Constipation (English Wikipedia)

Hsieh C (December 2005). "Treatment of constipation in older adults". Am Fam Physician. 72 (11): 2277–84. PMID 16342852. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012.

anthonycohnpaediatrics.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cohn A (2010). "Stool withholding" (PDF). Journal of Pediatric Neurology. 8 (1): 29–30. doi:10.3233/JPN-2010-0350. S2CID 257155678. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Whorton JC (2000). Inner hygiene: constipation and the pursuit of health in modern society. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513581-7.

betterhealth.vic.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

Canberra Hospital – Gastroenterology Unit. "constipation". Better Health Channel. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013.

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

"Ovarian Cancer, Inside Knowledge, Get the Facts about Gynecological Cancer" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

childrensnational.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Pediatric Chronic Constipation | Children's National Hospital". Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Chatoor D, Emmnauel A (2009). "Constipation and evacuation disorders". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 23 (4). Baillière Tindall: 517–30. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. PMID 19647687.
Bharucha AE, Dorn SD, Lembo A, Pressman A (January 2013). "American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation". Best Practice & Research: Clinical Gastroenterology (Review). 144 (1). Baillière Tindall: 211–217. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029. PMID 23261064.
Makharia A, Catassi C, Makharia GK (2015). "The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma". Nutrients (Review). 7 (12): 10417–26. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. PMC 4690093. PMID 26690475.
Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D (2006). "Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: Pathophysiology, evaluation and management". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 21 (4): 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. PMID 16677147. S2CID 30296908.
Colombo JM, Wassom MC, Rosen JM (1 September 2015). "Constipation and Encopresis in Childhood". Pediatrics in Review. 36 (9): 392–401, quiz 402. doi:10.1542/pir.36-9-392. ISSN 1526-3347. PMID 26330473. S2CID 35482415.
Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR 3rd (January 2013). "American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (1): 218–38. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC 3531555. PMID 23261065.
Brenner DM, Shah M (June 2016). "Chronic Constipation". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 45 (2): 205–16. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013. PMID 27261894.
Walia R, Mahajan L, Steffen R (October 2009). "Recent advances in chronic constipation". Curr Opin Pediatr. 21 (5): 661–6. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832ff241. PMID 19606041. S2CID 11606786.
Locke GR, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF (December 2000). "American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on constipation". Gastroenterology. 119 (6): 1761–6. doi:10.1053/gast.2000.20390. PMID 11113098.
Basilisco G, Coletta M (2013). "Chronic constipation: A critical review". Digestive and Liver Disease. 45 (11): 886–893. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2013.03.016. PMID 23639342.
Leung FW (February 2007). "Etiologic factors of chronic constipation: review of the scientific evidence". Dig. Dis. Sci. 52 (2): 313–6. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9298-7. PMID 17219073. S2CID 608978.
McCallum IJ, Ong S, Mercer-Jones M (2009). "Chronic constipation in adults". The BMJ. 338: b831. doi:10.1136/bmj.b831. PMID 19304766. S2CID 8291767.
Selby, Warwick, Corte, Crispin (August 2010). "Managing constipation in adults". Australian Prescriber. 33 (4): 116–9. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2010.058.
Gallegos-Orozco JF, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Sterler SM, Stoa JM (January 2012). "Chronic constipation in the elderly". The American Journal of Gastroenterology (Review). 107 (1): 18–25. doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.349. PMID 21989145. S2CID 205099253.
Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, Zhao LJ, Liu XG, Guo YF, Shen J, Lin X, Deng J, Zhou R, Deng HW (28 November 2018). "The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health". Clinical Interventions in Aging. 13: 2443–2452. doi:10.2147/CIA.S157523. ISSN 1176-9092. PMC 6276611. PMID 30568435.
Parvataneni S, Maw M (14 March 2024). "Ileus Due to Iron Pills: A Case Report and Literature Report on the Importance of Stool Softeners". Cureus. 12 (6) e8392. Cureus Inc. doi:10.7759/cureus.8392. PMC 7331903. PMID 32637274.
Gyger G, Baron M (2015). "Systemic Sclerosis: Gastrointestinal Disease and Its Management". Rheum Dis Clin North Am (Review). 41 (3): 459–73. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2015.04.007. PMID 26210129.
Rao SS, Rattanakovit K, Patcharatrakul T (2016). "Diagnosis and management of chronic constipation in adults". Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 13 (5): 295–305. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.53. PMID 27033126. S2CID 19608417.
Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, van Dam JH, Gosselink MJ, Ginai AZ, Hop WC (1997). "Anismus: fact or fiction?". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 40 (9): 1033–1041. doi:10.1007/BF02050925. PMID 9293931. S2CID 23587867.
Pérez-Molina JA, Molina I (6 January 2018). "Chagas disease". The Lancet. 391 (10115): 82–94. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31612-4. PMID 28673423. S2CID 4514617.
Cohn A (2010). "Stool withholding" (PDF). Journal of Pediatric Neurology. 8 (1): 29–30. doi:10.3233/JPN-2010-0350. S2CID 257155678. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR (2013). "American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on Constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (1): 218–238. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC 3531555. PMID 23261065.
Tabbers M, DiLorenzo C, Berger M, Faure C, Langendam M, Nurko S, Staiano A, Vandenplas Y, Benninga M (2014). "Evaluation and Treatment of Functional Constipation in Infants and Children". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 58 (2): 265–281. doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000000266. PMID 24345831. S2CID 13834963.
Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC (2006). "Functional bowel disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1480–91. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.061. PMID 16678561.
Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL (7 July 2010). "Lactulose versus Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7) CD007570. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2. PMID 20614462.
Camilleri M, Deiteren A (February 2010). "Prucalopride for constipation". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 11 (3): 451–61. doi:10.1517/14656560903567057. PMID 20102308. S2CID 207478370.
Barish CF, Drossman D, Johanson JF, Ueno R (April 2010). "Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in patients with chronic constipation". Dig. Dis. Sci. 55 (4): 1090–7. doi:10.1007/s10620-009-1068-x. PMID 20012484. S2CID 23450010.
Aboumarzouk OM, Agarwal T, Antakia R, Shariff U, Nelson RL (19 January 2011). "Cisapride for Intestinal Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1) CD007780. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007780.pub2. PMID 21249695.
Marilee Schmelzer, Lawrence R.Schiller, Richard Meyer, Susan M.Rugari, PattiCase (November 2004). "Safety and effectiveness of large-volume enema solutions". Applied Nursing Research. 17 (4): 265–274. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2004.09.010. PMID 15573335.
Assis GM, Silva CP, Martins G (1 November 2019). "Urotherapy in the treatment of children and adolescents with bladder and bowel dysfunction: a systematic review". Jornal de Pediatria (English Edition). 95 (6): 628–641. doi:10.1016/j.jped.2019.02.007. ISSN 0021-7557. PMID 31009619. Archived from the original on 12 December 2025. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
Assis GM, Silva CP, Martins G (1 November 2019). "Urotherapy in the treatment of children and adolescents with bladder and bowel dysfunction: a systematic review". Jornal de Pediatria. 95 (6): 628–641. doi:10.1016/j.jped.2019.02.007. ISSN 0021-7557. PMID 31009619.
Santos JD, Lopes RI, Koyle MA (2017). "Bladder and bowel dysfunction in children: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of a common, but underdiagnosed pediatric problem". Canadian Urological Association Journal. 11 (1–2Suppl1): S64–S72. doi:10.5489/cuaj.4411. ISSN 1911-6470. PMC 5332240. PMID 28265323.
Nieuwhof-Leppink AJ, Hussong J, Chase J, Larsson J, Renson C, Hoebeke P, Yang S, Gontard Av (1 April 2021). "Definitions, indications and practice of urotherapy in children and adolescents: - A standardization document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS)". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 17 (2): 172–181. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.11.006. ISSN 1477-5131. PMID 33478902.
Farahmand F, Abedi A, Esmaeili-Dooki MR, Jalilian R, Tabari SM (June 2015). "Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise for Paediatric Functional Constipation". Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 9 (6): SC16–17. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/12726.6036. ISSN 2249-782X. PMC 4525569. PMID 26284199.
Bharucha AE (2007). "Constipation". Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 21 (4): 709–31. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2007.07.001. PMID 17643910.
Sonnenberg A, Koch TR (1989). "Epidemiology of constipation in the United States". Dis Colon Rectum. 32 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/BF02554713. PMID 2910654. S2CID 3161661.
Chang L, Toner BB, Fukudo S, Guthrie E, Locke GR, Norton NJ, Sperber AD (2006). "Gender, age, society, culture, and the patient's perspective in the functional gastrointestinal disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1435–46. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.071. PMID 16678557. S2CID 8876455.
Wald A, Scarpignato C, Mueller-Lissner S, Kamm MA, Hinkel U, Helfrich I, Schuijt C, Mandel KG (1 October 2008). "A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 28 (7): 917–930. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x. ISSN 1365-2036. PMID 18644012. S2CID 33659161.
Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (23 September 2014). "Interventions for treating postpartum constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (9) CD010273. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010273.pub2. PMC 10823348. PMID 25246307.
Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (5 August 2020). "Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8) CD011625. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011625.pub3. hdl:10019.1/104303. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8094226. PMID 32761813.

elsevier.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

jped.elsevier.es

Assis GM, Silva CP, Martins G (1 November 2019). "Urotherapy in the treatment of children and adolescents with bladder and bowel dysfunction: a systematic review". Jornal de Pediatria (English Edition). 95 (6): 628–641. doi:10.1016/j.jped.2019.02.007. ISSN 0021-7557. PMID 31009619. Archived from the original on 12 December 2025. Retrieved 12 December 2025.

emedicine.com (Global: 5,845^th place; English: 6,000^th place)

"Constipation" Archived 29 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. eMedicine.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (5 August 2020). "Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8) CD011625. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011625.pub3. hdl:10019.1/104303. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8094226. PMID 32761813.

jpurol.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Nieuwhof-Leppink AJ, Hussong J, Chase J, Larsson J, Renson C, Hoebeke P, Yang S, Gontard Av (1 April 2021). "Definitions, indications and practice of urotherapy in children and adolescents: - A standardization document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS)". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 17 (2): 172–181. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.11.006. ISSN 1477-5131. PMID 33478902.

lecturio.com (Global: low place; English: 5,784^th place)

"Constipation". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.

medicinenet.com (Global: 6,975^th place; English: 7,170^th place)

"Constipation" Archived 30 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine MedicineNet

medscape.com (Global: 1,078^th place; English: 916^th place)

emedicine.medscape.com

"Pernicious Anemia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination". emedicine.medscape.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2023.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"Costiveness – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Archived from the original on 11 April 2010.
"high enema". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
"low enema". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

nice.org.uk (Global: 4,081^st place; English: 3,905^th place)

pathways.nice.org.uk

"Constipation overview". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chatoor D, Emmnauel A (2009). "Constipation and evacuation disorders". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 23 (4). Baillière Tindall: 517–30. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001. PMID 19647687.
Bharucha AE, Dorn SD, Lembo A, Pressman A (January 2013). "American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation". Best Practice & Research: Clinical Gastroenterology (Review). 144 (1). Baillière Tindall: 211–217. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029. PMID 23261064.
Makharia A, Catassi C, Makharia GK (2015). "The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma". Nutrients (Review). 7 (12): 10417–26. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. PMC 4690093. PMID 26690475.
Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D (2006). "Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: Pathophysiology, evaluation and management". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 21 (4): 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. PMID 16677147. S2CID 30296908.
Colombo JM, Wassom MC, Rosen JM (1 September 2015). "Constipation and Encopresis in Childhood". Pediatrics in Review. 36 (9): 392–401, quiz 402. doi:10.1542/pir.36-9-392. ISSN 1526-3347. PMID 26330473. S2CID 35482415.
Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR 3rd (January 2013). "American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (1): 218–38. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC 3531555. PMID 23261065.
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (26 June 2014). Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate or Docusate (Calcium or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness. PMID 25520993.
Brenner DM, Shah M (June 2016). "Chronic Constipation". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 45 (2): 205–16. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013. PMID 27261894.
Jamshed N, Lee ZE, Olden KW (1 August 2011). "Diagnostic approach to chronic constipation in adults". American Family Physician. 84 (3): 299–306. ISSN 1532-0650. PMID 21842777.
Walia R, Mahajan L, Steffen R (October 2009). "Recent advances in chronic constipation". Curr Opin Pediatr. 21 (5): 661–6. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832ff241. PMID 19606041. S2CID 11606786.
Locke GR, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF (December 2000). "American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on constipation". Gastroenterology. 119 (6): 1761–6. doi:10.1053/gast.2000.20390. PMID 11113098.
Hsieh C (December 2005). "Treatment of constipation in older adults". Am Fam Physician. 72 (11): 2277–84. PMID 16342852. Archived from the original on 10 April 2012.
Basilisco G, Coletta M (2013). "Chronic constipation: A critical review". Digestive and Liver Disease. 45 (11): 886–893. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2013.03.016. PMID 23639342.
Leung FW (February 2007). "Etiologic factors of chronic constipation: review of the scientific evidence". Dig. Dis. Sci. 52 (2): 313–6. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9298-7. PMID 17219073. S2CID 608978.
McCallum IJ, Ong S, Mercer-Jones M (2009). "Chronic constipation in adults". The BMJ. 338: b831. doi:10.1136/bmj.b831. PMID 19304766. S2CID 8291767.
Gallegos-Orozco JF, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Sterler SM, Stoa JM (January 2012). "Chronic constipation in the elderly". The American Journal of Gastroenterology (Review). 107 (1): 18–25. doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.349. PMID 21989145. S2CID 205099253.
Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, Zhao LJ, Liu XG, Guo YF, Shen J, Lin X, Deng J, Zhou R, Deng HW (28 November 2018). "The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health". Clinical Interventions in Aging. 13: 2443–2452. doi:10.2147/CIA.S157523. ISSN 1176-9092. PMC 6276611. PMID 30568435.
Parvataneni S, Maw M (14 March 2024). "Ileus Due to Iron Pills: A Case Report and Literature Report on the Importance of Stool Softeners". Cureus. 12 (6) e8392. Cureus Inc. doi:10.7759/cureus.8392. PMC 7331903. PMID 32637274.
Gyger G, Baron M (2015). "Systemic Sclerosis: Gastrointestinal Disease and Its Management". Rheum Dis Clin North Am (Review). 41 (3): 459–73. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2015.04.007. PMID 26210129.
Rao SS, Rattanakovit K, Patcharatrakul T (2016). "Diagnosis and management of chronic constipation in adults". Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 13 (5): 295–305. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.53. PMID 27033126. S2CID 19608417.
Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, van Dam JH, Gosselink MJ, Ginai AZ, Hop WC (1997). "Anismus: fact or fiction?". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 40 (9): 1033–1041. doi:10.1007/BF02050925. PMID 9293931. S2CID 23587867.
Pérez-Molina JA, Molina I (6 January 2018). "Chagas disease". The Lancet. 391 (10115): 82–94. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31612-4. PMID 28673423. S2CID 4514617.
Nguyen T, Waseem M (2022). "Chagas Disease". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29083573. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR (2013). "American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on Constipation". Gastroenterology. 144 (1): 218–238. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028. PMC 3531555. PMID 23261065.
Tabbers M, DiLorenzo C, Berger M, Faure C, Langendam M, Nurko S, Staiano A, Vandenplas Y, Benninga M (2014). "Evaluation and Treatment of Functional Constipation in Infants and Children". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 58 (2): 265–281. doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000000266. PMID 24345831. S2CID 13834963.
Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC (2006). "Functional bowel disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1480–91. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.061. PMID 16678561.
Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL (7 July 2010). "Lactulose versus Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7) CD007570. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2. PMID 20614462.
Camilleri M, Deiteren A (February 2010). "Prucalopride for constipation". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 11 (3): 451–61. doi:10.1517/14656560903567057. PMID 20102308. S2CID 207478370.
Barish CF, Drossman D, Johanson JF, Ueno R (April 2010). "Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in patients with chronic constipation". Dig. Dis. Sci. 55 (4): 1090–7. doi:10.1007/s10620-009-1068-x. PMID 20012484. S2CID 23450010.
Aboumarzouk OM, Agarwal T, Antakia R, Shariff U, Nelson RL (19 January 2011). "Cisapride for Intestinal Constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1) CD007780. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007780.pub2. PMID 21249695.
Marilee Schmelzer, Lawrence R.Schiller, Richard Meyer, Susan M.Rugari, PattiCase (November 2004). "Safety and effectiveness of large-volume enema solutions". Applied Nursing Research. 17 (4): 265–274. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2004.09.010. PMID 15573335.
Assis GM, Silva CP, Martins G (1 November 2019). "Urotherapy in the treatment of children and adolescents with bladder and bowel dysfunction: a systematic review". Jornal de Pediatria (English Edition). 95 (6): 628–641. doi:10.1016/j.jped.2019.02.007. ISSN 0021-7557. PMID 31009619. Archived from the original on 12 December 2025. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
Assis GM, Silva CP, Martins G (1 November 2019). "Urotherapy in the treatment of children and adolescents with bladder and bowel dysfunction: a systematic review". Jornal de Pediatria. 95 (6): 628–641. doi:10.1016/j.jped.2019.02.007. ISSN 0021-7557. PMID 31009619.
Santos JD, Lopes RI, Koyle MA (2017). "Bladder and bowel dysfunction in children: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of a common, but underdiagnosed pediatric problem". Canadian Urological Association Journal. 11 (1–2Suppl1): S64–S72. doi:10.5489/cuaj.4411. ISSN 1911-6470. PMC 5332240. PMID 28265323.
Nieuwhof-Leppink AJ, Hussong J, Chase J, Larsson J, Renson C, Hoebeke P, Yang S, Gontard Av (1 April 2021). "Definitions, indications and practice of urotherapy in children and adolescents: - A standardization document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS)". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 17 (2): 172–181. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.11.006. ISSN 1477-5131. PMID 33478902.
Farahmand F, Abedi A, Esmaeili-Dooki MR, Jalilian R, Tabari SM (June 2015). "Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise for Paediatric Functional Constipation". Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 9 (6): SC16–17. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/12726.6036. ISSN 2249-782X. PMC 4525569. PMID 26284199.
Bharucha AE (2007). "Constipation". Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 21 (4): 709–31. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2007.07.001. PMID 17643910.
Sonnenberg A, Koch TR (1989). "Epidemiology of constipation in the United States". Dis Colon Rectum. 32 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/BF02554713. PMID 2910654. S2CID 3161661.
Chang L, Toner BB, Fukudo S, Guthrie E, Locke GR, Norton NJ, Sperber AD (2006). "Gender, age, society, culture, and the patient's perspective in the functional gastrointestinal disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1435–46. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.071. PMID 16678557. S2CID 8876455.
Wald A, Scarpignato C, Mueller-Lissner S, Kamm MA, Hinkel U, Helfrich I, Schuijt C, Mandel KG (1 October 2008). "A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 28 (7): 917–930. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x. ISSN 1365-2036. PMID 18644012. S2CID 33659161.
Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (23 September 2014). "Interventions for treating postpartum constipation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (9) CD010273. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010273.pub2. PMC 10823348. PMID 25246307.
Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (5 August 2020). "Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8) CD011625. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011625.pub3. hdl:10019.1/104303. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8094226. PMID 32761813.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Makharia A, Catassi C, Makharia GK (2015). "The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma". Nutrients (Review). 7 (12): 10417–26. doi:10.3390/nu7125541. PMC 4690093. PMID 26690475.
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