Constantinople (English Wikipedia)

Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 89.
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 950–1250. Cambridge University Press. 1986. pp. 506–508. ISBN 978-0-521-26645-1. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
Crowley, Roger (18 April 2013). Constantinople (Main ed.). Faber & Faber. pp. 187–203. ISBN 978-0-571-29820-4. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
Crowley, Roger (18 April 2013). Constantinople (Main ed.). Faber & Faber. pp. 95–110. ISBN 978-0-571-29820-4. Retrieved 29 November 2023.

armenianweekly.com (Global: low place; English: 7,610^th place)

Calian, Florin George (25 March 2021). "Opinion | The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
Calian, Florin George (25 March 2021). "The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism". The Armenian Weekly. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

Past pandemics that ravaged Europe Archived 2017-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, November 7, 2005.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Majeska, George P. (1984). Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-88402-101-8. ...There are many other marble stone columns standing around the city with many large inscriptions carved on them from top to bottom. There is much that amazes [one there, much] which the human mind cannot express. [For example,] iron cannot [cut] this stone...
Rowe, Victoria (2003). A History of Armenian Women's Writing, 1880–1922. Cambridge Scholars Press. ISBN 978-1-904303-23-7. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
Nikitin, Vasiliĭ Petrovich (1956). Les Kurdes: étude sociologique et historique (in French). Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 194.
Borrut, Antoine (2011). Entre mémoire et pouvoir: L'espace syrien sous les derniers Omeyyades et les premiers Abbassides (in French). Brill. p. 235. ISBN 9789004185616. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haarer, Fiona K., eds. (2006). Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21–26 August, 2006, Volume 1. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 36. ISBN 9780754657408. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2020.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

britannica.com

"fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
"Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
"San Marco Basilica | cathedral, Venice, Italy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2018.

concise.britannica.com

Britannica, Istanbul Archived 2007-12-18 at the Wayback Machine.

channel4.com (Global: 706^th place; English: 437^th place)

"The Black Death". Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008., Channel 4 – History.

civilization.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Constantinople". Barbarism and Civilization. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.

clir.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Preserving The Intellectual Heritage--Preface". CLIR. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2021.

csic.es (Global: 2,323^rd place; English: 3,364^th place)

estudiosmedievales.revistas.csic.es

See Islamic Ritual Preaching (Khutbas) in a Contested Arena: Shi'is and Sunnis, Fatimids and Abbasids Archived 2015-07-01 at the Wayback Machine Paul E. Walker. University of Chicago. Anuario de Estuddios Medievales (2012)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (The Johns Hopkins University Press) 78: 347–67. doi:10.2307/283503. JSTOR 283503.
Everett-Heath, John (24 October 2019). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-188291-3. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Bogdanović 2016, pp. 100. Bogdanović, Jelena (2016). "The Relational Spiritual Geopolitics of Constantinople, the Capital of the Byzantine Empire". Political Landscapes of Capital Cities. Boulder : University Press of Colorado: 97–153. doi:10.5876/9781607324690.c003. ISBN 9781607324690. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
Greatrex, Geoffrey. “The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 117, 1997, pp. 60–86. doi:10.2307/632550. Accessed 9 Nov. 2023.
Chen, Yuan Julian (11 October 2021). "Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations". Journal of Early Modern History. 25 (5): 422–456. doi:10.1163/15700658-bja10030. ISSN 1385-3783. S2CID 244587800. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.

ehw.gr (Global: low place; English: low place)

constantinople.ehw.gr

"Μεγάλη διαδικτυακή εγκυκλοπαίδεια της Κωνσταντινούπολης". Archived from the original on 5 December 2015.

etymonline.com (Global: 287^th place; English: 321^st place)

Harper, Douglas. "Istanbul". Online Etymology Dictionary.

fordham.edu (Global: 1,648^th place; English: 1,137^th place)

sourcebooks.fordham.edu

Hirth (2000) [1885], East Asian History Sourcebook Archived 2016-10-09 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 September 2016.

geocities.com (Global: 1,151^st place; English: 930^th place)

"The Pechenegs". Archived from the original on 29 August 2005. Retrieved 27 October 2009., Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy.

h-net.org (Global: 5,447^th place; English: 3,767^th place)

Harris 2017, pp. 25–26. Harris, Jonathan (9 February 2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4742-5465-6. online review Archived 2021-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
Harris 2017, p. 43. Harris, Jonathan (9 February 2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4742-5465-6. online review Archived 2021-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
Harris 2017, p. 1. Harris, Jonathan (9 February 2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4742-5465-6. online review Archived 2021-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
Harris 2017, p. 204. Harris, Jonathan (9 February 2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4742-5465-6. online review Archived 2021-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
Harris 2017, pp. 177–178. Harris, Jonathan (9 February 2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4742-5465-6. online review Archived 2021-05-30 at the Wayback Machine

infezmed.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tsiamis1, Costas; Poulakou-Rebelakou, Effie; Tsakris, Athanassios; Petridou, Eleni. "Epidemic waves of the Black Death in the Byzantine Empire (1347–1453 AD)" (PDF). Le Infezioni in Medicina (3): 193–201. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

istanbultarihi.ist (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History of Istanbul". istanbultarihi.ist. Retrieved 28 November 2023.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (The Johns Hopkins University Press) 78: 347–67. doi:10.2307/283503. JSTOR 283503.
Talbot, Alice-Mary, "The Restoration of Constantinople under Michael VIII" Archived 2020-11-27 at the Wayback Machine, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 47 (1993), p. 246

macrotrends.net (Global: 5,641^st place; English: 4,405^th place)

"Istanbul, Turkey Metro Area Population (1950-2025) | MacroTrends". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 9 October 2025.

newadvent.org (Global: 471^st place; English: 409^th place)

Vailhé, S. (1908). "Constantinople". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2007.

oxfordreference.com (Global: 938^th place; English: 658^th place)

Everett-Heath, John (24 October 2019). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-188291-3. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.

pressbooks.pub (Global: low place; English: low place)

Freeman, Evan (2021). "Hagia Sophia's Deesis Mosaic". Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art.
Freeman, Evan (2021). "Middle Byzantine Mosaics in Hagia Sophia". Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art.

programata.bg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Exposition, Dedicated to Khan Tervel". Programata. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2014.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Chen, Yuan Julian (11 October 2021). "Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations". Journal of Early Modern History. 25 (5): 422–456. doi:10.1163/15700658-bja10030. ISSN 1385-3783. S2CID 244587800. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.

tulane.edu (Global: 5,659^th place; English: 3,564^th place)

Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades Archived August 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Kenneth W. Harl.

uchicago.edu (Global: 230^th place; English: 214^th place)

penelope.uchicago.edu

James Grout: "The Nika Riot", part of the Encyclopædia Romana

washington.edu (Global: 1,067^th place; English: 749^th place)

depts.washington.edu

Silk Road Seattle – Constantinople Archived 2006-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, Daniel C. Waugh.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Preserving The Intellectual Heritage--Preface". CLIR. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
Pliny the Elder, book IV, chapter XI^[usurped]. Quote: "On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes, ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn, on which is the town of Byzantium, a free state, formerly called Lygos; it is 711 miles from Durazzo,..."
Vailhé, S. (1908). "Constantinople". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
Harris 2017, pp. 25–26. Harris, Jonathan (9 February 2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4742-5465-6. online review Archived 2021-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
Harris 2017, p. 43. Harris, Jonathan (9 February 2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4742-5465-6. online review Archived 2021-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
Harris 2017, p. 1. Harris, Jonathan (9 February 2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4742-5465-6. online review Archived 2021-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
Everett-Heath, John (24 October 2019). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-188291-3. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Harris 2017, p. 204. Harris, Jonathan (9 February 2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4742-5465-6. online review Archived 2021-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
Britannica, Istanbul Archived 2007-12-18 at the Wayback Machine.
Wasson, D. L. (9 April 2013). "Constantinople". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021.
Bogdanović 2016, pp. 100. Bogdanović, Jelena (2016). "The Relational Spiritual Geopolitics of Constantinople, the Capital of the Byzantine Empire". Political Landscapes of Capital Cities. Boulder : University Press of Colorado: 97–153. doi:10.5876/9781607324690.c003. ISBN 9781607324690. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades Archived August 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Kenneth W. Harl.
Past pandemics that ravaged Europe Archived 2017-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, November 7, 2005.
"Exposition, Dedicated to Khan Tervel". Programata. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
Silk Road Seattle – Constantinople Archived 2006-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, Daniel C. Waugh.
"The Pechenegs". Archived from the original on 29 August 2005. Retrieved 27 October 2009., Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy.
Talbot, Alice-Mary, "The Restoration of Constantinople under Michael VIII" Archived 2020-11-27 at the Wayback Machine, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 47 (1993), p. 246
Tsiamis1, Costas; Poulakou-Rebelakou, Effie; Tsakris, Athanassios; Petridou, Eleni. "Epidemic waves of the Black Death in the Byzantine Empire (1347–1453 AD)" (PDF). Le Infezioni in Medicina (3): 193–201. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
"The Black Death". Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008., Channel 4 – History.
"fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
"Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
Calian, Florin George (25 March 2021). "The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism". The Armenian Weekly. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021.
Harris 2017, pp. 177–178. Harris, Jonathan (9 February 2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury, 2nd edition, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4742-5465-6. online review Archived 2021-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
Chen, Yuan Julian (11 October 2021). "Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations". Journal of Early Modern History. 25 (5): 422–456. doi:10.1163/15700658-bja10030. ISSN 1385-3783. S2CID 244587800. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
Rowe, Victoria (2003). A History of Armenian Women's Writing, 1880–1922. Cambridge Scholars Press. ISBN 978-1-904303-23-7. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
"San Marco Basilica | cathedral, Venice, Italy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
"Constantinople". Barbarism and Civilization. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Hirth (2000) [1885], East Asian History Sourcebook Archived 2016-10-09 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
See Islamic Ritual Preaching (Khutbas) in a Contested Arena: Shi'is and Sunnis, Fatimids and Abbasids Archived 2015-07-01 at the Wayback Machine Paul E. Walker. University of Chicago. Anuario de Estuddios Medievales (2012)
"Μεγάλη διαδικτυακή εγκυκλοπαίδεια της Κωνσταντινούπολης". Archived from the original on 5 December 2015.
Borrut, Antoine (2011). Entre mémoire et pouvoir: L'espace syrien sous les derniers Omeyyades et les premiers Abbassides (in French). Brill. p. 235. ISBN 9789004185616. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haarer, Fiona K., eds. (2006). Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21–26 August, 2006, Volume 1. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 36. ISBN 9780754657408. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2020.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Chen, Yuan Julian (11 October 2021). "Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations". Journal of Early Modern History. 25 (5): 422–456. doi:10.1163/15700658-bja10030. ISSN 1385-3783. S2CID 244587800. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.

worldhistory.org (Global: 2,220^th place; English: 1,461^st place)

Wasson, D. L. (9 April 2013). "Constantinople". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021.

Constantinople (English Wikipedia)

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