O Paiz, 6 July 1922. The descriptions of the first contact are diverse. In Torres 2000, ch. 10, before the Magalhães Bastos train stop, a liaison officer reported the position of the village. In Silva 1971, p. 186, a vanguard platoon "had a different reception than it expected" at the Engenharia train stop. In Doria 2016, ch. 12, the students were surprised by a volley of machine guns in the air, with some scurrying away, and the others then placing artillery. According to the narrative of a reporter from A Nação, colonel Brito's command post saw the approach of about 100 men from the Vila's infantry, but they were not harassed to verify if there was division or union between the opposing forces. When it got too close, the machine guns at the post fired into the air and the rebel infantry on the side of the hill opened fire; thus the fighting began (Silva 1971, p. 192-193). "A acção do Exército". O Paiz. Rio de Janeiro. 6 July 1922. Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. Doria, Pedro (2016). Tenentes: a guerra civil brasileira (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Record. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
O Paiz, 6 July 1922 points to the students as the first to open fire, both infantry, as they approached the barracks of the 1st Engineering Battalion, and artillery, which would have attacked Vila Militar since dawn. However, Silva 1971, Doria 2016 and Torres 2000 all point out that the students didn't fire first. According to Juarez Távora, member of the rebel column, the command left the column on the hill, with a good position over Vila Militar, and only at daybreak did it give the order to fire its artillery to check the position of the Vila, which reacted with force. (Torres 2000, ch. 10, and Roesler 2015, p. 138-139). "A acção do Exército". O Paiz. Rio de Janeiro. 6 July 1922. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. Doria, Pedro (2016). Tenentes: a guerra civil brasileira (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Record. Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Roesler, Rafael (2015). O impulso renovador: a atuação da Missão Indígena na Escola Militar do Realengo (1919-1922)(PDF) (Thesis). Rio de Janeiro: CPDOC FGV. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
Marinha do Brasil, s/d only mentions "missing shots" from the fort. For Poggio 2008, who gave a detailed account of the naval action, it would have been logical and plausible for the revolutionaries to strike back, but this did not happen. Silva 1971, p. 120 claims that São Paulo's conning tower was hit by a 190mm shell and the navy retreated to a safe distance. Later, the inquiry resulted in the removal of the ship's captain. This does not match the testimony of Euclides Hermes, reproduced on the next page. According to O Jornal issue of 7 July, São Paulo, "according to what they claim, was hit by a shell from the fortress, which caused slight damage". Marinha do Brasil. "São Paulo Encouraçado"(PDF). Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha. Retrieved 18 May 2022. Poggio, Guilherme (2008). "Um encouraçado contra o forte (2ª parte)". Poder Naval. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
Cunha 2011, citing Henry Hunt Keith, Soldados salvadores: as revoltas militares brasileiras de 1922 e 1924 em perspectiva histórica (1989), tells colonel Jaime Pessoa as having ignored Epitácio Pessoa's warnings, his relative, not to intervene in Pernambuco's politics. According to Silva 1971, p. 40-41, Epitácio Pessoa denied having intervened in Pernambuco in his book, but his own daughter confirmed he did intervene. In his reply to Hermes, the colonel made it clear that he obeyed orders (p. 96). Cunha, Ângela Britto da (2011). "A sala de detidos": atuação e ascensão da polícia política da capital federal do Brasil, 1920-1937(PDF) (Thesis). Rio de Janeiro: CPDOC FGV. Retrieved 13 May 2022. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
O Paiz, 6 July 1922 points to the students as the first to open fire, both infantry, as they approached the barracks of the 1st Engineering Battalion, and artillery, which would have attacked Vila Militar since dawn. However, Silva 1971, Doria 2016 and Torres 2000 all point out that the students didn't fire first. According to Juarez Távora, member of the rebel column, the command left the column on the hill, with a good position over Vila Militar, and only at daybreak did it give the order to fire its artillery to check the position of the Vila, which reacted with force. (Torres 2000, ch. 10, and Roesler 2015, p. 138-139). "A acção do Exército". O Paiz. Rio de Janeiro. 6 July 1922. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. Doria, Pedro (2016). Tenentes: a guerra civil brasileira (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Record. Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Roesler, Rafael (2015). O impulso renovador: a atuação da Missão Indígena na Escola Militar do Realengo (1919-1922)(PDF) (Thesis). Rio de Janeiro: CPDOC FGV. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
On 27 March 1922, the death of governor José Rufino Bezerra Cavalcanti sparked a dispute between situationist José Henrique Carneiro da Cunha, supported by senator Manoel Borba, and oppositionist Eduardo de Lima Castro. Carneiro da Cunha was victorious and violence ensued. Later, the threat of a federal intervention led to the inauguration of judge Sérgio Loreto as the result of an agreement between the two factions. CPDOC FGV 2015, LORETO, Sérgio Teixeira Lins de Barros. CPDOC FGV (2015). Dicionário da Elite Política Republicana (1889-1930). Rio de Janeiro: Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022.
The statement was made in 1964 to the magazine O Cruzeiro, and repeated in Carneiro 1965, p. 236. Donato 1987, p. 437 repeats the number, without giving the source. Carneiro, Glauco (1965). História das revoluções brasileiras 1º volume: da revolução da República à Coluna Prestes (1889/1927). Rio de Janeiro: O Cruzeiro. Donato, Hernâni (1987). Dicionário das batalhas brasileiras – dos conflitos com indígenas às guerrilhas políticas urbanas e rurais. São Paulo: IBRASA.
O Paiz, 6 July 1922. The descriptions of the first contact are diverse. In Torres 2000, ch. 10, before the Magalhães Bastos train stop, a liaison officer reported the position of the village. In Silva 1971, p. 186, a vanguard platoon "had a different reception than it expected" at the Engenharia train stop. In Doria 2016, ch. 12, the students were surprised by a volley of machine guns in the air, with some scurrying away, and the others then placing artillery. According to the narrative of a reporter from A Nação, colonel Brito's command post saw the approach of about 100 men from the Vila's infantry, but they were not harassed to verify if there was division or union between the opposing forces. When it got too close, the machine guns at the post fired into the air and the rebel infantry on the side of the hill opened fire; thus the fighting began (Silva 1971, p. 192-193). "A acção do Exército". O Paiz. Rio de Janeiro. 6 July 1922. Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. Doria, Pedro (2016). Tenentes: a guerra civil brasileira (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Record. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
O Paiz, 6 July 1922 points to the students as the first to open fire, both infantry, as they approached the barracks of the 1st Engineering Battalion, and artillery, which would have attacked Vila Militar since dawn. However, Silva 1971, Doria 2016 and Torres 2000 all point out that the students didn't fire first. According to Juarez Távora, member of the rebel column, the command left the column on the hill, with a good position over Vila Militar, and only at daybreak did it give the order to fire its artillery to check the position of the Vila, which reacted with force. (Torres 2000, ch. 10, and Roesler 2015, p. 138-139). "A acção do Exército". O Paiz. Rio de Janeiro. 6 July 1922. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. Doria, Pedro (2016). Tenentes: a guerra civil brasileira (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Record. Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Roesler, Rafael (2015). O impulso renovador: a atuação da Missão Indígena na Escola Militar do Realengo (1919-1922)(PDF) (Thesis). Rio de Janeiro: CPDOC FGV. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
As mentioned in Doria 2016 and Torres 2000. Silva 1971, p. 139, refers to him as a major and commander of the 2nd battalion, but still gives his troops as three platoons, i.e. a company, not a battalion. Shortly afterwards (p. 142), he reproduced the testimony of colonel Potiguara, who calls him captain. Doria, Pedro (2016). Tenentes: a guerra civil brasileira (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Record. Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
Torres 2000, ch. 17, Doria 2016, ch. 14 and Silva 1971, p. 139-140, the latter reproducing a record based on the captain's account. According to the captain, "even before lieutenant Segadas Viana gave his order to the platoon, the rebels divided into two groups and opened sustained fire". Doria 2016 narrates the first shot coming from a government soldier as the rebels walked away, killing soldier Pedro Ferreira de Melo. Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Doria, Pedro (2016). Tenentes: a guerra civil brasileira (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Record. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. Doria, Pedro (2016). Tenentes: a guerra civil brasileira (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Record.
Donato 1987, p. 437. Torres 2000 also mentions another attacker killed by Newton Prado, which is not mentioned in other sources. Donato, Hernâni (1987). Dicionário das batalhas brasileiras – dos conflitos com indígenas às guerrilhas políticas urbanas e rurais. São Paulo: IBRASA. Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
There is also the testimony of volunteer "J.M.P." (Joaquim Maria Pereira Júnior, according to Torres 2000), with a number of ten in the final combat. However, his initials do not match those of any of the 28 names that remained in the fort. Hélio Silva considered that it may have been a way of remaining anonymous, when there was still political persecution, but several aspects of the testimony are implausible (Silva 1971, p. 172) Torres, Sérgio Rubens de Araújo (2000). "A revolução de 1922". Hora do Povo. Retrieved 6 May 2022. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
Marinha do Brasil, s/d only mentions "missing shots" from the fort. For Poggio 2008, who gave a detailed account of the naval action, it would have been logical and plausible for the revolutionaries to strike back, but this did not happen. Silva 1971, p. 120 claims that São Paulo's conning tower was hit by a 190mm shell and the navy retreated to a safe distance. Later, the inquiry resulted in the removal of the ship's captain. This does not match the testimony of Euclides Hermes, reproduced on the next page. According to O Jornal issue of 7 July, São Paulo, "according to what they claim, was hit by a shell from the fortress, which caused slight damage". Marinha do Brasil. "São Paulo Encouraçado"(PDF). Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha. Retrieved 18 May 2022. Poggio, Guilherme (2008). "Um encouraçado contra o forte (2ª parte)". Poder Naval. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
According to Marinha do Brasil, s/d, São Paulo silenced its batteries due to the threat of revolutionaries bombing the city. Marinha do Brasil. "São Paulo Encouraçado"(PDF). Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
Marinha do Brasil, s/d only mentions "missing shots" from the fort. For Poggio 2008, who gave a detailed account of the naval action, it would have been logical and plausible for the revolutionaries to strike back, but this did not happen. Silva 1971, p. 120 claims that São Paulo's conning tower was hit by a 190mm shell and the navy retreated to a safe distance. Later, the inquiry resulted in the removal of the ship's captain. This does not match the testimony of Euclides Hermes, reproduced on the next page. According to O Jornal issue of 7 July, São Paulo, "according to what they claim, was hit by a shell from the fortress, which caused slight damage". Marinha do Brasil. "São Paulo Encouraçado"(PDF). Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha. Retrieved 18 May 2022. Poggio, Guilherme (2008). "Um encouraçado contra o forte (2ª parte)". Poder Naval. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
Moraes 2000, p. 60. Before that, it had already sent, on 5 July, the 1st Infantry Battalion to Itararé, on the border with Paraná, reinforced on 11 July by elements of the 3rd Battalion. Moraes, Waldyr Rodrigues de (2000). "Os marcos históricos da milícia paulista"(PDF). A Força Policial. No. 25. São Paulo. pp. 47–72. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
According to Souza 2018, p. 102, in 1921 the Military Circumscription had the same command as the Mixed Brigade. Campo Grande had the 18th BC and a Mixed Artillery Regiment, Ponta Porã the 11th RC, Corumbá the 17th BC. Appendix C (p. 427) has an extensive list of the units in the 1st Military Circumscription. Souza, Fernando dos Anjos (2018). Conflitos armados, encontros e combates nas fronteiras do sul de Mato Grosso, nas décadas iniciais do século XX(PDF) (Thesis). Dourados: UFGD. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
On 27 March 1922, the death of governor José Rufino Bezerra Cavalcanti sparked a dispute between situationist José Henrique Carneiro da Cunha, supported by senator Manoel Borba, and oppositionist Eduardo de Lima Castro. Carneiro da Cunha was victorious and violence ensued. Later, the threat of a federal intervention led to the inauguration of judge Sérgio Loreto as the result of an agreement between the two factions. CPDOC FGV 2015, LORETO, Sérgio Teixeira Lins de Barros. CPDOC FGV (2015). Dicionário da Elite Política Republicana (1889-1930). Rio de Janeiro: Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022.
Marinha do Brasil, s/d only mentions "missing shots" from the fort. For Poggio 2008, who gave a detailed account of the naval action, it would have been logical and plausible for the revolutionaries to strike back, but this did not happen. Silva 1971, p. 120 claims that São Paulo's conning tower was hit by a 190mm shell and the navy retreated to a safe distance. Later, the inquiry resulted in the removal of the ship's captain. This does not match the testimony of Euclides Hermes, reproduced on the next page. According to O Jornal issue of 7 July, São Paulo, "according to what they claim, was hit by a shell from the fortress, which caused slight damage". Marinha do Brasil. "São Paulo Encouraçado"(PDF). Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha. Retrieved 18 May 2022. Poggio, Guilherme (2008). "Um encouraçado contra o forte (2ª parte)". Poder Naval. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
Silva 1971, p. 195-196 Among the loyalists, Hipólito José dos Santos and Júlio Evangelista da Silva died and Altino Gomes da Silva [pt], João da Silva Rabelo, Ademar da Costa Pessoa, Cristóvão Maciel de Azevedo and Aristides Vale dos Santos were wounded. Silva, Hélio (1971). 1922: sangue na areia de Copacabana (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
