Lawrence & Zorzitto (2021), p. 440. Lawrence, John W.; Zorzitto, Frank A. (2021), Abstract Algebra: A Comprehensive Introduction, Cambridge Mathematical Textbooks, Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-1-108-86551-7
For the addition and multiplication formula, see Kay (2021), p. 187, Theorem 8.1.10. For the division formula, see Kay (2021), pp. 188, 224, Equations 8.8 & 9.2. The expansion of the square root can be derived from the half-angle formula of trigonometry; see an equivalent formula at Lawrence & Zorzitto (2021), p. 440. Kay, Anthony (2021), Number Systems: A Path into Rigorous Mathematics, Taylor & Francis, ISBN978-0-367-18065-2 Kay, Anthony (2021), Number Systems: A Path into Rigorous Mathematics, Taylor & Francis, ISBN978-0-367-18065-2 Lawrence, John W.; Zorzitto, Frank A. (2021), Abstract Algebra: A Comprehensive Introduction, Cambridge Mathematical Textbooks, Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-1-108-86551-7