Constipation (English Wikipedia)

Hsieh C (December 2005). "Treatment of constipation in older adults". Am Fam Physician. 72 (11): 2277–84. PMID 16342852. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012.

anthonycohnpaediatrics.co.uk

Cohn A (2010). "Stool withholding" (PDF). Journal of Pediatric Neurology. 8 (1): 29–30. doi:10.3233/JPN-2010-0350. S2CID 257155678. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.

archive.org

Whorton JC (2000). Inner hygiene: constipation and the pursuit of health in modern society. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513581-7.

betterhealth.vic.gov.au

Canberra Hospital – Gastroenterology Unit. "constipation". Archived from the original on 17 July 2013.

books.google.com

Avunduk C (2008). Manual of gastroenterology: diagnosis and therapy (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-7817-6974-7. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016.

cdc.gov

"Ovarian Cancer, Inside Knowledge, Get the Facts about Gynecological Cancer" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

childrensnational.org

"Pediatric Chronic Constipation | Children's National Hospital".

doi.org

Chatoor D, Emmnauel A (2009). "Constipation and evacuation disorders". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 23 (4). Baillière Tindall: 517–30. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. PMID 19647687.
Bharucha AE, Dorn SD, Lembo A, Pressman A (January 2013). "American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation". Best Practice & Research: Clinical Gastroenterology (Review). 144 (1). Baillière Tindall: 211–217. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029. PMID 23261064.
Makharia A, Catassi C, Makharia GK (2015). "The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma". Nutrients (Review). 7 (12): 10417–26. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. PMC 4690093. PMID 26690475.
Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D (2006). "Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: Pathophysiology, evaluation and management". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 21 (4): 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. PMID 16677147. S2CID 30296908.
Colombo JM, Wassom MC, Rosen JM (1 September 2015). "Constipation and Encopresis in Childhood". Pediatrics in Review. 36 (9): 392–401, quiz 402. doi:10.1542/pir.36-9-392. ISSN 1526-3347. PMID 26330473. S2CID 35482415.
Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR 3rd (January 2013). "American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (1): 218–38. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC 3531555. PMID 23261065.
Brenner DM, Shah M (June 2016). "Chronic Constipation". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 45 (2): 205–16. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013. PMID 27261894.
Li Y, Long S, Liu Q, Ma H, Li J, Xiaoking W, Yuan J, Li M, Hou M (8 August 2020). "Gut microbiota is involved in the alleviation of loperamide-induced constipation by honey supplementation in mice". Food Science & Nutrition. 8 (8). NIH: 4388–4398. doi:10.1002/fsn3.1736. PMC 7455974. PMID 32884719. The results of this study suggested that honey can improve the symptoms of constipation by elevating fecal water content and intestinal transit rate in loperamide‐induced constipation model.
Walia R, Mahajan L, Steffen R (October 2009). "Recent advances in chronic constipation". Curr Opin Pediatr. 21 (5): 661–6. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832ff241. PMID 19606041. S2CID 11606786.
Locke GR, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF (December 2000). "American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on constipation". Gastroenterology. 119 (6): 1761–6. doi:10.1053/gast.2000.20390. PMID 11113098.
Basilisco G, Coletta M (2013). "Chronic constipation: A critical review". Digestive and Liver Disease. 45 (11): 886–893. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2013.03.016. PMID 23639342.
Leung FW (February 2007). "Etiologic factors of chronic constipation: review of the scientific evidence". Dig. Dis. Sci. 52 (2): 313–6. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9298-7. PMID 17219073. S2CID 608978.
McCallum IJ, Ong S, Mercer-Jones M (2009). "Chronic constipation in adults". The BMJ. 338: b831. doi:10.1136/bmj.b831. PMID 19304766. S2CID 8291767.
Selby, Warwick, Corte, Crispin (August 2010). "Managing constipation in adults". Australian Prescriber. 33 (4): 116–9. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2010.058.
Gallegos-Orozco JF, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Sterler SM, Stoa JM (January 2012). "Chronic constipation in the elderly". The American Journal of Gastroenterology (Review). 107 (1): 18–25. doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.349. PMID 21989145. S2CID 205099253.
Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, Zhao LJ, Liu XG, Guo YF, Shen J, Lin X, Deng J, Zhou R, Deng HW (28 November 2018). "The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health". Clinical Interventions in Aging. 13: 2443–2452. doi:10.2147/CIA.S157523. ISSN 1176-9092. PMC 6276611. PMID 30568435.
Parvataneni S, Maw M (14 March 2024). "Ileus Due to Iron Pills: A Case Report and Literature Report on the Importance of Stool Softeners". Cureus. 12 (6). Cureus Inc.: e8392. doi:10.7759/cureus.8392. PMC 7331903. PMID 32637274.
Gyger G, Baron M (2015). "Systemic Sclerosis: Gastrointestinal Disease and Its Management". Rheum Dis Clin North Am (Review). 41 (3): 459–73. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2015.04.007. PMID 26210129.
Rao SS, Rattanakovit K, Patcharatrakul T (2016). "Diagnosis and management of chronic constipation in adults". Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 13 (5): 295–305. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.53. PMID 27033126. S2CID 19608417.
Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, van Dam JH, Gosselink MJ, Ginai AZ, Hop WC (1997). "Anismus: fact or fiction?". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 40 (9): 1033–1041. doi:10.1007/BF02050925. PMID 9293931. S2CID 23587867.
Pérez-Molina JA, Molina I (6 January 2018). "Chagas disease". The Lancet. 391 (10115): 82–94. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31612-4. PMID 28673423. S2CID 4514617.
Cohn A (2010). "Stool withholding" (PDF). Journal of Pediatric Neurology. 8 (1): 29–30. doi:10.3233/JPN-2010-0350. S2CID 257155678. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR (2013). "American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on Constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (1): 218–238. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC 3531555. PMID 23261065.
Tabbers M, DiLorenzo C, Berger M, Faure C, Langendam M, Nurko S, Staiano A, Vandenplas Y, Benninga M (2014). "Evaluation and Treatment of Functional Constipation in Infants and Children". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 58 (2): 265–281. doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000000266. PMID 24345831. S2CID 13834963.
Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC (2006). "Functional bowel disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1480–91. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.061. PMID 16678561.
Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL (7 July 2010). "Lactulose versus Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD007570. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2. PMID 20614462.
Camilleri M, Deiteren A (February 2010). "Prucalopride for constipation". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 11 (3): 451–61. doi:10.1517/14656560903567057. PMID 20102308. S2CID 207478370.
Barish CF, Drossman D, Johanson JF, Ueno R (April 2010). "Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in patients with chronic constipation". Dig. Dis. Sci. 55 (4): 1090–7. doi:10.1007/s10620-009-1068-x. PMID 20012484. S2CID 23450010.
Aboumarzouk OM, Agarwal T, Antakia R, Shariff U, Nelson RL (19 January 2011). "Cisapride for Intestinal Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD007780. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007780.pub2. PMID 21249695.
Marilee Schmelzer, Lawrence R.Schiller, Richard Meyer, Susan M.Rugari, PattiCase (November 2004). "Safety and effectiveness of large-volume enema solutions". Applied Nursing Research. 17 (4): 265–274. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2004.09.010. PMID 15573335.
Bharucha AE (2007). "Constipation". Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 21 (4): 709–31. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2007.07.001. PMID 17643910.
Sonnenberg A, Koch TR (1989). "Epidemiology of constipation in the United States". Dis Colon Rectum. 32 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/BF02554713. PMID 2910654. S2CID 3161661.
Chang L, Toner BB, Fukudo S, Guthrie E, Locke GR, Norton NJ, Sperber AD (2006). "Gender, age, society, culture, and the patient's perspective in the functional gastrointestinal disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1435–46. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.071. PMID 16678557. S2CID 8876455.
Wald A, Scarpignato C, Mueller-Lissner S, Kamm MA, Hinkel U, Helfrich I, Schuijt C, Mandel KG (1 October 2008). "A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 28 (7): 917–930. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x. ISSN 1365-2036. PMID 18644012. S2CID 33659161.
Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (23 September 2014). "Interventions for treating postpartum constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (9): CD010273. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010273.pub2. PMC 10823348. PMID 25246307.
Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (5 August 2020). "Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8): CD011625. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011625.pub3. hdl:10019.1/104303. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8094226. PMID 32761813.

emedicine.com

"Constipation" Archived 29 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. eMedicine.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (5 August 2020). "Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8): CD011625. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011625.pub3. hdl:10019.1/104303. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8094226. PMID 32761813.

lecturio.com

"Constipation". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 10 July 2021.

medicinenet.com

"Constipation" Archived 30 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine MedicineNet

medscape.com

emedicine.medscape.com

"Pernicious Anemia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination". emedicine.medscape.com. Retrieved 6 April 2023.

merriam-webster.com

"Costiveness – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Archived from the original on 11 April 2010.
"high enema". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
"low enema". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

nice.org.uk

pathways.nice.org.uk

"Constipation overview". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chatoor D, Emmnauel A (2009). "Constipation and evacuation disorders". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 23 (4). Baillière Tindall: 517–30. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. PMID 19647687.
Bharucha AE, Dorn SD, Lembo A, Pressman A (January 2013). "American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation". Best Practice & Research: Clinical Gastroenterology (Review). 144 (1). Baillière Tindall: 211–217. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029. PMID 23261064.
Makharia A, Catassi C, Makharia GK (2015). "The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma". Nutrients (Review). 7 (12): 10417–26. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. PMC 4690093. PMID 26690475.
Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D (2006). "Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: Pathophysiology, evaluation and management". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 21 (4): 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. PMID 16677147. S2CID 30296908.
Colombo JM, Wassom MC, Rosen JM (1 September 2015). "Constipation and Encopresis in Childhood". Pediatrics in Review. 36 (9): 392–401, quiz 402. doi:10.1542/pir.36-9-392. ISSN 1526-3347. PMID 26330473. S2CID 35482415.
Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR 3rd (January 2013). "American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (1): 218–38. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC 3531555. PMID 23261065.
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (26 June 2014). Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate or Docusate (Calcium or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness. PMID 25520993.
Brenner DM, Shah M (June 2016). "Chronic Constipation". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 45 (2): 205–16. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013. PMID 27261894.
Li Y, Long S, Liu Q, Ma H, Li J, Xiaoking W, Yuan J, Li M, Hou M (8 August 2020). "Gut microbiota is involved in the alleviation of loperamide-induced constipation by honey supplementation in mice". Food Science & Nutrition. 8 (8). NIH: 4388–4398. doi:10.1002/fsn3.1736. PMC 7455974. PMID 32884719. The results of this study suggested that honey can improve the symptoms of constipation by elevating fecal water content and intestinal transit rate in loperamide‐induced constipation model.
Jamshed N, Lee ZE, Olden KW (1 August 2011). "Diagnostic approach to chronic constipation in adults". American Family Physician. 84 (3): 299–306. ISSN 1532-0650. PMID 21842777.
Walia R, Mahajan L, Steffen R (October 2009). "Recent advances in chronic constipation". Curr Opin Pediatr. 21 (5): 661–6. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832ff241. PMID 19606041. S2CID 11606786.
Locke GR, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF (December 2000). "American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on constipation". Gastroenterology. 119 (6): 1761–6. doi:10.1053/gast.2000.20390. PMID 11113098.
Hsieh C (December 2005). "Treatment of constipation in older adults". Am Fam Physician. 72 (11): 2277–84. PMID 16342852. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012.
Basilisco G, Coletta M (2013). "Chronic constipation: A critical review". Digestive and Liver Disease. 45 (11): 886–893. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2013.03.016. PMID 23639342.
Leung FW (February 2007). "Etiologic factors of chronic constipation: review of the scientific evidence". Dig. Dis. Sci. 52 (2): 313–6. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9298-7. PMID 17219073. S2CID 608978.
McCallum IJ, Ong S, Mercer-Jones M (2009). "Chronic constipation in adults". The BMJ. 338: b831. doi:10.1136/bmj.b831. PMID 19304766. S2CID 8291767.
Gallegos-Orozco JF, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Sterler SM, Stoa JM (January 2012). "Chronic constipation in the elderly". The American Journal of Gastroenterology (Review). 107 (1): 18–25. doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.349. PMID 21989145. S2CID 205099253.
Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, Zhao LJ, Liu XG, Guo YF, Shen J, Lin X, Deng J, Zhou R, Deng HW (28 November 2018). "The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health". Clinical Interventions in Aging. 13: 2443–2452. doi:10.2147/CIA.S157523. ISSN 1176-9092. PMC 6276611. PMID 30568435.
Parvataneni S, Maw M (14 March 2024). "Ileus Due to Iron Pills: A Case Report and Literature Report on the Importance of Stool Softeners". Cureus. 12 (6). Cureus Inc.: e8392. doi:10.7759/cureus.8392. PMC 7331903. PMID 32637274.
Gyger G, Baron M (2015). "Systemic Sclerosis: Gastrointestinal Disease and Its Management". Rheum Dis Clin North Am (Review). 41 (3): 459–73. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2015.04.007. PMID 26210129.
Rao SS, Rattanakovit K, Patcharatrakul T (2016). "Diagnosis and management of chronic constipation in adults". Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 13 (5): 295–305. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.53. PMID 27033126. S2CID 19608417.
Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, van Dam JH, Gosselink MJ, Ginai AZ, Hop WC (1997). "Anismus: fact or fiction?". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 40 (9): 1033–1041. doi:10.1007/BF02050925. PMID 9293931. S2CID 23587867.
Pérez-Molina JA, Molina I (6 January 2018). "Chagas disease". The Lancet. 391 (10115): 82–94. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31612-4. PMID 28673423. S2CID 4514617.
Nguyen T, Waseem M (2022). "Chagas Disease". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29083573.
Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR (2013). "American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on Constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (1): 218–238. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC 3531555. PMID 23261065.
Tabbers M, DiLorenzo C, Berger M, Faure C, Langendam M, Nurko S, Staiano A, Vandenplas Y, Benninga M (2014). "Evaluation and Treatment of Functional Constipation in Infants and Children". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 58 (2): 265–281. doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000000266. PMID 24345831. S2CID 13834963.
Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC (2006). "Functional bowel disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1480–91. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.061. PMID 16678561.
Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL (7 July 2010). "Lactulose versus Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD007570. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2. PMID 20614462.
Camilleri M, Deiteren A (February 2010). "Prucalopride for constipation". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 11 (3): 451–61. doi:10.1517/14656560903567057. PMID 20102308. S2CID 207478370.
Barish CF, Drossman D, Johanson JF, Ueno R (April 2010). "Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in patients with chronic constipation". Dig. Dis. Sci. 55 (4): 1090–7. doi:10.1007/s10620-009-1068-x. PMID 20012484. S2CID 23450010.
Aboumarzouk OM, Agarwal T, Antakia R, Shariff U, Nelson RL (19 January 2011). "Cisapride for Intestinal Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD007780. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007780.pub2. PMID 21249695.
Marilee Schmelzer, Lawrence R.Schiller, Richard Meyer, Susan M.Rugari, PattiCase (November 2004). "Safety and effectiveness of large-volume enema solutions". Applied Nursing Research. 17 (4): 265–274. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2004.09.010. PMID 15573335.
Bharucha AE (2007). "Constipation". Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 21 (4): 709–31. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2007.07.001. PMID 17643910.
Sonnenberg A, Koch TR (1989). "Epidemiology of constipation in the United States". Dis Colon Rectum. 32 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/BF02554713. PMID 2910654. S2CID 3161661.
Chang L, Toner BB, Fukudo S, Guthrie E, Locke GR, Norton NJ, Sperber AD (2006). "Gender, age, society, culture, and the patient's perspective in the functional gastrointestinal disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1435–46. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.071. PMID 16678557. S2CID 8876455.
Wald A, Scarpignato C, Mueller-Lissner S, Kamm MA, Hinkel U, Helfrich I, Schuijt C, Mandel KG (1 October 2008). "A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 28 (7): 917–930. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x. ISSN 1365-2036. PMID 18644012. S2CID 33659161.
Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (23 September 2014). "Interventions for treating postpartum constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (9): CD010273. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010273.pub2. PMC 10823348. PMID 25246307.
Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (5 August 2020). "Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8): CD011625. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011625.pub3. hdl:10019.1/104303. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8094226. PMID 32761813.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Makharia A, Catassi C, Makharia GK (2015). "The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma". Nutrients (Review). 7 (12): 10417–26. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. PMC 4690093. PMID 26690475.
Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR 3rd (January 2013). "American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (1): 218–38. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC 3531555. PMID 23261065.
Li Y, Long S, Liu Q, Ma H, Li J, Xiaoking W, Yuan J, Li M, Hou M (8 August 2020). "Gut microbiota is involved in the alleviation of loperamide-induced constipation by honey supplementation in mice". Food Science & Nutrition. 8 (8). NIH: 4388–4398. doi:10.1002/fsn3.1736. PMC 7455974. PMID 32884719. The results of this study suggested that honey can improve the symptoms of constipation by elevating fecal water content and intestinal transit rate in loperamide‐induced constipation model.
Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, Zhao LJ, Liu XG, Guo YF, Shen J, Lin X, Deng J, Zhou R, Deng HW (28 November 2018). "The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health". Clinical Interventions in Aging. 13: 2443–2452. doi:10.2147/CIA.S157523. ISSN 1176-9092. PMC 6276611. PMID 30568435.
Parvataneni S, Maw M (14 March 2024). "Ileus Due to Iron Pills: A Case Report and Literature Report on the Importance of Stool Softeners". Cureus. 12 (6). Cureus Inc.: e8392. doi:10.7759/cureus.8392. PMC 7331903. PMID 32637274.
Nguyen T, Waseem M (2022). "Chagas Disease". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29083573.
Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR (2013). "American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on Constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (1): 218–238. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC 3531555. PMID 23261065.
Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (23 September 2014). "Interventions for treating postpartum constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (9): CD010273. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010273.pub2. PMC 10823348. PMID 25246307.
Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (5 August 2020). "Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8): CD011625. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011625.pub3. hdl:10019.1/104303. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8094226. PMID 32761813.

niddk.nih.gov

"Constipation". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. February 2015. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
"Symptoms & Causes of Celiac Disease | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
"Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2 December 2017.

digestive.niddk.nih.gov

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. (2007) NIH Publication No. 07–2754. http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/constipation/#treatment Archived 18 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 7-18-2010.

pelviperineology.com

Dinning PG (September 2007). "Colonic manometry and sacral nerve stimulation in patients with severe constipation". Pelviperineology. 26 (3): 114–116. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008.

peoi.org

Rhodora Cruz. "Types of Enemas". Fundamentals of Nursing Practice. Professional Education, Testing and Certification Organization International. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D (2006). "Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: Pathophysiology, evaluation and management". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 21 (4): 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. PMID 16677147. S2CID 30296908.
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