th place

28^th place

21mit.edu

476^th place

340^th place

22acm.org

1,200^th place

821^st place

11robroy.dyndns.info

low place

11wikiquote.org

low place

11york.ac.uk

7,811^th place

4,790^th place

11princeton.edu

802^nd place

528^th place

11dictionary.com

1,672^nd place

1,248^th place

11umd.edu

1,356^th place

1,172^nd place

11umn.edu

1,293^rd place

776^th place

11uwaterloo.ca

3,649^th place

2,434^th place

11uni-jena.de

4,265^th place

5,570^th place

11i-programmer.info

low place

11sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk

low place

6,964^th place

11scottlan.edu

low place

11tcd.ie

4,927^th place

3,031^st place

11quickclick.es

low place

11books.google.com

3^rd place

11ncl.ac.uk

5,403^rd place

3,489^th place

11cam.ac.uk

569^th place

354^th place

11purdue.edu

1,391^st place

979^th place

11uef.fi

low place

11jstor.org

23^rd place

15^th place

11psu.edu

299^th place

159^th place

11eden-study.org

low place

11nap.edu

2,540^th place

1,815^th place

11claymath.org

low place

11scientificamerican.com

1,110^th place

817^th place

11techtarget.com

3,908^th place

3,051^st place

11uchicago.edu

226^th place

199^th place

11systemsapproach.org

low place

11buffalo.edu

4,409^th place

2,820^th place

11mozilla.org

2,188^th place

2,076^th place

11itu.dk

low place

11cra.org

low place

acm.org (Global: 1,200^th place; English: 821^st place)

dl.acm.org

Randell, Brian. Digital Computers, History of Origins, (pdf), p. 545, Digital Computers: Origins, Encyclopedia of Computer Science, January 2003.

cacm.acm.org

Groth, Dennis P. (February 2010). "Why an Informatics Degree?". Communications of the ACM. Cacm.acm.org. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2016.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. Bibcode:1989Compr..22b..63D. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information, their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is, 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'
Randell 1982, pp. 6, 11–13. Randell, Brian (October–December 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4): 327–341. Bibcode:1982IAHC....4d.327R. doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013.
Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. Bibcode:1989Compr..22b..63D. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Ronald T. Kneusel. Numbers and Computers, Springer, pp. 84–85, 2017. ISBN 978-3319505084

buffalo.edu (Global: 4,409^th place; English: 2,820^th place)

cse.buffalo.edu

Rapaport, William J. (September 20, 2013). "What Is Computation?". State University of New York at Buffalo. Archived from the original on February 14, 2001. Retrieved August 31, 2013.

cam.ac.uk (Global: 569^th place; English: 354^th place)

cl.cam.ac.uk

"Some EDSAC statistics". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2011.

claymath.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Clay Mathematics Institute P = NP Archived October 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

"Ada Lovelace | Babbage Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
"The Leibniz Step Reckoner and Curta Calculators". Computer History Museum. Retrieved March 16, 2026.

cra.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Patterson, David (August 1999). "Evaluating Computer Scientists and Engineers For Promotion and Tenure". Computing Research Association. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.

csab.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Computer Science as a Profession". Computing Sciences Accreditation Board. May 28, 1997. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
"CSAB Leading Computer Education". CSAB. August 3, 2011. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2011.

dictionary.com (Global: 1,672^nd place; English: 1,248^th place)

"Definition of computer science | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. Bibcode:1989Compr..22b..63D. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information, their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is, 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'
Patton, Richard D.; Patton, Peter C. (2009), "What Can be Automated? What Cannot be Automated?", in Nof, Shimon Y. (ed.), Springer Handbook of Automation, Springer Handbooks, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 305–313, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_18, ISBN 978-3-540-78831-7, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved March 3, 2022
Knuth, Donald E. (August 1, 1972). "George Forsythe and the development of computer science". Communications of the ACM. 15 (8): 721–726. doi:10.1145/361532.361538. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 12512057.
Hanson, Vicki L. (January 23, 2017). "Celebrating 50 years of the Turing award". Communications of the ACM. 60 (2): 5. doi:10.1145/3033604. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 29984960.
Scott, Eric; Martins, Marcella Scoczynski Ribeiro; Yafrani, Mohamed El; Volz, Vanessa; Wilson, Dennis G (June 5, 2018). "ACM marks 50 years of the ACM A.M. turing award and computing's greatest achievements". ACM SIGEVOlution. 10 (3): 9–11. doi:10.1145/3231560.3231563. ISSN 1931-8499. S2CID 47021559.
Strickland, Lloyd (2023). "Why Did Thomas Harriot Invent Binary?". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 46: 57–62. doi:10.1007/s00283-023-10271-9.
Randell 1982, pp. 6, 11–13. Randell, Brian (October–December 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4): 327–341. Bibcode:1982IAHC....4d.327R. doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013.
Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. Bibcode:1989Compr..22b..63D. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814.
Louis Fine (1960). "The Role of the University in Computers, Data Processing, and Related Fields". Communications of the ACM. 2 (9): 7–14. doi:10.1145/368424.368427. S2CID 6740821.
Peter Naur (1966). "The science of datalogy". Communications of the ACM. 9 (7): 485. doi:10.1145/365719.366510. S2CID 47558402.
Weiss, E.A.; Corley, Henry P.T. "Letters to the editor". Communications of the ACM. 1 (4): 6. doi:10.1145/368796.368802. S2CID 5379449.
Tedre, M. (2011). "Computing as a Science: A Survey of Competing Viewpoints". Minds and Machines. 21 (3): 361–387. doi:10.1007/s11023-011-9240-4. S2CID 14263916.
Parnas, D.L. (1998). "Software engineering programmes are not computer science programmes". Annals of Software Engineering. 6 (1–4): 19–37. doi:10.1023/A:1018949113292. S2CID 35786237., p. 19: "Rather than treat software engineering as a subfield of computer science, I treat it as an element of the set, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, [...]"
Luk, R.W.P. (2020). "Insight in how computer science can be a science". Science & Philosophy. 8 (2): 17–47. doi:10.23756/sp.v8i2.531.
Knuth, D.E. (1974). "Computer science and its relation to mathematics". The American Mathematical Monthly. 81 (4): 323–343. doi:10.2307/2318994. JSTOR 2318994.
Denning, Peter J. (2007). "Computing is a natural science". Communications of the ACM. 50 (7): 13–18. doi:10.1145/1272516.1272529. S2CID 20045303.
Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Meyer, Bertrand (April 2009). "Viewpoint: Research evaluation for computer science". Communications of the ACM. 25 (4): 31–34. doi:10.1145/1498765.1498780. S2CID 8625066.
Fortnow, Lance (August 2009). "Viewpoint: Time for Computer Science to Grow Up". Communications of the ACM. 52 (8): 33–35. doi:10.1145/1536616.1536631.

eden-study.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

Matti Tedre (2006). "The Development of Computer Science: A Sociocultural Perspective" (PDF). p. 260. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
A. Thisted, Ronald (April 7, 1997). "Computer Architecture" (PDF). The University of Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.

i-programmer.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Pre-History of Computing". www.i-programmer.info. Retrieved March 16, 2026.

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

"IBM Archives: 1945". Ibm.com. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
"IBM100 – The Origins of Computer Science". Ibm.com. September 15, 1995. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.

itu.dk (Global: low place; English: low place)

pure.itu.dk

Meyer, Bertrand (April 2009). "Viewpoint: Research evaluation for computer science". Communications of the ACM. 25 (4): 31–34. doi:10.1145/1498765.1498780. S2CID 8625066.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Knuth, D.E. (1974). "Computer science and its relation to mathematics". The American Mathematical Monthly. 81 (4): 323–343. doi:10.2307/2318994. JSTOR 2318994.

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

mitpress.mit.edu

What Can Be Automated? Computer Science and Engineering Research Study. Computer Science Series. MIT Press. 1980. ISBN 978-0262010603. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021.

mozilla.org (Global: 2,188^th place; English: 2,076^th place)

developer.mozilla.org

"Multi-Paradigm Programming Language". MDN Web Docs. Mozilla Foundation. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013.

nap.edu (Global: 2,540^th place; English: 1,815^th place)

Committee on the Fundamentals of Computer Science: Challenges and Opportunities, National Research Council (2004). Computer Science: Reflections on the Field, Reflections from the Field. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09301-9. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2008.

ncl.ac.uk (Global: 5,403^rd place; English: 3,489^th place)

cs.ncl.ac.uk

Randell 1982, pp. 6, 11–13. Randell, Brian (October–December 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4): 327–341. Bibcode:1982IAHC....4d.327R. doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013.

princeton.edu (Global: 802^nd place; English: 528^th place)

wordnetweb.princeton.edu

"WordNet Search—3.1". WordNet Search. Wordnetweb.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2012.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

purdue.edu (Global: 1,391^st place; English: 979^th place)

cs.purdue.edu

"Computer science pioneer Samuel D. Conte dies at 85". Purdue Computer Science. July 1, 2002. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

quickclick.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

Torres Quevedo, Leonardo. Automática: Complemento de la Teoría de las Máquinas, (pdf), pp. 575–583, Revista de Obras Públicas, 19 November 1914.

robroy.dyndns.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The introduction of punched cards into the new engine was important not only as a more convenient form of control than the drums, or because programs could now be of unlimited extent, and could be stored and repeated without the danger of introducing errors in setting the machine by hand; it was important also because it served to crystallize Babbage's feeling that he had invented something really new, something much more than a sophisticated calculating machine." Bruce Collier, 1970 Collier, Bruce (1990). The little engine that could've: The calculating machines of Charles Babbage. Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-0-8240-0043-1. Archived from the original on January 20, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2013.

sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,964^th place)

collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk

"Science Museum, Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834–1871 (Trial model)". Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2020.

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

P. Collins, Graham (October 14, 2002). "Claude E. Shannon: Founder of Information Theory". Scientific American. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

scottlan.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"A Selection and Adaptation From Ada's Notes found in Ada, The Enchantress of Numbers," by Betty Alexandra Toole Ed.D. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, CA". Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved May 4, 2006.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Knuth, Donald E. (August 1, 1972). "George Forsythe and the development of computer science". Communications of the ACM. 15 (8): 721–726. doi:10.1145/361532.361538. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 12512057.
Hanson, Vicki L. (January 23, 2017). "Celebrating 50 years of the Turing award". Communications of the ACM. 60 (2): 5. doi:10.1145/3033604. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 29984960.
Scott, Eric; Martins, Marcella Scoczynski Ribeiro; Yafrani, Mohamed El; Volz, Vanessa; Wilson, Dennis G (June 5, 2018). "ACM marks 50 years of the ACM A.M. turing award and computing's greatest achievements". ACM SIGEVOlution. 10 (3): 9–11. doi:10.1145/3231560.3231563. ISSN 1931-8499. S2CID 47021559.
Randell 1982, pp. 6, 11–13. Randell, Brian (October–December 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4): 327–341. Bibcode:1982IAHC....4d.327R. doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013.
Louis Fine (1960). "The Role of the University in Computers, Data Processing, and Related Fields". Communications of the ACM. 2 (9): 7–14. doi:10.1145/368424.368427. S2CID 6740821.
Peter Naur (1966). "The science of datalogy". Communications of the ACM. 9 (7): 485. doi:10.1145/365719.366510. S2CID 47558402.
Weiss, E.A.; Corley, Henry P.T. "Letters to the editor". Communications of the ACM. 1 (4): 6. doi:10.1145/368796.368802. S2CID 5379449.
Tedre, M. (2011). "Computing as a Science: A Survey of Competing Viewpoints". Minds and Machines. 21 (3): 361–387. doi:10.1007/s11023-011-9240-4. S2CID 14263916.
Parnas, D.L. (1998). "Software engineering programmes are not computer science programmes". Annals of Software Engineering. 6 (1–4): 19–37. doi:10.1023/A:1018949113292. S2CID 35786237., p. 19: "Rather than treat software engineering as a subfield of computer science, I treat it as an element of the set, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, [...]"
Denning, Peter J. (2007). "Computing is a natural science". Communications of the ACM. 50 (7): 13–18. doi:10.1145/1272516.1272529. S2CID 20045303.
Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Meyer, Bertrand (April 2009). "Viewpoint: Research evaluation for computer science". Communications of the ACM. 25 (4): 31–34. doi:10.1145/1498765.1498780. S2CID 8625066.

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

plato.stanford.edu

"The Philosophy of Computer Science". The Philosophy of Computer Science (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021. Archived from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
Turner, Raymond; Angius, Nicola (2019). "The Philosophy of Computer Science". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.

library.stanford.edu

"Stanford University Oral History". Stanford Libraries. Stanford University. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2013.

stanford.edu

Donald Knuth (1972). "George Forsythe and the Development of Computer Science". Comms. ACM. Archived October 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

systemsapproach.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

book.systemsapproach.org

Peterson, Larry; Davie, Bruce (2000). Computer Networks: A Systems Approach. Singapore: Harcourt Asia. ISBN 9789814066433. Retrieved May 24, 2025.

tcd.ie (Global: 4,927^th place; English: 3,031^st place)

scss.tcd.ie

"The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection" (PDF). Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.

techtarget.com (Global: 3,908^th place; English: 3,051^st place)

whatis.techtarget.com

"What is an integrated circuit (IC)? A vital component of modern electronics". WhatIs.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

galton.uchicago.edu

A. Thisted, Ronald (April 7, 1997). "Computer Architecture" (PDF). The University of Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.

uef.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

epublications.uef.fi

Matti Tedre (2006). "The Development of Computer Science: A Sociocultural Perspective" (PDF). p. 260. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

umd.edu (Global: 1,356^th place; English: 1,172^nd place)

undergrad.cs.umd.edu

"What is Computer Science? | Undergraduate Computer Science at UMD". undergrad.cs.umd.edu. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2022.

umn.edu (Global: 1,293^rd place; English: 776^th place)

cbi.umn.edu

"Charles Babbage Institute: Who Was Charles Babbage?". cbi.umn.edu. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2016.

uni-jena.de (Global: 4,265^th place; English: 5,570^th place)

fmi.uni-jena.de

"Wilhelm Schickard – Ein Computerpionier" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2016.

uwaterloo.ca (Global: 3,649^th place; English: 2,434^th place)

cs.uwaterloo.ca

"History of Computer Science". cs.uwaterloo.ca. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2022.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"The introduction of punched cards into the new engine was important not only as a more convenient form of control than the drums, or because programs could now be of unlimited extent, and could be stored and repeated without the danger of introducing errors in setting the machine by hand; it was important also because it served to crystallize Babbage's feeling that he had invented something really new, something much more than a sophisticated calculating machine." Bruce Collier, 1970 Collier, Bruce (1990). The little engine that could've: The calculating machines of Charles Babbage. Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-0-8240-0043-1. Archived from the original on January 20, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
"What is Computer Science?". Department of Computer Science, University of York. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
What Can Be Automated? Computer Science and Engineering Research Study. Computer Science Series. MIT Press. 1980. ISBN 978-0262010603. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021.
"WordNet Search—3.1". WordNet Search. Wordnetweb.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
"Definition of computer science | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
"What is Computer Science? | Undergraduate Computer Science at UMD". undergrad.cs.umd.edu. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
Patton, Richard D.; Patton, Peter C. (2009), "What Can be Automated? What Cannot be Automated?", in Nof, Shimon Y. (ed.), Springer Handbook of Automation, Springer Handbooks, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 305–313, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_18, ISBN 978-3-540-78831-7, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved March 3, 2022
"Charles Babbage Institute: Who Was Charles Babbage?". cbi.umn.edu. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
"Ada Lovelace | Babbage Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
"History of Computer Science". cs.uwaterloo.ca. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
"Wilhelm Schickard – Ein Computerpionier" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
"Science Museum, Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834–1871 (Trial model)". Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
"A Selection and Adaptation From Ada's Notes found in Ada, The Enchantress of Numbers," by Betty Alexandra Toole Ed.D. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, CA". Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved May 4, 2006.
"The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection" (PDF). Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
Randell 1982, pp. 6, 11–13. Randell, Brian (October–December 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4): 327–341. Bibcode:1982IAHC....4d.327R. doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013.
"IBM Archives: 1945". Ibm.com. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
"IBM100 – The Origins of Computer Science". Ibm.com. September 15, 1995. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
"Some EDSAC statistics". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
"Computer science pioneer Samuel D. Conte dies at 85". Purdue Computer Science. July 1, 2002. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
"Stanford University Oral History". Stanford Libraries. Stanford University. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
Donald Knuth (1972). "George Forsythe and the Development of Computer Science". Comms. ACM. Archived October 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
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See the entry "Computer science" on Wikiquote for the history of this quotation.

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Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. Bibcode:1989Compr..22b..63D. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information, their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is, 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'
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Scott, Eric; Martins, Marcella Scoczynski Ribeiro; Yafrani, Mohamed El; Volz, Vanessa; Wilson, Dennis G (June 5, 2018). "ACM marks 50 years of the ACM A.M. turing award and computing's greatest achievements". ACM SIGEVOlution. 10 (3): 9–11. doi:10.1145/3231560.3231563. ISSN 1931-8499. S2CID 47021559.
Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. Bibcode:1989Compr..22b..63D. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814.
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"What is Computer Science?". Department of Computer Science, University of York. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

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