Contras (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Contras" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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12books.google.com

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11web.archive.org

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4doi.org

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3envio.org.ni

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1time.com

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1onwar.com

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1researchgate.net

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aliciapatterson.org

"The Contras Murdering Their Own: A Grisly Retribution | Alicia Patterson Foundation". aliciapatterson.org. Retrieved 28 May 2022.

apnews.com

"Conservative Think Tank Funneled Money to North Associates". AP NEWS. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

archive-it.org

wayback.archive-it.org

"Conclusions — Central Intelligence Agency". Archived from the original on 27 March 2010.

archive.org

Athan G. Theoharis; Richard H. Immerman (2006). The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 216. ISBN 978-0313332821.
Dillon, Sam (1991). Comandos: The CIA and Nicaragua's Contra Rebels. New York: Henry Holt. pp. 49–56. ISBN 978-0-8050-1475-4. OCLC 23974023.
Horton, Lynn (1998). Peasants in Arms: War and Peace in the Mountains of Nicaragua, 1979–1994. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies. pp. 95–117. ISBN 978-0-89680-204-9. OCLC 39157572.
The Americas Watch Committee (February 1987). "Human Rights in Nicaragua 1986". Americas Watch.

archives.gov

"Executive Order 12513--Prohibiting trade and certain other transactions involving Nicaragua" National Archives

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"1984: Sandinistas claim election victory" BBC News, 5 November 1984
"BBC On This Day - 5 - 1984: Sandinistas claim election victory". bbc.co.uk. 5 November 1984.

berkeley.edu

scholarship.law.berkeley.edu

Riesenfeld, Stefan A. (January 1987). "The Powers of Congress and the President in International Relations: Revisited". California Law Review. 75 (1): 405–414. doi:10.2307/3480586. JSTOR 3480586. The Boland Amendment was part of the Joint Resolution of December 21, 1982, providing further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 1983

books.google.com

Greg Grandin; Gilbert M. Joseph (2010). A Century of Revolution. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0822392859.
Albert J. Jongman; Alex P. Schmid (1988). Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature. Transaction Publishers. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-41280-469-1.
"The Foreign Connection". The Washington Post. 6 January 1987
John A. Booth; Christine J. Wade; Thomas W. Walker (2014). Understanding Central America: Global Forces, Rebellion, and Change. Avalon Publishing. p. 112. ISBN 9780813349589.
Kermit D. Johnson (1997). Ethics and Counterrevolution: American Involvement in Internal Wars. University Press of Americas. p. 19. ISBN 9780761809067.
John A. Booth; Christine J. Wade; Thomas W. Walker (2014). Understanding Central America: Global Forces, Rebellion, and Change. Avalon Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 9780813349589.
"The Contras did prove adept at carrying out U.S. guerrilla warfare strategies, supplied in the CIA training manuals, which advised them to 'neutralize' civilian leaders, incite mob violence and attack 'soft' targets such as agricultural cooperatives." Thomas W. Walker (1991). Revolution and Counterrevolution in Nicaragua. Westview Press. p. 335. ISBN 9780813308623.
The CIA manual, Tayacan, advises the paramilitaries "to neutralize carefully selected and planned targets, such as court judges etc." In the section entitled, "Implicit and Explicit Terror", the manual states that it is necessary to "kidnap all officials or agents of the Sandinista government" or "individuals in tune with the regime", who then should be removed from the town "without damaging them publicly". As noted in: Holly Sklar (1988). Washington's War on Nicaragua. South End Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780813308623.
Holly Sklar (1988). Washington's War on Nicaragua. South End Press. p. 268. ISBN 9780813308623.
Mary J. Ruwart (2003). Healing Our World in an Age of Aggression. SunStar Press. p. 309. ISBN 9780963233660.
"Washington's War on Nicaragua" Holly Sklar, p. 179
John A. Booth; Christine J. Wade; Thomas W. Walker (2014). Understanding Central America: Global Forces, Rebellion, and Change. Avalon Publishing. p. 113. ISBN 9780813349589.

cia.gov

"Atrocities in the Nicaraguan civil war" (PDF). CIA.
"Contra Organizations: The Contra Story – Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
"Conclusions — Central Intelligence Agency". Archived from the original on 27 March 2010.

csmonitor.com

"Ortega collects warm words of support on European trip. Yet his visit is unlikely to drum up much concrete aid" Christian Science Monitor, 16 May 1985

doi.org

Feldmann, Andreas E.; Maiju Perälä (July 2004). "Reassessing the Causes of Nongovernmental Terrorism in Latin America". Latin American Politics and Society. 46 (2): 101–132. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2004.tb00277.x. S2CID 221247620.
Riesenfeld, Stefan A. (January 1987). "The Powers of Congress and the President in International Relations: Revisited". California Law Review. 75 (1): 405–414. doi:10.2307/3480586. JSTOR 3480586. The Boland Amendment was part of the Joint Resolution of December 21, 1982, providing further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 1983
Morrison, Fred L. (January 1987). "Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion". American Journal of International Law. 81 (1): 160–166. doi:10.2307/2202146. JSTOR 2202146. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. "Appraisals of the ICJ's Decision. Nicaragua vs United States (Merits)"
Bischoping, Katherine; Schuman, Howard (May 1992). "Pens and Polls in Nicaragua: An Analysis of the 1990 Pre-election Surveys". American Journal of Political Science. 36 (2): 331–350. doi:10.2307/2111480. JSTOR 2111480. Retrieved 3 July 2020.

envio.org.ni

"Sandinistas Surviving in a Percentage Game". Envio. December 1988.
"Nicaraguans Try Peace Moves While Waiting for U.S. Voters". Envio. November 1988.
"After the Poll Wars-Explaining the Upset". Envio. March 1990.

fas.org

"NSDD – National Security Decision Directives – Reagan Administration". Fas.org. 30 May 2008.

freedomhouse.org

Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Retrieved 22 August 2012.

gwu.edu

"The Oliver North File". Gwu.edu. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
"The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations". gwu.edu.

www2.gwu.edu

"The Contras, cocaine, and covert operations: Documentation of official U.S. knowledge of drug trafficking and the Contras". The National Security Archive / George Washington University. c. 1990.

hrw.org

"Nicaragua" Human Rights Watch, 1989
"The policy of keeping the contras alive ... also has placed in jeopardy the holding of elections by encouraging contra attacks on the electoral process. Thus, while the Bush administration proclaims its support for human rights and free and fair elections in Nicaragua, it persists in sabotaging both." As seen at: "Nicaragua" Human Rights Watch, 1990

huffingtonpost.com

"Kill The Messenger: How The Media Destroyed Gary Webb" Huffington Post, 10/10/2014

jacobinmag.com

"The American That Reagan Killed". jacobinmag.com. Retrieved 28 May 2022.

jstor.org

Riesenfeld, Stefan A. (January 1987). "The Powers of Congress and the President in International Relations: Revisited". California Law Review. 75 (1): 405–414. doi:10.2307/3480586. JSTOR 3480586. The Boland Amendment was part of the Joint Resolution of December 21, 1982, providing further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 1983
Morrison, Fred L. (January 1987). "Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion". American Journal of International Law. 81 (1): 160–166. doi:10.2307/2202146. JSTOR 2202146. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. "Appraisals of the ICJ's Decision. Nicaragua vs United States (Merits)"
Bischoping, Katherine; Schuman, Howard (May 1992). "Pens and Polls in Nicaragua: An Analysis of the 1990 Pre-election Surveys". American Journal of Political Science. 36 (2): 331–350. doi:10.2307/2111480. JSTOR 2111480. Retrieved 3 July 2020.

justice.gov

oig.justice.gov

"CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy". oig.justice.gov.

latimes.com

"President Reagan renewed his commitment to the Nicaraguan insurgents Sunday, though he appeared to shift the focus of his Administration's policy away from the military situation to the need to restore democracy to the Central American country". Cited in: "President Shifts Emphasis From Contra Warfare". Los Angeles Times, 4 May 1987

livejournal.com

bailey83221.livejournal.com

Morrison, Fred L. (January 1987). "Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion". American Journal of International Law. 81 (1): 160–166. doi:10.2307/2202146. JSTOR 2202146. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. "Appraisals of the ICJ's Decision. Nicaragua vs United States (Merits)"

loc.gov

lcweb2.loc.gov

"Nicaragua". Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 18 August 2014.

news.google.com

Todd, Dave (26 February 1986). "Offensive by Nicaraguan "Freedom Fighters" May be Doomed as Arms, Aid Dry Up". Ottawa Citizen.
Wicker, Tom (14 August 1989). "Enough Have Died for Nothing in Nicaragua". Wilmington Morning Star. Retrieved 27 June 2011.

newsbank.com

nl.newsbank.com

"U.S. Delayed Report On Soviets in Nicaragua" The Miami Herald, 18 September 1984

newspapers.com

"CIA-assisted 'contras' murdered Sandinistas, official reportedly says" Knight-Ridder, 20 October 1984

nytimes.com

Kinzer, Stephen; Times, Special To the New York (20 February 1986). "Contras' Attacks on Civilians Cited". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
Apple, R. W. Jr. (12 March 1986). "Mudslinging over Contras". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
"Nicaraguan Vote: 'Free, Fair, Hotly Contested'" The New York Times, 16 November 1984
Boyd, Gerald M.; Times, Special To the New York (19 February 1986). "REAGAN SAYS SUPPORT FOR THE CONTRAS MUST GO BEYOND 'BAND-AIDS'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
"The last major attack, in October along the Rama Road in southern Nicaragua, was considered a success for the guerrillas." As seen at: Lemoyne, James (22 December 1987). "Both Sides Report Heavy Fighting in Rebel Offensive in Nicaragua". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Lemoyne, James (22 December 1987). "Both Sides Report Heavy Fighting in Rebel Offensive in Nicaragua". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Lemoyne, James (2 February 1988). "Contras' Top Fighter Vows No Letup". The New York Times.
Kinzer, Stephen (23 July 1987). "Sandinistas report capture of RedEye Missile". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Ulig, Mark (14 August 1989). "New Regional Accord Leaves Contras in Honduras Fearful but Defiant". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
"Sometimes they used force as they rounded up young men for military service, and there were occasional confrontations. But only in the town of Masaya, 19 miles southeast of the capital of Managua, did the conscription spark a full-blown street clash ... For several weeks before the latest outburst in Masaya, the opposition newspaper, La Prensa, had been reporting isolated protests against the draft." As seen at: Kinzer, Stephen (28 February 1988). "The World: Nicaragua; Pushed From Left or Right, Masaya Balks". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Uhlig, Mark A. (27 February 1990). "Turnover in Nicaragua; Nicaraguan Opposition Routs Sandinistas; U.S. Pledges Aid, Tied to Orderly Turnover". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
"The Sandinistas Might Lose". The New York Times. 12 February 1990. Retrieved 27 September 2021.

ohchr.org

www2.ohchr.org

[1] Archived 16 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine

onwar.com

"Contra Insurgency in Nicaragua". OnWar.com. December 2000. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.

pqarchiver.com

pqasb.pqarchiver.com

"U.S. Endorses Contra Plan as Prod to Democracy in Nicaragua" Archived 6 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post, 9 August 1989
"U.S. trying to disrupt election in Nicaragua, Canadians report" Archived 6 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Toronto Star, 27 October 1989

religion-online.org

"War Against the Poor: Low-Intensity Conflict and Christian Faith" Archived 6 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, 1989

researchgate.net

Bischoping, Katherine; Schuman, Howard (May 1992). "Pens and Polls in Nicaragua: An Analysis of the 1990 Pre-election Surveys". American Journal of Political Science. 36 (2): 331–350. doi:10.2307/2111480. JSTOR 2111480. Retrieved 3 July 2020.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Feldmann, Andreas E.; Maiju Perälä (July 2004). "Reassessing the Causes of Nongovernmental Terrorism in Latin America". Latin American Politics and Society. 46 (2): 101–132. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2004.tb00277.x. S2CID 221247620.

spectator.co.uk

archive.spectator.co.uk

"Who Helped Oliver North?" The Spectator, 15 May 1987

thediplomat.com

magazine.thediplomat.com

Baron, James. "The Cold War History Behind Nicaragua's Break With Taiwan". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 24 April 2022.

theintercept.com

"Empire Politician - 1980s: U.S. Support for Contra Death Squads in Nicaragua". The Intercept. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
Devereaux, Ryan (25 September 2014). "How the CIA Watched Over the Destruction of Gary Webb". The Intercept.

ticotimes.net

Williams, Adam (26 November 2010). "Edén Pastora: A wanted man". The Tico Times. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010.

time.com

Smolowe, Jill (22 December 1986). "Nicaragua Is It Curtains?". Time. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011.

ulst.ac.uk

incore.ulst.ac.uk

"Bogota Accord" (PDF). Ulster University. Retrieved 5 December 2022.

unhcr.org

"Human Rights Watch World Report 1993 – Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2009.

vgmdb.net

Ａ－ＪＡＸ～コナミ・ゲーム・ミュージック VOL.4 A-Jax: Konami Game Music Vol. 4 (booklet). G.M.O. Records / Alfa Records. 28XA-201.

washingtonpost.com

"Is There a Chance in Nicaragua?" Washington Post, 14 March 1986

web.archive.org

"Contra Organizations: The Contra Story – Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
Williams, Adam (26 November 2010). "Edén Pastora: A wanted man". The Tico Times. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010.
[1] Archived 16 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
"War Against the Poor: Low-Intensity Conflict and Christian Faith" Archived 6 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, 1989
Morrison, Fred L. (January 1987). "Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion". American Journal of International Law. 81 (1): 160–166. doi:10.2307/2202146. JSTOR 2202146. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. "Appraisals of the ICJ's Decision. Nicaragua vs United States (Merits)"
"Human Rights Watch World Report 1993 – Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
Smolowe, Jill (22 December 1986). "Nicaragua Is It Curtains?". Time. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011.
"Contra Insurgency in Nicaragua". OnWar.com. December 2000. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
"U.S. Endorses Contra Plan as Prod to Democracy in Nicaragua" Archived 6 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post, 9 August 1989
"Bush Vows to End Embargo if Chamorro Wins", The Washington Post, 9 November 1989
"U.S. trying to disrupt election in Nicaragua, Canadians report" Archived 6 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Toronto Star, 27 October 1989

williamgbecker.com

"Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua V. United States of America): Affidavit of Edgar Chamarro" International Court of Justice, 5 September 1985

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Kinzer, Stephen; Times, Special To the New York (20 February 1986). "Contras' Attacks on Civilians Cited". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
Dillon, Sam (1991). Comandos: The CIA and Nicaragua's Contra Rebels. New York: Henry Holt. pp. 49–56. ISBN 978-0-8050-1475-4. OCLC 23974023.
Horton, Lynn (1998). Peasants in Arms: War and Peace in the Mountains of Nicaragua, 1979–1994. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies. pp. 95–117. ISBN 978-0-89680-204-9. OCLC 39157572.
Boyd, Gerald M.; Times, Special To the New York (19 February 1986). "REAGAN SAYS SUPPORT FOR THE CONTRAS MUST GO BEYOND 'BAND-AIDS'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

youtube.com

"Nicaraguan Contra Atrocities" West 57th, 1987, Video: 11:34
"Nicaraguan Contra Atrocities" West 57th, 1987, Video: 11:20
"Nicaraguan Contra Atrocities" West 57th, 1987, Video: 1:50