Constantine the Great (English Wikipedia)

Findikyan, Bishop Daniel. "Liturgical Year of the Armenian Apostolic Church". Armenian Apostolic Church of Holy Resurrection. Retrieved 9 August 2025.

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Harris, Jonathan (2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4742-5467-0.
Barnes 1981, p. 272. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
Lenski et al., pp. 2–3, 14, 23–25; Southern 2001, p. 169; Cameron 2005, pp. 90–91. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Southern, Pat. (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Cameron, Averil (2005). "The Reign of Constantine, a.d. 306–337". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 12. pp. 90–109. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.005. ISBN 978-1-139-05392-1.
Barnes 1981, pp. 265–268. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
Eusebius, Vita Constantini 1.11; cited in Odahl 2001, p. 3 Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Lenski et al., p. 5; Storch 1971. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Storch, Rudolph H. (1971). "The 'Eusebian Constantine'". Church History. 40 (2): 145–155. doi:10.2307/3162367. JSTOR 3162367. S2CID 162937055.
Barnes 1981, pp. 265–271; Cameron 2005, pp. 90–92; Elliott 1996, pp. 162–171. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Cameron, Averil (2005). "The Reign of Constantine, a.d. 306–337". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 12. pp. 90–109. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.005. ISBN 978-1-139-05392-1. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5.
Lieu & Montserrat 1996, pp. 39–40; Odahl 2001, p. 3; Lenski et al., p. 26. Lieu, Samuel N. C.; Montserrat, Dominic (1996). From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views; A Source History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09335-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4.
Lenski et al., pp. 14–32; Odahl 2001, pp. 6–14. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Barnes 1981, pp. 12–14; MacKay 1999, p. 207. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. MacKay, Christopher S. (1999). "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian". Classical Philology. 94 (2): 198–209. doi:10.1086/449431. S2CID 161141658.
Barnes 1981, p. 225. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
Odahl 2001, pp. 6, 10. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Lieu & Montserrat 1996, pp. 2–6; Warmington 1999, pp. 166–167. Lieu, Samuel N. C.; Montserrat, Dominic (1996). From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views; A Source History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09335-4. Warmington, Brian (1999). "Some Constantinian References in Ammianus". In Drijvers, J.W. (ed.). The Late Roman World and its Historian: Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus. Routledge. pp. 166–167. ISBN 0-415-20271-X.
Wienand 2012, pp. 26–86. Wienand, Johannes (2012). Der Kaiser als Sieger. doi:10.1524/9783050059044. ISBN 978-3-05-005904-4.
Lenski et al., pp. 20–21, 288–291; Odahl 2001, pp. 8–11. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Doležal 2022, pp. 221–237. Doležal, Stanislav (2022). The Reign of Constantine, 306–337: Continuity and Change in the Late Roman Empire. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-97464-0.
Bernard 2019, p. 543. Bernard, Outtier; et al. (2019). Armenia between Byzantium and the Orient. BRILL. pp. 230–580. ISBN 978-90-04-39774-3.
Barnes 1981, pp. 3, 39–42; Elliott 1996, p. 17; Odahl 2001, pp. 15–16; Pohlsander 2004b; Southern 2001, p. 169, 341; Barnes 1982, pp. 39–42; Jones 1978, pp. 13–14; Lenski et al., p. 59; Pohlsander 2004a, p. 14; Rodgers 1989; Wright 1987. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004b). "Constantine I (306–337)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Southern, Pat. (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 978-0-674-28067-0. S2CID 162343436. Jones, A. H. M. (1978) [1948]. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6369-4. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2 Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1989). "The Metamorphosis of Constantine". The Classical Quarterly. 39: 233–246. doi:10.1017/S0009838800040611. S2CID 170720156. Wright, David H. (1987). "The True Face of Constantine the Great". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 41: 493–507. doi:10.2307/1291584. JSTOR 1291584.
Wilkes, John (2012). "Dardani". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
Odahl 2001, pp. 36-41. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Barnes 2011, p. 30. Barnes, Timothy (2011). Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-1727-2.
Wilson, Steven (2003). The Means Of Naming: A Social History. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-135-36836-4.
Barnes 1981, pp. 13, 290. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
Barnes 1981, p. 3; Lenski et al., pp. 59–60; Odahl 2001, pp. 16–17. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Hillner, Julia (2023). Helena Augusta: Mother of the Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-087529-9.
Drijvers, Jan Willem (1991). Helena Augusta. BRILL. pp. 9–17. ISBN 978-90-04-24676-8.
Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7. Constantine's mother, Helena, was a Greek from Asia Minor and also a devoted Christian who seemed to have influenced his choices.
Barnes 1981, pp. 3, 39–42; Barnes 1982, p. 39–40; Elliott 1996, p. 17; Lenski et al., pp. 59, 83; Odahl 2001, p. 16; Pohlsander 2004a, p. 14. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 978-0-674-28067-0. S2CID 162343436. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2
Tejirian, Eleanor H.; Simon, Reeva Spector (2012). Conflict, conquest, and conversion: two thousand years of Christian missions in the Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-231-51109-4.
Barnes 1981, pp. 8–14; Lenski et al., pp. 46–50; Treadgold 1997, pp. 14–15. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6.
Bowman 2005, p. 70; Potter 2004, p. 283. Bowman, Alan K. (2005). "Diocletian and the first tetrarchy, a.d. 284–305". The Cambridge Ancient History. pp. 67–89. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521301992.004. ISBN 978-1-139-05392-1. Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (Hardcover ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
Barnes 1981, p. 3; Elliott 1996, p. 20; Lenski et al., pp. 59–60; Odahl 2001, pp. 47, 299; Pohlsander 2004a, p. 14. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2
Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 7.1; cited in Barnes 1981, pp. 13, 290 Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
Barnes 1981, pp. 3, 8–9; Lenski et al., pp. 40–43, 54; Elliott 1996, p. 20; Odahl 2001, pp. 46–47, 56–57; Pohlsander 2004a, pp. 8–9, 14; Treadgold 1997, p. 17. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2 Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6.
Barnes 1981, p. 73–74; Lenski et al., pp. 60; Odahl 2001, pp. 72, 301. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Barnes 1981, p. 73–74; Fowden 1988, pp. 175–176. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Fowden, Garth (1988). "Between Pagans and Christians". Journal of Roman Studies. 78: 173–182. doi:10.2307/301456. JSTOR 301456. S2CID 163374397.
Elliott 1996, pp. 29–30; Lenski et al., p. 60; Odahl 2001, pp. 72–74. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Pohlsander 2004a, p. 15. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2
Elliott 1996, p. 30; Odahl 2001, p. 73. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Barnes 1981, p. 21; Elliott 1996, pp. 35–36; MacMullen 1969, p. 24; Odahl 2001, p. 67; Potter 2004, p. 338. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. MacMullen, Ramsay (1969). Constantine. New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (Hardcover ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
Barnes 1981, p. 21; Odahl 2001, pp. 67, 73, 304; Potter 2004, p. 338. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (Hardcover ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
Barnes 1981, pp. 22–25; MacMullen 1969, pp. 24–30; Odahl 2001, pp. 67–69; Potter 2004, p. 337. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. MacMullen, Ramsay (1969). Constantine. New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (Hardcover ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
Odahl 2001, p. 73. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Elliott 1987, pp. 425–426; Lenski et al., p. 126. Elliott, T. G. (1987). "Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?". Phoenix. 41 (4): 420–438. doi:10.2307/1088714. JSTOR 1088714. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4.
Barnes 1981, pp. 25–27; Lenski et al., p. 60; Odahl 2001, pp. 69–72; Pohlsander 2004a, p. 15; Potter 2004, pp. 341–342. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2 Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (Hardcover ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
Barnes 1981, p. 26; Potter 2004, p. 342. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (Hardcover ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
Lenski et al., pp. 60–61; Odahl 2001, pp. 72–74; Pohlsander 2004a, p. 15. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2
Lenski et al., p. 61; MacMullen 1969, p. 32; Odahl 2001, p. 73. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. MacMullen, Ramsay (1969). Constantine. New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Lenski et al., p. 61. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4.
Barnes 1981, p. 27; Elliott 1987, pp. 39–40; Lenski et al., p. 61; Odahl 2001, p. 75–77; Pohlsander 2004a, pp. 15–16; Potter 2004, pp. 344–345; Southern 2001, pp. 169–170, 341; MacMullen 1969, p. 32. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Elliott, T. G. (1987). "Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?". Phoenix. 41 (4): 420–438. doi:10.2307/1088714. JSTOR 1088714. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2 Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (Hardcover ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5 Southern, Pat. (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. MacMullen, Ramsay (1969). Constantine. New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6.
Barnes 1981, pp. 27, 298; Elliott 1996, p. 39; Odahl 2001, p. 77–78, 309; Pohlsander 2004a, pp. 15–16. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2
Barnes 1981, pp. 27–29; Jones 1978, p. 59; Lenski et al., pp. 61–62; Odahl 2001, pp. 78–80. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Jones, A. H. M. (1978) [1948]. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6369-4. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Treadgold 1997, p. 28. Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6.
Barnes 1981, pp. 28–29; Rees 2002, p. 160; Lenski et al., p. 62; Odahl 2001, pp. 78–80. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Rees, Roger (2002). Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249183.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-924918-3. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Barnes 1981, p. 29; Elliott 1996, p. 41; Jones 1978, p. 41; MacMullen 1969, p. 39; Odahl 2001, pp. 79–80. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. Jones, A. H. M. (1978) [1948]. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6369-4. MacMullen, Ramsay (1969). Constantine. New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5.
Nixon, C. E. V.; Rodgers, Barbara S. (2023). In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini. University of California Press. pp. 180–185. ISBN 978-0-520-34282-8. The ceremony took place after 25 July, as there are coins that refer to Constantine as caesar while also commemorating his dies imperii.
Rees 2002, p. 165. Rees, Roger (2002). Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249183.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-924918-3.
Barnes 1981, p. 44. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter (60-800 CE): The Anchors of the Fisherman. BRILL. 17 March 2020. p. 36. ISBN 978-90-04-42568-2.
Stemberger, Gunter (1999). Jews and Christians in the Holy Land. A&C Black. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-567-23050-8. If a Jew has bought and circumcised a Christian slave or one belonging to any other religious community, he may under no circumstances keep the circumcised person in slavery; rather, whoever suffers such a thing shall obtain the privilege of freedom.
Schäfer, Peter (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-134-40317-2. Constantine forbade the circumcision of Christian slaves, and declared any slave circumcised despite this prohibition a free man
Encyclopedia of Roman Empire. MobileReference.com. 2008. ISBN 978-1-60501-314-5. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Amerise, Marilena (2005). Il battesimo di Costantino il Grande: storia di una scomoda eredità [The baptism of Constantine the Great: The story of an uncomfortable legacy]. Hermes: Bulletin for Classical Philology, supplements (in Italian). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08721-6. ISSN 0341-0064. OCLC 61029662.
Majeska, George P (1984). Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-101-8. Retrieved 15 April 2017 – via Google Knihy.
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Salway, Benet (1994). "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700" (PDF). Journal of Roman Studies. 84: 124–145. doi:10.2307/300873. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300873. S2CID 162435434. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2020.
Barnes 1982, p. 5. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 978-0-674-28067-0. S2CID 162343436.
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Barnes 1981, p. 73–74; Fowden 1988, pp. 175–176. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Fowden, Garth (1988). "Between Pagans and Christians". Journal of Roman Studies. 78: 173–182. doi:10.2307/301456. JSTOR 301456. S2CID 163374397.
Elliott 1987, pp. 425–426; Lenski et al., p. 126. Elliott, T. G. (1987). "Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?". Phoenix. 41 (4): 420–438. doi:10.2307/1088714. JSTOR 1088714. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4.
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Barnes 1981, pp. 3, 39–42; Elliott 1996, p. 17; Odahl 2001, pp. 15–16; Pohlsander 2004b; Southern 2001, p. 169, 341; Barnes 1982, pp. 39–42; Jones 1978, pp. 13–14; Lenski et al., p. 59; Pohlsander 2004a, p. 14; Rodgers 1989; Wright 1987. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004b). "Constantine I (306–337)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Southern, Pat. (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 978-0-674-28067-0. S2CID 162343436. Jones, A. H. M. (1978) [1948]. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6369-4. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2 Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1989). "The Metamorphosis of Constantine". The Classical Quarterly. 39: 233–246. doi:10.1017/S0009838800040611. S2CID 170720156. Wright, David H. (1987). "The True Face of Constantine the Great". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 41: 493–507. doi:10.2307/1291584. JSTOR 1291584.
Salway, Benet (1994). "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700" (PDF). Journal of Roman Studies. 84: 124–145. doi:10.2307/300873. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300873. S2CID 162435434. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2020.
Barnes 1981, p. 73–74; Fowden 1988, pp. 175–176. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Fowden, Garth (1988). "Between Pagans and Christians". Journal of Roman Studies. 78: 173–182. doi:10.2307/301456. JSTOR 301456. S2CID 163374397.
Elliott 1987, pp. 425–426; Lenski et al., p. 126. Elliott, T. G. (1987). "Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?". Phoenix. 41 (4): 420–438. doi:10.2307/1088714. JSTOR 1088714. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4.
Barnes 1981, p. 27; Elliott 1987, pp. 39–40; Lenski et al., p. 61; Odahl 2001, p. 75–77; Pohlsander 2004a, pp. 15–16; Potter 2004, pp. 344–345; Southern 2001, pp. 169–170, 341; MacMullen 1969, p. 32. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Elliott, T. G. (1987). "Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?". Phoenix. 41 (4): 420–438. doi:10.2307/1088714. JSTOR 1088714. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2 Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (Hardcover ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10057-7. Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5 Southern, Pat. (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. MacMullen, Ramsay (1969). Constantine. New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6.
A. A. Vasiliev (1848). "Imperial Porphyry Sarcophagi in Constantinople" (PDF). Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 4: 1+3–26. doi:10.2307/1291047. JSTOR 1291047. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2019.

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Barnes 1981, pp. 3, 39–42; Elliott 1996, p. 17; Odahl 2001, pp. 15–16; Pohlsander 2004b; Southern 2001, p. 169, 341; Barnes 1982, pp. 39–42; Jones 1978, pp. 13–14; Lenski et al., p. 59; Pohlsander 2004a, p. 14; Rodgers 1989; Wright 1987. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004b). "Constantine I (306–337)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Southern, Pat. (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 978-0-674-28067-0. S2CID 162343436. Jones, A. H. M. (1978) [1948]. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6369-4. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2 Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1989). "The Metamorphosis of Constantine". The Classical Quarterly. 39: 233–246. doi:10.1017/S0009838800040611. S2CID 170720156. Wright, David H. (1987). "The True Face of Constantine the Great". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 41: 493–507. doi:10.2307/1291584. JSTOR 1291584.

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Drake 1988. Drake, H. A. (1988). "What Eusebius Knew: The Genesis of the "Vita Constantini"". Classical Philology. 83: 20–38. doi:10.1086/367077. S2CID 162370910.
Lenski et al., p. 5; Storch 1971. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Storch, Rudolph H. (1971). "The 'Eusebian Constantine'". Church History. 40 (2): 145–155. doi:10.2307/3162367. JSTOR 3162367. S2CID 162937055.
Barnes 1981, pp. 12–14; MacKay 1999, p. 207. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. MacKay, Christopher S. (1999). "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian". Classical Philology. 94 (2): 198–209. doi:10.1086/449431. S2CID 161141658.
Barnes 1981, pp. 3, 39–42; Elliott 1996, p. 17; Odahl 2001, pp. 15–16; Pohlsander 2004b; Southern 2001, p. 169, 341; Barnes 1982, pp. 39–42; Jones 1978, pp. 13–14; Lenski et al., p. 59; Pohlsander 2004a, p. 14; Rodgers 1989; Wright 1987. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. Elliott, T. G. (1996). The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton Press. ISBN 0-940866-59-5. Odahl, Charles M. (2001). Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17485-5. Pohlsander, Hans (2004b). "Constantine I (306–337)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Southern, Pat. (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23944-3. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 978-0-674-28067-0. S2CID 162343436. Jones, A. H. M. (1978) [1948]. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-6369-4. Lenski, Noel; et al. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52157-4. Pohlsander, Hans (2004a). The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31937-4. Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2 Rodgers, Barbara Saylor (1989). "The Metamorphosis of Constantine". The Classical Quarterly. 39: 233–246. doi:10.1017/S0009838800040611. S2CID 170720156. Wright, David H. (1987). "The True Face of Constantine the Great". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 41: 493–507. doi:10.2307/1291584. JSTOR 1291584.
Salway, Benet (1994). "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700" (PDF). Journal of Roman Studies. 84: 124–145. doi:10.2307/300873. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300873. S2CID 162435434. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2020.
Barnes 1982, p. 5. Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 978-0-674-28067-0. S2CID 162343436.
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Byfield, Ted, ed. The Christians: Their First Two Thousand Years. vol. III. p. 148. "The sign in the sky that changed history". Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople, 4th century AD Archived 16 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine at "The Road to Byzantium: Luxury Arts of Antiquity". The Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House (30 March 2006 – 3 September 2006).
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Otto Seeck: Constantius 1.(in German) In: Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Vol. IV,1, Stuttgart 1900, col. 1013–1026.
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Pohlsander, Hans A. (1980). "Philip the Arab and Christianity". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 29 (4): 463–473. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435734.
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Gibbon, Edward (2018). History of The Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire. [Otbebookpublishing]. ISBN 978-3-96272-518-1. OCLC 1059411020.
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Amerise, Marilena (2005). Il battesimo di Costantino il Grande: storia di una scomoda eredità [The baptism of Constantine the Great: The story of an uncomfortable legacy]. Hermes: Bulletin for Classical Philology, supplements (in Italian). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08721-6. ISSN 0341-0064. OCLC 61029662.
Bettegazzi, Nicolò; Lamers, Han; Reitz-Joosse, Bettina (December 2019). "Viewing Rome in the Latin Literature of the Ventennio Fascista: Francesco Giammaria's Capitolium Novum". Fascism. 8 (2). Brill: 172. doi:10.1163/22116257-00802002. hdl:10852/76385. ISSN 2211-6249.

Constantine the Great (English Wikipedia)

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