Computer science - sources analisys of the English Wikipedia aritle

Analisys of sources in references of the Wikipedia ariticle en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer science

Site	Hosts in references	Count	Global rank	English rank
archive.org	web.archive.org↓ (46), archive.org↓ (1)	47	2	2
doi.org	doi.org↓ (21)	21	54	180
semanticscholar.org	api.semanticscholar.org↓ (12)	12	228	140
worldcat.org	worldcat.org↓ (8)	8	68	276
ghostarchive.org	ghostarchive.org↓ (4)	4	low	low
acm.org	cacm.acm.org↓ (2), dl.acm.org↓ (1), runningonempty.acm.org↓ (1)	4	464	383
stanford.edu	plato.stanford.edu↓ (2), library.stanford.edu↓ (1), stanford.edu↓ (1)	4	98	98
ieee.org	ieeexplore.ieee.org↓ (2)	2	343	341
ibm.com	ibm.com↓ (2)	2	368	313
csab.org	csab.org↓ (2)	2	low	low
wikiquote.org	en.wikiquote.org↓ (1)	1	6009	low
york.ac.uk	cs.york.ac.uk↓ (1)	1	4311	3012
mit.edu	mitpress.mit.edu↓ (1)	1	215	175
princeton.edu	wordnetweb.princeton.edu↓ (1)	1	478	375
dictionary.com	dictionary.com↓ (1)	1	1178	852
umd.edu	undergrad.cs.umd.edu↓ (1)	1	971	761
idsia.ch	people.idsia.ch↓ (1)	1	9370	7498
umn.edu	cbi.umn.edu↓ (1)	1	770	603
computerhistory.org	computerhistory.org↓ (1)	1	1243	932
uwaterloo.ca	cs.uwaterloo.ca↓ (1)	1	2059	1555
uni-jena.de	fmi.uni-jena.de↓ (1)	1	3953	4181
royalsociety.org	blogs.royalsociety.org↓ (1)	1	1893	1539
sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk	collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk↓ (1)	1	low	low
scottlan.edu	scottlan.edu↓ (1)	1	low	low
tcd.ie	scss.tcd.ie↓ (1)	1	3640	2628
ntnu.no	idi.ntnu.no↓ (1)	1	4682	3909
cam.ac.uk	cl.cam.ac.uk↓ (1)	1	508	393
purdue.edu	cs.purdue.edu↓ (1)	1	751	615
uef.fi	epublications.uef.fi↓ (1)	1	low	low
jstor.org	jstor.org↓ (1)	1	122	171
psu.edu	citeseerx.ist.psu.edu↓ (1)	1	459	408
eden-study.org	eden-study.org↓ (1)	1	low	low
nap.edu	nap.edu↓ (1)	1	1418	1140
claymath.org	claymath.org↓ (1)	1	5720	6063
scientificamerican.com	scientificamerican.com↓ (1)	1	743	622
techtarget.com	whatis.techtarget.com↓ (1)	1	1107	809
uchicago.edu	galton.uchicago.edu↓ (1)	1	198	189
buffalo.edu	cse.buffalo.edu↓ (1)	1	2686	1844
mozilla.org	developer.mozilla.org↓ (1)	1	547	526
cra.org	cra.org↓ (1)	1	low	low
bbc.co.uk	bbc.co.uk↓ (1)	1	4	4
wcmt.org.uk	wcmt.org.uk↓ (1)	1	low	low
edweek.org	edweek.org↓ (1)	1	8638	4999
code.org	advocacy.code.org↓ (1)	1	low	low
economist.com	economist.com↓ (1)	1	166	138
computingatschool.org.uk	computingatschool.org.uk↓ (1)	1	low	low
nytimes.com	nytimes.com↓ (1)	1	3	3

advocacy.code.org

85. "2021 State of computer science education: Accelerating action through advocacy" (PDF). Code.org, CSTA, & ECEP Alliance. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.

api.semanticscholar.org

11. Knuth, Donald E. (August 1, 1972). "George Forsythe and the development of computer science". Communications of the ACM. 15 (8): 721–726. doi:10.1145/361532.361538. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 12512057.
12. Hanson, Vicki L. (January 23, 2017). "Celebrating 50 years of the Turing award". Communications of the ACM. 60 (2): 5. doi:10.1145/3033604. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 29984960. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
13. Scott, Eric; Martins, Marcella Scoczynski Ribeiro; Yafrani, Mohamed El; Volz, Vanessa; Wilson, Dennis G (June 5, 2018). "ACM marks 50 years of the ACM A.M. turing award and computing's greatest achievements". ACM SIGEVOlution. 10 (3): 9–11. doi:10.1145/3231560.3231563. S2CID 47021559.
35. Louis Fine (1960). "The Role of the University in Computers, Data Processing, and Related Fields". Communications of the ACM. 2 (9): 7–14. doi:10.1145/368424.368427. S2CID 6740821.
39. Peter Naur (1966). "The science of datalogy". Communications of the ACM. 9 (7): 485. doi:10.1145/365719.366510. S2CID 47558402.
40. Weiss, E.A.; Corley, Henry P.T. "Letters to the editor". Communications of the ACM. 1 (4): 6. doi:10.1145/368796.368802. S2CID 5379449.
46. Tedre, M. (2011). "Computing as a Science: A Survey of Competing Viewpoints". Minds and Machines. 21 (3): 361–387. doi:10.1007/s11023-011-9240-4. S2CID 14263916.
47. Parnas, D.L. (1998). "Software engineering programmes are not computer science programmes". Annals of Software Engineering. 6: 19–37. doi:10.1023/A:1018949113292. S2CID 35786237., p. 19: "Rather than treat software engineering as a subfield of computer science, I treat it as an element of the set, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, [...]"
52. Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (January 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Communications of the ACM. 32: 9–23. doi:10.1145/63238.63239. S2CID 723103.
53. Denning, Peter J. (2007). "Computing is a natural science". Communications of the ACM. 50 (7): 13–18. doi:10.1145/1272516.1272529. S2CID 20045303.
54. Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016.
78. Meyer, Bertrand (April 2009). "Viewpoint: Research evaluation for computer science". Communications of the ACM. 25 (4): 31–34. doi:10.1145/1498765.1498780. S2CID 8625066.

archive.org

22. Anthony Hyman (1982). Charles Babbage, pioneer of the computer. ISBN 9780691083032.

bbc.co.uk

81. Burns, Judith (April 3, 2016). "Computer science A-level 1970s style". Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.

blogs.royalsociety.org

19. Keates, Fiona (June 25, 2012). "A Brief History of Computing". The Repository. The Royal Society. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2014.

cacm.acm.org

44. Groth, Dennis P. (February 2010). "Why an Informatics Degree?". Communications of the ACM. Cacm.acm.org. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
80. Fortnow, Lance (August 2009). "Viewpoint: Time for Computer Science to Grow Up". Communications of the ACM. 52 (8): 33–35. doi:10.1145/1536616.1536631. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2015.

cbi.umn.edu

15. "Charles Babbage Institute: Who Was Charles Babbage?". cbi.umn.edu. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2016.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

54. Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016.

cl.cam.ac.uk

32. "Some EDSAC statistics". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2011.

claymath.org

59. Clay Mathematics Institute P = NP Archived October 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk

21. "Science Museum, Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834-1871 (Trial model)". Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2020.

computerhistory.org

16. "Ada Lovelace | Babbage Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2016.

computingatschool.org.uk

87. "Computing at School International comparisons" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2015.

cra.org

79. Patterson, David (August 1999). "Evaluating Computer Scientists and Engineers For Promotion and Tenure". Computing Research Association. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.

cs.purdue.edu

33. "Computer science pioneer Samuel D. Conte dies at 85". Purdue Computer Science. July 1, 2002. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

cs.uwaterloo.ca

17. "History of Computer Science". cs.uwaterloo.ca. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2022.

cs.york.ac.uk

1. "What is Computer Science? - Computer Science. The University of York". www.cs.york.ac.uk. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

csab.org

56. "Computer Science as a Profession". Computing Sciences Accreditation Board. May 28, 1997. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
58. "CSAB Leading Computer Education". CSAB. August 3, 2011. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2011.

cse.buffalo.edu

70. Rapaport, William J. (September 20, 2013). "What Is Computation?". State University of New York at Buffalo. Archived from the original on February 14, 2001. Retrieved August 31, 2013.

developer.mozilla.org

77. "Multi-Paradigm Programming Language". developer.mozilla.org. Mozilla Foundation. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013.

dictionary.com

5. "Definition of computer science | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

dl.acm.org

12. Hanson, Vicki L. (January 23, 2017). "Celebrating 50 years of the Turing award". Communications of the ACM. 60 (2): 5. doi:10.1145/3033604. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 29984960. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.

doi.org

3. Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information, their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is, 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'
7. Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. Those in the discipline know that computer science encompasses far more than programming.
9. Patton, Richard D.; Patton, Peter C. (2009), Nof, Shimon Y. (ed.), "What Can Be Automated? What Cannot Be Automated?", Springer Handbook of Automation, Springer Handbooks, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 305–313, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_18, ISBN 978-3-540-78831-7, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved March 3, 2022
9. Patton, Richard D.; Patton, Peter C. (2009), Nof, Shimon Y. (ed.), "What Can Be Automated? What Cannot Be Automated?", Springer Handbook of Automation, Springer Handbooks, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 305–313, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_18, ISBN 978-3-540-78831-7, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved March 3, 2022
11. Knuth, Donald E. (August 1, 1972). "George Forsythe and the development of computer science". Communications of the ACM. 15 (8): 721–726. doi:10.1145/361532.361538. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 12512057.
11. Knuth, Donald E. (August 1, 1972). "George Forsythe and the development of computer science". Communications of the ACM. 15 (8): 721–726. doi:10.1145/361532.361538. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 12512057.
12. Hanson, Vicki L. (January 23, 2017). "Celebrating 50 years of the Turing award". Communications of the ACM. 60 (2): 5. doi:10.1145/3033604. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 29984960. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
13. Scott, Eric; Martins, Marcella Scoczynski Ribeiro; Yafrani, Mohamed El; Volz, Vanessa; Wilson, Dennis G (June 5, 2018). "ACM marks 50 years of the ACM A.M. turing award and computing's greatest achievements". ACM SIGEVOlution. 10 (3): 9–11. doi:10.1145/3231560.3231563. S2CID 47021559.
13. Scott, Eric; Martins, Marcella Scoczynski Ribeiro; Yafrani, Mohamed El; Volz, Vanessa; Wilson, Dennis G (June 5, 2018). "ACM marks 50 years of the ACM A.M. turing award and computing's greatest achievements". ACM SIGEVOlution. 10 (3): 9–11. doi:10.1145/3231560.3231563. S2CID 47021559.
35. Louis Fine (1960). "The Role of the University in Computers, Data Processing, and Related Fields". Communications of the ACM. 2 (9): 7–14. doi:10.1145/368424.368427. S2CID 6740821.
39. Peter Naur (1966). "The science of datalogy". Communications of the ACM. 9 (7): 485. doi:10.1145/365719.366510. S2CID 47558402.
40. Weiss, E.A.; Corley, Henry P.T. "Letters to the editor". Communications of the ACM. 1 (4): 6. doi:10.1145/368796.368802. S2CID 5379449.
46. Tedre, M. (2011). "Computing as a Science: A Survey of Competing Viewpoints". Minds and Machines. 21 (3): 361–387. doi:10.1007/s11023-011-9240-4. S2CID 14263916.
47. Parnas, D.L. (1998). "Software engineering programmes are not computer science programmes". Annals of Software Engineering. 6: 19–37. doi:10.1023/A:1018949113292. S2CID 35786237., p. 19: "Rather than treat software engineering as a subfield of computer science, I treat it as an element of the set, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, [...]"
48. Luk, R.W.P. (2020). "Insight in how computer science can be a science". Science & Philosophy. 8 (2): 17–47. doi:10.23756/sp.v8i2.531.
49. Knuth, D.E. (1974). "Computer science and its relation to mathematics". The American Mathematical Monthly. 81 (4): 323–343. doi:10.2307/2318994. JSTOR 2318994.
52. Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (January 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Communications of the ACM. 32: 9–23. doi:10.1145/63238.63239. S2CID 723103.
53. Denning, Peter J. (2007). "Computing is a natural science". Communications of the ACM. 50 (7): 13–18. doi:10.1145/1272516.1272529. S2CID 20045303.
54. Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016.
78. Meyer, Bertrand (April 2009). "Viewpoint: Research evaluation for computer science". Communications of the ACM. 25 (4): 31–34. doi:10.1145/1498765.1498780. S2CID 8625066.
80. Fortnow, Lance (August 2009). "Viewpoint: Time for Computer Science to Grow Up". Communications of the ACM. 52 (8): 33–35. doi:10.1145/1536616.1536631. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2015.

economist.com

86. "A is for algorithm". The Economist. April 26, 2014. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.

eden-study.org

54. Eden, A.H. (2007). "Three Paradigms of Computer Science" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 17 (2): 135–167. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.304.7763. doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8. S2CID 3023076. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2016.

edweek.org

83. "Computer Science: Not Just an Elective Anymore". Education Week. February 25, 2014. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2015.

en.wikiquote.org

45. See the entry "Computer science" on Wikiquote for the history of this quotation.

epublications.uef.fi

38. Matti Tedre (2006). "The Development of Computer Science: A Sociocultural Perspective" (PDF). p. 260. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

fmi.uni-jena.de

18. "Wilhelm Schickard – Ein Computerpionier" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2016.

galton.uchicago.edu

65. A. Thisted, Ronald (April 7, 1997). "Computer Architecture" (PDF). The University of Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.

ghostarchive.org

38. Matti Tedre (2006). "The Development of Computer Science: A Sociocultural Perspective" (PDF). p. 260. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
65. A. Thisted, Ronald (April 7, 1997). "Computer Architecture" (PDF). The University of Chicago. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
85. "2021 State of computer science education: Accelerating action through advocacy" (PDF). Code.org, CSTA, & ECEP Alliance. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
88. "Adding Coding to the Curriculum". The New York Times. March 23, 2014. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022.

ibm.com

29. "IBM Archives: 1945". Ibm.com. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
30. "IBM100 – The Origins of Computer Science". Ibm.com. September 15, 1995. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.

idi.ntnu.no

31. Denning, Peter J. (2000). "Computer Science: The Discipline" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Computer Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2006.

ieeexplore.ieee.org

3. Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information, their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is, 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'
7. Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. Those in the discipline know that computer science encompasses far more than programming.

jstor.org

49. Knuth, D.E. (1974). "Computer science and its relation to mathematics". The American Mathematical Monthly. 81 (4): 323–343. doi:10.2307/2318994. JSTOR 2318994.

library.stanford.edu

36. "Stanford University Oral History". Stanford University. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2013.

mitpress.mit.edu

2. The MIT Press (April 30, 1980). What Can Be Automated? Computer Science and Engineering Research Study | The MIT Press. mitpress.mit.edu. Computer Science Series. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262010603. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021.

nap.edu

57. Committee on the Fundamentals of Computer Science: Challenges and Opportunities, National Research Council (2004). Computer Science: Reflections on the Field, Reflections from the Field. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09301-9. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2008.

nytimes.com

88. "Adding Coding to the Curriculum". The New York Times. March 23, 2014. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022.

people.idsia.ch

14. "2021: 375th birthday of Leibniz, father of computer science". people.idsia.ch.

plato.stanford.edu

50. "The Philosophy of Computer Science". The Philosophy of Computer Science (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021. Archived from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
55. Turner, Raymond; Angius, Nicola (2019). "The Philosophy of Computer Science". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.

runningonempty.acm.org

84. Wilson, Cameron; Sudol, Leigh Ann; Stephenson, Chris; Stehlik, Mark (2010). "Running on Empty: The Failure to Teach K–12 Computer Science in the Digital Age" (PDF). ACM. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2015.

scientificamerican.com

60. P. Collins, Graham (October 14, 2002). "Claude E. Shannon: Founder of Information Theory". Scientific American. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

scottlan.edu

24. "A Selection and Adaptation From Ada's Notes found in Ada, The Enchantress of Numbers," by Betty Alexandra Toole Ed.D. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, CA". Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved May 4, 2006.

scss.tcd.ie

25. "The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection" (PDF). Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.

stanford.edu

37. Donald Knuth (1972). "George Forsythe and the Development of Computer Science". Comms. ACM. Archived October 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

undergrad.cs.umd.edu

6. "What is Computer Science? | Undergraduate Computer Science at UMD". undergrad.cs.umd.edu. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2022.

wcmt.org.uk

82. Jones, Michael (October 1915). "Developing a Computer Science Curriculum in England: Exploring Approaches in the USA" (PDF). Winston Churchill Memorial Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2019.

web.archive.org

1. "What is Computer Science? - Computer Science. The University of York". www.cs.york.ac.uk. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
2. The MIT Press (April 30, 1980). What Can Be Automated? Computer Science and Engineering Research Study | The MIT Press. mitpress.mit.edu. Computer Science Series. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262010603. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021.
3. Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information, their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is, 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'
4. "WordNet Search—3.1". WordNet Search. Wordnetweb.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
5. "Definition of computer science | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
6. "What is Computer Science? | Undergraduate Computer Science at UMD". undergrad.cs.umd.edu. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
7. Denning, P.J.; Comer, D.E.; Gries, D.; Mulder, M.C.; Tucker, A.; Turner, A.J.; Young, P.R. (February 1989). "Computing as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. Those in the discipline know that computer science encompasses far more than programming.
8. Harel, David (2014). Algorithmics The Spirit of Computing. Springer Berlin. ISBN 978-3-642-44135-6. OCLC 876384882. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
9. Patton, Richard D.; Patton, Peter C. (2009), Nof, Shimon Y. (ed.), "What Can Be Automated? What Cannot Be Automated?", Springer Handbook of Automation, Springer Handbooks, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 305–313, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_18, ISBN 978-3-540-78831-7, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved March 3, 2022
12. Hanson, Vicki L. (January 23, 2017). "Celebrating 50 years of the Turing award". Communications of the ACM. 60 (2): 5. doi:10.1145/3033604. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 29984960. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
15. "Charles Babbage Institute: Who Was Charles Babbage?". cbi.umn.edu. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
16. "Ada Lovelace | Babbage Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
17. "History of Computer Science". cs.uwaterloo.ca. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
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