Computer science (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Computer science" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

46web.archive.org

1^st place

18doi.org

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12semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

6worldcat.org

5^th place

4ghostarchive.org

32^nd place

21^st place

4stanford.edu

179^th place

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3acm.org

1,185^th place

840^th place

2ieee.org

652^nd place

515^th place

2ibm.com

1,131^st place

850^th place

2csab.org

low place

1robroy.dyndns.info

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1wikiquote.org

6,760^th place

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1york.ac.uk

7,670^th place

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1mit.edu

415^th place

327^th place

1princeton.edu

741^st place

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1dictionary.com

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1umd.edu

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1idsia.ch

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1umn.edu

1,266^th place

860^th place

1computerhistory.org

2,213^th place

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1uwaterloo.ca

3,153^rd place

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1uni-jena.de

4,878^th place

4,120^th place

1royalsociety.org

2,415^th place

2,060^th place

1sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk

low place

1scottlan.edu

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1tcd.ie

5,099^th place

3,425^th place

1quickclick.es

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1books.google.com

3^rd place

1ncl.ac.uk

4,362^nd place

3,162^nd place

1cam.ac.uk

670^th place

480^th place

1purdue.edu

850^th place

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1uef.fi

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1jstor.org

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1psu.edu

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1eden-study.org

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1nap.edu

2,128^th place

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1claymath.org

8,402^nd place

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1scientificamerican.com

896^th place

674^th place

1techtarget.com

2,435^th place

1,699^th place

1uchicago.edu

230^th place

214^th place

1buffalo.edu

4,241^st place

2,850^th place

1mozilla.org

1,686^th place

1,293^rd place

1itu.dk

low place

1cra.org

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1bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

1wcmt.org.uk

low place

1edweek.org

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6,928^th place

1code.org

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1economist.com

254^th place

236^th place

1computingatschool.org.uk

low place

1nytimes.com

7^th place

acm.org

dl.acm.org

Randell, Brian. Digital Computers, History of Origins, (pdf), p. 545, Digital Computers: Origins, Encyclopedia of Computer Science, January 2003.

cacm.acm.org

Groth, Dennis P. (February 2010). "Why an Informatics Degree?". Communications of the ACM. Cacm.acm.org. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2016.

runningonempty.acm.org

Wilson, Cameron; Sudol, Leigh Ann; Stephenson, Chris; Stehlik, Mark (2010). "Running on Empty: The Failure to Teach K–12 Computer Science in the Digital Age" (PDF). ACM. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2015.

bbc.co.uk

Burns, Judith (April 3, 2016). "Coding on tape - computer science A-level 1970s style". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.

books.google.com

Ronald T. Kneusel. Numbers and Computers, Springer, pp. 84-85, 2017. ISBN 978-3319505084

buffalo.edu

cse.buffalo.edu

Rapaport, William J. (September 20, 2013). "What Is Computation?". State University of New York at Buffalo. Archived from the original on February 14, 2001. Retrieved August 31, 2013.

cam.ac.uk

cl.cam.ac.uk

"Some EDSAC statistics". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2011.

claymath.org

Clay Mathematics Institute P = NP Archived October 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

code.org

advocacy.code.org

"2021 State of computer science education: Accelerating action through advocacy" (PDF). Code.org, CSTA, & ECEP Alliance. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.

computerhistory.org

"Ada Lovelace | Babbage Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2016.

computingatschool.org.uk

"Computing at School International comparisons" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2015.

cra.org

Patterson, David (August 1999). "Evaluating Computer Scientists and Engineers For Promotion and Tenure". Computing Research Association. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.

csab.org

"Computer Science as a Profession". Computing Sciences Accreditation Board. May 28, 1997. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
"CSAB Leading Computer Education". CSAB. August 3, 2011. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2011.

dictionary.com

"Definition of computer science | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

doi.org

Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information, their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is, 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'
Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
Patton, Richard D.; Patton, Peter C. (2009), Nof, Shimon Y. (ed.), "What Can be Automated? What Cannot be Automated?", Springer Handbook of Automation, Springer Handbooks, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 305–313, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_18, ISBN 978-3-540-78831-7, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved March 3, 2022
Knuth, Donald E. (August 1, 1972). "George Forsythe and the development of computer science". Communications of the ACM. 15 (8): 721–726. doi:10.1145/361532.361538. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 12512057.
Hanson, Vicki L. (January 23, 2017). "Celebrating 50 years of the Turing award". Communications of the ACM. 60 (2): 5. doi:10.1145/3033604. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 29984960.
Scott, Eric; Martins, Marcella Scoczynski Ribeiro; Yafrani, Mohamed El; Volz, Vanessa; Wilson, Dennis G (June 5, 2018). "ACM marks 50 years of the ACM A.M. turing award and computing's greatest achievements". ACM SIGEVOlution. 10 (3): 9–11. doi:10.1145/3231560.3231563. S2CID 47021559.
Randell 1982, p. 6, 11–13. Randell, Brian (October–December 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4): 327–341. doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013.
Louis Fine (1960). "The Role of the University in Computers, Data Processing, and Related Fields". Communications of the ACM. 2 (9): 7–14. doi:10.1145/368424.368427. S2CID 6740821.
Peter Naur (1966). "The science of datalogy". Communications of the ACM. 9 (7): 485. doi:10.1145/365719.366510. S2CID 47558402.
Weiss, E.A.; Corley, Henry P.T. "Letters to the editor". Communications of the ACM. 1 (4): 6. doi:10.1145/368796.368802. S2CID 5379449.
Tedre, M. (2011). "Computing as a Science: A Survey of Competing Viewpoints". Minds and Machines. 21 (3): 361–387. doi:10.1007/s11023-011-9240-4. S2CID 14263916.
Parnas, D.L. (1998). "Software engineering programmes are not computer science programmes". Annals of Software Engineering. 6: 19–37. doi:10.1023/A:1018949113292. S2CID 35786237., p. 19: "Rather than treat software engineering as a subfield of computer science, I treat it as an element of the set, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, [...]"
Luk, R.W.P. (2020). "Insight in how computer science can be a science". Science & Philosophy. 8 (2): 17–47. doi:10.23756/sp.v8i2.531.
Knuth, D.E. (1974). "Computer science and its relation to mathematics". The American Mathematical Monthly. 81 (4): 323–343. doi:10.2307/2318994. JSTOR 2318994.
Denning, Peter J. (2007). "Computing is a natural science". Communications of the ACM. 50 (7): 13–18. doi:10.1145/1272516.1272529. S2CID 20045303.
Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016.
Meyer, Bertrand (April 2009). "Viewpoint: Research evaluation for computer science". Communications of the ACM. 25 (4): 31–34. doi:10.1145/1498765.1498780. S2CID 8625066.
Fortnow, Lance (August 2009). "Viewpoint: Time for Computer Science to Grow Up". Communications of the ACM. 52 (8): 33–35. doi:10.1145/1536616.1536631.

economist.com

"A is for algorithm". The Economist. April 26, 2014. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.

eden-study.org

Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016.

edweek.org

Loewus, Liana (February 25, 2014). "Computer Science: Not Just an Elective Anymore". Education Week. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2015.

ghostarchive.org

Matti Tedre (2006). "The Development of Computer Science: A Sociocultural Perspective" (PDF). p. 260. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
A. Thisted, Ronald (April 7, 1997). "Computer Architecture" (PDF). The University of Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
"2021 State of computer science education: Accelerating action through advocacy" (PDF). Code.org, CSTA, & ECEP Alliance. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
"Adding Coding to the Curriculum". The New York Times. March 23, 2014. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022.

ibm.com

"IBM Archives: 1945". Ibm.com. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
"IBM100 – The Origins of Computer Science". Ibm.com. September 15, 1995. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.

idsia.ch

people.idsia.ch

"2021: 375th birthday of Leibniz, father of computer science". people.idsia.ch. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2023.

ieee.org

ieeexplore.ieee.org

Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information, their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is, 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'
Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.

itu.dk

pure.itu.dk

Meyer, Bertrand (April 2009). "Viewpoint: Research evaluation for computer science". Communications of the ACM. 25 (4): 31–34. doi:10.1145/1498765.1498780. S2CID 8625066.

jstor.org

Knuth, D.E. (1974). "Computer science and its relation to mathematics". The American Mathematical Monthly. 81 (4): 323–343. doi:10.2307/2318994. JSTOR 2318994.

mit.edu

mitpress.mit.edu

What Can Be Automated? Computer Science and Engineering Research Study. Computer Science Series. MIT Press. 1980. ISBN 978-0262010603. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021.

mozilla.org

developer.mozilla.org

"Multi-Paradigm Programming Language". MDN Web Docs. Mozilla Foundation. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013.

nap.edu

Committee on the Fundamentals of Computer Science: Challenges and Opportunities, National Research Council (2004). Computer Science: Reflections on the Field, Reflections from the Field. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09301-9. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2008.

ncl.ac.uk

cs.ncl.ac.uk

Randell 1982, p. 6, 11–13. Randell, Brian (October–December 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4): 327–341. doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013.

nytimes.com

"Adding Coding to the Curriculum". The New York Times. March 23, 2014. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022.

princeton.edu

wordnetweb.princeton.edu

"WordNet Search—3.1". WordNet Search. Wordnetweb.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2012.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016.

purdue.edu

cs.purdue.edu

"Computer science pioneer Samuel D. Conte dies at 85". Purdue Computer Science. July 1, 2002. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

quickclick.es

Torres Quevedo, Leonardo. Automática: Complemento de la Teoría de las Máquinas, (pdf), pp. 575-583, Revista de Obras Públicas, 19 November 1914.

robroy.dyndns.info

"The introduction of punched cards into the new engine was important not only as a more convenient form of control than the drums, or because programs could now be of unlimited extent, and could be stored and repeated without the danger of introducing errors in setting the machine by hand; it was important also because it served to crystallize Babbage's feeling that he had invented something really new, something much more than a sophisticated calculating machine." Bruce Collier, 1970 Collier, Bruce (1990). The little engine that could've: The calculating machines of Charles Babbage. Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-0-8240-0043-1. Archived from the original on January 20, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2013.

royalsociety.org

blogs.royalsociety.org

Keates, Fiona (June 25, 2012). "A Brief History of Computing". The Repository. The Royal Society. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2014.

sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk

collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk

"Science Museum, Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834–1871 (Trial model)". Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2020.

scientificamerican.com

P. Collins, Graham (October 14, 2002). "Claude E. Shannon: Founder of Information Theory". Scientific American. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

scottlan.edu

"A Selection and Adaptation From Ada's Notes found in Ada, The Enchantress of Numbers," by Betty Alexandra Toole Ed.D. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, CA". Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved May 4, 2006.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Knuth, Donald E. (August 1, 1972). "George Forsythe and the development of computer science". Communications of the ACM. 15 (8): 721–726. doi:10.1145/361532.361538. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 12512057.
Hanson, Vicki L. (January 23, 2017). "Celebrating 50 years of the Turing award". Communications of the ACM. 60 (2): 5. doi:10.1145/3033604. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 29984960.
Scott, Eric; Martins, Marcella Scoczynski Ribeiro; Yafrani, Mohamed El; Volz, Vanessa; Wilson, Dennis G (June 5, 2018). "ACM marks 50 years of the ACM A.M. turing award and computing's greatest achievements". ACM SIGEVOlution. 10 (3): 9–11. doi:10.1145/3231560.3231563. S2CID 47021559.
Randell 1982, p. 6, 11–13. Randell, Brian (October–December 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4): 327–341. doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013.
Louis Fine (1960). "The Role of the University in Computers, Data Processing, and Related Fields". Communications of the ACM. 2 (9): 7–14. doi:10.1145/368424.368427. S2CID 6740821.
Peter Naur (1966). "The science of datalogy". Communications of the ACM. 9 (7): 485. doi:10.1145/365719.366510. S2CID 47558402.
Weiss, E.A.; Corley, Henry P.T. "Letters to the editor". Communications of the ACM. 1 (4): 6. doi:10.1145/368796.368802. S2CID 5379449.
Tedre, M. (2011). "Computing as a Science: A Survey of Competing Viewpoints". Minds and Machines. 21 (3): 361–387. doi:10.1007/s11023-011-9240-4. S2CID 14263916.
Parnas, D.L. (1998). "Software engineering programmes are not computer science programmes". Annals of Software Engineering. 6: 19–37. doi:10.1023/A:1018949113292. S2CID 35786237., p. 19: "Rather than treat software engineering as a subfield of computer science, I treat it as an element of the set, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, [...]"
Denning, Peter J. (2007). "Computing is a natural science". Communications of the ACM. 50 (7): 13–18. doi:10.1145/1272516.1272529. S2CID 20045303.
Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016.
Meyer, Bertrand (April 2009). "Viewpoint: Research evaluation for computer science". Communications of the ACM. 25 (4): 31–34. doi:10.1145/1498765.1498780. S2CID 8625066.

stanford.edu

plato.stanford.edu

"The Philosophy of Computer Science". The Philosophy of Computer Science (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021. Archived from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
Turner, Raymond; Angius, Nicola (2019). "The Philosophy of Computer Science". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.

library.stanford.edu

"Stanford University Oral History". Stanford University. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2013.

stanford.edu

Donald Knuth (1972). "George Forsythe and the Development of Computer Science". Comms. ACM. Archived October 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

tcd.ie

scss.tcd.ie

"The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection" (PDF). Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.

techtarget.com

whatis.techtarget.com

"What is an integrated circuit (IC)? A vital component of modern electronics". WhatIs.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.

uchicago.edu

galton.uchicago.edu

A. Thisted, Ronald (April 7, 1997). "Computer Architecture" (PDF). The University of Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.

uef.fi

epublications.uef.fi

Matti Tedre (2006). "The Development of Computer Science: A Sociocultural Perspective" (PDF). p. 260. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

umd.edu

undergrad.cs.umd.edu

"What is Computer Science? | Undergraduate Computer Science at UMD". undergrad.cs.umd.edu. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2022.

umn.edu

cbi.umn.edu

"Charles Babbage Institute: Who Was Charles Babbage?". cbi.umn.edu. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2016.

uni-jena.de

fmi.uni-jena.de

"Wilhelm Schickard – Ein Computerpionier" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2016.

uwaterloo.ca

cs.uwaterloo.ca

"History of Computer Science". cs.uwaterloo.ca. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2022.

wcmt.org.uk

Jones, Michael (October 2015). "Developing a Computer Science Curriculum in England: Exploring Approaches in the USA" (PDF). Winston Churchill Memorial Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2019.

web.archive.org

"The introduction of punched cards into the new engine was important not only as a more convenient form of control than the drums, or because programs could now be of unlimited extent, and could be stored and repeated without the danger of introducing errors in setting the machine by hand; it was important also because it served to crystallize Babbage's feeling that he had invented something really new, something much more than a sophisticated calculating machine." Bruce Collier, 1970 Collier, Bruce (1990). The little engine that could've: The calculating machines of Charles Babbage. Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-0-8240-0043-1. Archived from the original on January 20, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
"What is Computer Science?". Department of Computer Science, University of York. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
What Can Be Automated? Computer Science and Engineering Research Study. Computer Science Series. MIT Press. 1980. ISBN 978-0262010603. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021.
Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information, their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is, 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'
"WordNet Search—3.1". WordNet Search. Wordnetweb.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
"Definition of computer science | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
"What is Computer Science? | Undergraduate Computer Science at UMD". undergrad.cs.umd.edu. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
Harel, David (2014). Algorithmics The Spirit of Computing. Springer Berlin. ISBN 978-3-642-44135-6. OCLC 876384882. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
Patton, Richard D.; Patton, Peter C. (2009), Nof, Shimon Y. (ed.), "What Can be Automated? What Cannot be Automated?", Springer Handbook of Automation, Springer Handbooks, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 305–313, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_18, ISBN 978-3-540-78831-7, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved March 3, 2022
"2021: 375th birthday of Leibniz, father of computer science". people.idsia.ch. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
"Charles Babbage Institute: Who Was Charles Babbage?". cbi.umn.edu. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
"Ada Lovelace | Babbage Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
"History of Computer Science". cs.uwaterloo.ca. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
"Wilhelm Schickard – Ein Computerpionier" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
Keates, Fiona (June 25, 2012). "A Brief History of Computing". The Repository. The Royal Society. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
"Science Museum, Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834–1871 (Trial model)". Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
"A Selection and Adaptation From Ada's Notes found in Ada, The Enchantress of Numbers," by Betty Alexandra Toole Ed.D. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, CA". Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved May 4, 2006.
"The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection" (PDF). Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
Randell 1982, p. 6, 11–13. Randell, Brian (October–December 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4): 327–341. doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013.
"IBM Archives: 1945". Ibm.com. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
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worldcat.org

Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information, their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is, 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'
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cs.york.ac.uk

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