Congo Free State (English Wikipedia)

Britannica:"Congo Free State". Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
"Lado Enclave". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 19 July 2011. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2017.

congo2005.be

http://www.congo2005.be/geheugen/brochureEN.pdf Archived 31 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine pages 8–9

doi.org

Stengers, Jean (1985). "King Leopold's Congo, 1886–1908". The Cambridge History of Africa. Vol. 6. pp. 315–358. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521228039.009. ISBN 9781139054607.
Harms, Robert (1975). "The end of red rubber: a reassessment". The Journal of African History. 16 (1): 73. doi:10.1017/s0021853700014110. S2CID 162546555.
Thompson, T. Jack (October 2002). "Light on the Dark Continent: The Photography of Alice Seely Harris and the Congo Atrocities of the Early Twentieth Century". International Bulletin of Missionary Research. 26 (4): 146–9. doi:10.1177/239693930202600401. S2CID 146866987. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
Martin, G. (2006). "What Went Wrong with Africa?". Review. African Studies Review. 49 (1): 179–181. doi:10.1353/arw.2006.0081. S2CID 142009083.
Roes, A (2010). "Towards a History of Mass Violence in the Etat Indépendant du Congo, 1885–1908" (PDF). South African Historical Journal. 62 (4): 12. doi:10.1080/02582473.2010.519937. S2CID 144843155. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
Robins, Jonathan (2013). "Slave Cocoa and Red Rubber: E. D. Morel and the Problem of Ethical Consumption". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 54 (3): 597. doi:10.1017/S0010417512000242. S2CID 145673229.
Weisbord, Robert G. (2003). "The King, the Cardinal and the Pope: Leopold II's genocide in the Congo and the Vatican". Journal of Genocide Research. 5: 35–45. doi:10.1080/14623520305651. S2CID 73371517.

free.fr

collin.francois.free.fr

René de Pont-Jest: L'Expédition du Katanga, d'après les notes de voyage du marquis Christian de Bonchamps Archived 5 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine published 1892 in: Edouard Charton (editor): Le Tour du Monde magazine, website accessed 5 May 2007. Section I: "D'ailleurs ces lettres de soumission de ces petits tyrans africains, auxquels on lit quatre longues pages, don't, le plus souvent, ils ne comprennent pas un mot, et qu'ils approuvent d'une croix, afin d'avoir la, paix et des présents, ne sont sérieuses que pour les puissances européennes, en cas de contestations de territoires. Quant au souverain noir qui les signe, il ne s'en inquiète pas un seul instant."
René de Pont-Jest: L'Expédition du Katanga, d'après les notes de voyage du marquis Christian de Bonchamps Archived 5 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine published 1892 in: Edouard Charton (editor): Le Tour du Monde magazine, website accessed 5 May 2007.

jstor.org

Olusanya, G.O. "Reviewed Work: AFFAIRS OF WEST AFRICA by E. D. Morel". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. Vol. 4, No. 4, June 1969. pp. 639-641.

mo.be

"De koning in Kinshasa die nooit in Congo was [Slot]". MO* (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 February 2024.

navy.mil

history.navy.mil

US Navy Congo River Expedition of 1885

nybooks.com

Hochschild, Adam (6 October 2005). "In the Heart of Darkness". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2014.

nytimes.com

timesmachine.nytimes.com

"Massacre in Congo State" (PDF). The New York Times. 5 January 1900. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2011.

ohiohistorycentral.org

"George W. Williams – Ohio History Central". www.ohiohistorycentral.org. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2018.

orlandosentinel.com

"Sanford Was Pawn In Congo Plot". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel. Archived from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2018.

oxfordreference.com

Grant, J.; Barker, J., eds. (2009). "personal union". Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7. Retrieved 11 July 2023. A personal union is in existence when two sovereign states and separate international persons are linked together through the accidental fact that they have the same individual as monarch. Thus a personal union existed...from 1885 to 1908 between Belgium and the former Congo Free State.

parliament.uk

"Early day motion 2251 – COLONIAL GENOCIDE AND THE CONGO". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

pcgs.com

"Let's Go to Africa". Pcgs.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Harms, Robert (1975). "The end of red rubber: a reassessment". The Journal of African History. 16 (1): 73. doi:10.1017/s0021853700014110. S2CID 162546555.
Thompson, T. Jack (October 2002). "Light on the Dark Continent: The Photography of Alice Seely Harris and the Congo Atrocities of the Early Twentieth Century". International Bulletin of Missionary Research. 26 (4): 146–9. doi:10.1177/239693930202600401. S2CID 146866987. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
Martin, G. (2006). "What Went Wrong with Africa?". Review. African Studies Review. 49 (1): 179–181. doi:10.1353/arw.2006.0081. S2CID 142009083.
Roes, A (2010). "Towards a History of Mass Violence in the Etat Indépendant du Congo, 1885–1908" (PDF). South African Historical Journal. 62 (4): 12. doi:10.1080/02582473.2010.519937. S2CID 144843155. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
Robins, Jonathan (2013). "Slave Cocoa and Red Rubber: E. D. Morel and the Problem of Ethical Consumption". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 54 (3): 597. doi:10.1017/S0010417512000242. S2CID 145673229.
Weisbord, Robert G. (2003). "The King, the Cardinal and the Pope: Leopold II's genocide in the Congo and the Vatican". Journal of Genocide Research. 5: 35–45. doi:10.1080/14623520305651. S2CID 73371517.

stampaday.wordpress.com

"Congo Free State #24 (1894)". A Stamp A Day. From the collection of Mark Jochim. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

stanford.edu

web.stanford.edu

Birt, Whitaker R. "The Congo From Leopold to Lumumba" Student paper, Stanford University. Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine

thefreelibrary.com

Thompson, T. Jack (October 2002). "Light on the Dark Continent: The Photography of Alice Seely Harris and the Congo Atrocities of the Early Twentieth Century". International Bulletin of Missionary Research. 26 (4): 146–9. doi:10.1177/239693930202600401. S2CID 146866987. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.

theguardian.com

Vansina, Jan (2010). "Being Colonized. The Kuba Experience in Rural Congo, 1880–1960". Madison. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
Osborn, Andrew (13 July 2002). "Belgium exhumes its colonial demons". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013..

uchicago.edu

press.uchicago.edu

Dromi, Shai M. (2020). Above the fray: The Red Cross and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 82–84. ISBN 9780226680101. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.

umwblogs.org

westerncivguides.umwblogs.org

"Congo's brutal regime under King Leopold II of Belgium : Western Civilization II Guides". westerncivguides.umwblogs.org. 27 March 2012. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2018.

web.archive.org

Britannica:"Congo Free State". Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
"Massacre in Congo State" (PDF). The New York Times. 5 January 1900. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
Vansina, Jan (2010). "Being Colonized. The Kuba Experience in Rural Congo, 1880–1960". Madison. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
John D. Fage, The Cambridge History of Africa: From the earliest times to c. 500 BC Archived 2 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press, 1982, p. 748. ISBN 0-521-22803-4
René de Pont-Jest: L'Expédition du Katanga, d'après les notes de voyage du marquis Christian de Bonchamps Archived 5 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine published 1892 in: Edouard Charton (editor): Le Tour du Monde magazine, website accessed 5 May 2007. Section I: "D'ailleurs ces lettres de soumission de ces petits tyrans africains, auxquels on lit quatre longues pages, don't, le plus souvent, ils ne comprennent pas un mot, et qu'ils approuvent d'une croix, afin d'avoir la, paix et des présents, ne sont sérieuses que pour les puissances européennes, en cas de contestations de territoires. Quant au souverain noir qui les signe, il ne s'en inquiète pas un seul instant."
"Sanford Was Pawn In Congo Plot". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel. Archived from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
Dromi, Shai M. (2020). Above the fray: The Red Cross and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 82–84. ISBN 9780226680101. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
De Roo, Bas (2014). "The blurred lines of legality. Customs and contraband in the Congolese M'Bomu Region (1889–1908)". Journal of Belgian History. XLIV (4). Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
"Congo's brutal regime under King Leopold II of Belgium : Western Civilization II Guides". westerncivguides.umwblogs.org. 27 March 2012. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
De Roo, Bas (2015). "The Trouble with Tariffs: Customs Policies and the Shaky Balance between Colonial and Private Interests in the Congo (1886–1914)". Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History. 10 (2). Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
René de Pont-Jest: L'Expédition du Katanga, d'après les notes de voyage du marquis Christian de Bonchamps Archived 5 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine published 1892 in: Edouard Charton (editor): Le Tour du Monde magazine, website accessed 5 May 2007.
"Lado Enclave". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 19 July 2011. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
Thompson, T. Jack (October 2002). "Light on the Dark Continent: The Photography of Alice Seely Harris and the Congo Atrocities of the Early Twentieth Century". International Bulletin of Missionary Research. 26 (4): 146–9. doi:10.1177/239693930202600401. S2CID 146866987. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
http://www.congo2005.be/geheugen/brochureEN.pdf Archived 31 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine pages 8–9
Roes, A (2010). "Towards a History of Mass Violence in the Etat Indépendant du Congo, 1885–1908" (PDF). South African Historical Journal. 62 (4): 12. doi:10.1080/02582473.2010.519937. S2CID 144843155. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
Martial Frindéthié, K. (10 January 2014). Martial Frindéthié: Francophone African Cinema: History, Culture, Politics and Theory. McFarland. ISBN 9780786453566. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
R. J. Rummel Exemplifying the Horror of European Colonization:Leopold's Congo" Archived 19 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Osborn, Andrew (13 July 2002). "Belgium exhumes its colonial demons". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013..
Birt, Whitaker R. "The Congo From Leopold to Lumumba" Student paper, Stanford University. Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
"George W. Williams – Ohio History Central". www.ohiohistorycentral.org. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
"Congo Free State #24 (1894)". A Stamp A Day. From the collection of Mark Jochim. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
"Let's Go to Africa". Pcgs.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Hochschild, Adam (6 October 2005). "In the Heart of Darkness". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
"Early day motion 2251 – COLONIAL GENOCIDE AND THE CONGO". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

whiterose.ac.uk

eprints.whiterose.ac.uk

Roes, A (2010). "Towards a History of Mass Violence in the Etat Indépendant du Congo, 1885–1908" (PDF). South African Historical Journal. 62 (4): 12. doi:10.1080/02582473.2010.519937. S2CID 144843155. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

wikimedia.org

commons.wikimedia.org

Stamps of Congo Free State – Wikimedia Commons^{[circular reference]}

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Ewans, Martin (2015). European atrocity, African catastrophe : Leopold II, the Congo Free State and its aftermath. London: Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 978-1317849087. OCLC 1014377418.
Slade 1962, p. 172. Slade, Ruth M. (1962). King Leopold's Congo: Aspects of the Development of Race Relations in the Congo Independent State. OCLC 655811695.
Slade 1962, p. 115. Slade, Ruth M. (1962). King Leopold's Congo: Aspects of the Development of Race Relations in the Congo Independent State. OCLC 655811695.