References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Conifer" in the English version

doi.org

Lott, John N.A.; Liu, Jessica C.; Pennell, Kelly A; Lesage, Aude; West, M Marcia (2002). "Iron-rich particles and globoids in embryos of seeds from phyla Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, and Ginkgophyta: characteristics of early seed plants". Canadian Journal of Botany. 80 (9): 954–961. Bibcode:2002CaJB...80..954L. doi:10.1139/b02-083.

Christenhusz, M.J.M.; Reveal, J.; Farjon, A.; Gardner., M.F.; Mill, R.R.; Chase, M.W. (2011). "A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms". Phytotaxa. 19 (1): 55–70. Bibcode:2011Phytx..19...55C. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3.

Rothwell, Gar W.; Grauvogel-Stamm, Léa; Mapes, Gene (February 2000). "An herbaceous fossil conifer: Gymnospermous ruderals in the evolution of Mesozoic vegetation". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 156 (1–2): 139–145. Bibcode:2000PPP...156..139R. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00136-4.

Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang (19 July 2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7.1015S. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286.

Ran, Jin-Hua; Shen, Ting-Ting; Wang, Ming-Ming; Wang, Xiao-Quan (27 June 2018). "Phylogenomics resolves the deep phylogeny of seed plants and indicates partial convergent or homoplastic evolution between Gnetales and angiosperms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 285 (1881): 20181012. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1012. PMC 6030518. PMID 29925623.

Farjon, Aljos (April 2018). "The Kew Review: Conifers of the World". Kew Bulletin. 73 (1): 8. Bibcode:2018KewBu..73....8F. doi:10.1007/s12225-018-9738-5.

Feng, Zhuo (September 2017). "Late Palaeozoic plants". Current Biology. 27 (17): R905 – R909. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.R905F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.041. PMID 28898663.

Nowak, Hendrik; Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Kustatscher, Evelyn (23 January 2019). "No mass extinction for land plants at the Permian–Triassic transition". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 384. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..384N. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07945-w. PMC 6344494. PMID 30674875.

Leslie, Andrew B.; Beaulieu, Jeremy; Holman, Garth; Campbell, Christopher S.; Mei, Wenbin; Raubeson, Linda R.; Mathews, Sarah (September 2018). "An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record". American Journal of Botany. 105 (9): 1531–1544. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1143. PMID 30157290.

Condamine, Fabien L.; Silvestro, Daniele; Koppelhus, Eva B.; Antonelli, Alexandre (17 November 2020). "The rise of angiosperms pushed conifers to decline during global cooling". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (46): 28867–28875. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11728867C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2005571117. PMC 7682372. PMID 33139543.

Shenkin, Alexander; Chandler, Chris J.; Boyd, Doreen S.; Jackson, Toby; Disney, Mathias; Majalap, Noreen; Nilus, Reuben; Foody, Giles; bin Jami, Jamiluddin; Reynolds, Glen; Wilkes, Phil; Cutler, Mark E. J.; van der Heijden, Geertje M. F.; Burslem, David F. R. P.; Coomes, David A. (2019). "The World's Tallest Tropical Tree in Three Dimensions". Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 2: 32. Bibcode:2019FrFGC...2...32S. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00032. hdl:2164/12435.

Ledig, F. Thomas; Porterfield, Richard L. (1982). "Tree Improvement in Western Conifers: Economic Aspects". Journal of Forestry. 80 (10): 653–657. doi:10.1093/jof/80.10.653. OSTI 5675533.

Fraser, D.A.; Belanger, L.; McGuire, D.; Zdrazil, Z. (1964). "Total growth of the aerial parts of a white spruce tree at Chalk River, Ontario, Canada". Can. J. Bot. 42 (2): 159–179. Bibcode:1964CaJB...42..159F. doi:10.1139/b64-017.

Williams, C.G.; LaDeau, S.L.; Oren, R.; Katul, G.G. (2006). "Modeling seed dispersal distances: implications for transgenic Pinus taeda". Ecological Applications. 16 (1): 117–124. Bibcode:2006EcoAp..16..117W. doi:10.1890/04-1901. PMID 16705965.

Tomback, D.; Linhart, Y. (1990). "The evolution of bird-dispersed pines". Evolutionary Ecology. 4 (3): 185–219. Bibcode:1990EvEco...4..185T. doi:10.1007/BF02214330.

Lindenmayer, D.B.; Hobbs, R.J. (September 2004). "Fauna conservation in Australian plantation forests – a review". Biological Conservation. 119 (2): 151–168. Bibcode:2004BCons.119..151L. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.028.

Farjon, Aljos (2010). A Handbook of the World's Conifers. doi:10.1163/9789047430629. ISBN 978-90-474-3062-9.^{[page needed]}

Durzan, D.J.; Steward, F.C. (1967). "The nitrogen metabolism of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and Pinus banksiana Lamb. as influenced by mineral nutrition". Can. J. Bot. 45 (5): 695–710. Bibcode:1967CaJB...45..695D. doi:10.1139/b67-077.

McFee, W.W.; Stone, E.L. (1968). "Ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources for Pinus radiata and Picea glauca". Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32 (6): 879–884. Bibcode:1968SSASJ..32..879M. doi:10.2136/sssaj1968.03615995003200060045x.

Mleziva, M.M.; Wang, J.H. (2012). "Paper". Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference. pp. 397–410. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53349-4.00274-0. ISBN 978-0-08-087862-1. There are generally two types of trees used in papermaking: softwoods or coniferous woods (gymnosperms) and hardwoods (angiosperms).

etymonline.com

"conifer (n.)". Etymology Online. Retrieved 23 April 2025.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Farjon, Aljos (April 2018). "The Kew Review: Conifers of the World". Kew Bulletin. 73 (1): 8. Bibcode:2018KewBu..73....8F. doi:10.1007/s12225-018-9738-5.

Feng, Zhuo (September 2017). "Late Palaeozoic plants". Current Biology. 27 (17): R905 – R909. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.R905F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.041. PMID 28898663.

Tomback, D.; Linhart, Y. (1990). "The evolution of bird-dispersed pines". Evolutionary Ecology. 4 (3): 185–219. Bibcode:1990EvEco...4..185T. doi:10.1007/BF02214330.

invasive.org

Moran, V. C.; Hoffmann, J. H.; Donnelly, D.; van Wilgen, B. W.; Zimmermann, H. G. (4–14 July 1999). Spencer, Neal R. (ed.). Biological Control of Alien, Invasive Pine Trees (Pinus species) in South Africa (PDF). The X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA. pp. 941–953. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Feng, Zhuo (September 2017). "Late Palaeozoic plants". Current Biology. 27 (17): R905 – R909. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.R905F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.041. PMID 28898663.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

web.archive.org

"Pinidae (conifers) description – The Gymnosperm Database". Archived from the original on 20 February 2016.

Wassilieff, Maggy. "Conifers". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand updated 1-Mar-09. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2012.

"Gymnosperms". Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2014.

"South Island wilding conifer strategy". Department of Conservation (New Zealand). 2001. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2009.

"Pinus radiata". Weeds of Australia. keyserver.lucidcentral.org. 2016. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2018.

"Blue Mountains City Council – Fact Sheets [Retrieved 1 August 2015]". Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2018.

Conifer (English Wikipedia)

abc.net.au

conifers.org

doc.govt.nz

csl.doc.govt.nz

doi.org

etymonline.com

fiu.edu

bioserv.fiu.edu

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

invasive.org

lucidcentral.org

keyserver.lucidcentral.org

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nla.gov.au

nsw.gov.au

bmcc.nsw.gov.au

osti.gov

teara.govt.nz

web.archive.org