Copts (English Wikipedia)

Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain "Middle Killeavy Parish Web Site". Archived from the original on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2008-08-16. plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the British Orthodox Church (1999 figures)^[usurped]

archive.today

"Egypt: Church Building Regulations Eased". Compass Direct News. 13 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007.
Freedom House. Egypt's Endangered Christians. Archived January 7, 2003, at archive.today

austlii.edu.au

In the year 2003, there was an estimated 70,000 Copts in New South Wales alone: "Coptic Orthodox Church (NSW) Property Trust Act 1990". New South Wales Consolidated Acts.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Egyptian Coptic protesters freed". BBC News. 22 December 2004.
"Egyptian court orders clashes retrial". BBC News. July 30, 2001.
BBC. Egypt church attacks spark anger, April 15, 2006.

bbc.co.uk

"Bishop Tawadros new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians". BBC News. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.

bbc.com

Teller, Matthew (12 July 2015). "Free to pray – but don't try to convert anyone". BBC. Retrieved 12 July 2015. Ten-thousand or more live in the UAE, and young, bearded priest Father Markos, 12 years in Dubai, told me his flock are "more than happy – they enjoy their life, they are free."
"Christian minority under pressure in Egypt". BBC News. December 17, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2011.

books.google.com

Lefkowitz, Mary R.; Rogers, Guy MacLean (1996). Black Athena Revisited. UNC Press Books. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-8078-4555-4.
Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (3 October 2017). Copts in Context: Negotiating Identity, Tradition, and Modernity. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611177855.
Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (2020-12-15). The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2418-5.
Bailey, Betty Jane; Bailey, J. Martin (2003). Who Are the Christians in the Middle East?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
Tadros, Mariz (2013). Copts at the Crossroads: The Challenges of Building Inclusive Democracy in Contemporary Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-591-7.
Gurr, Ted Robert (2000). Peoples Versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. US Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 978-1-929223-02-2.
Banjo, Omotayo O.; Williams, Kesha Morant (2017-11-30). Contemporary Christian Culture: Messages, Missions, and Dilemmas. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-5390-2.
Ackroyd, P. R.; Evans, C. F. (1975). The Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 1, From the Beginnings to Jerome. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780521099738. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
Issa, Islam (2 January 2024). Alexandria: The City that Changed the World (reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781639365463. Retrieved 22 May 2025. Origen's detailed and comparative commentaries on the Bible essentially made him the founder of biblical studies. They led to his title, the father of theology, and cemented his reputation as the most influential Christian theologian until St Augustine over a century later.
Naiem, Girgis (12 February 2018). "The Copts and their Influence on Christian Civilization". Egypt's Identities in Conflict: The Political and Religious Landscape of Copts and Muslims. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. pp. 27–29. ISBN 9781476671208. Retrieved 22 May 2025. Copts themselves spread Christianity and their impact exceeded the borders of Egypt. [...] Cyrenaica is part of the title of the Coptic pope as an area of his jurisdiction. [...] The impact of the Coptic Christian missions was much more influential in the upper side of the Nile Valley in Nubia. [...] Coptic influence [...] reached farther south to Abyssinia, present day Ethiopia. [...] Copts also spread Christianity into the East [...]. The Egyptians went to Palestine, Syria, Cappadocia, Caesarea and some parts of Arabia. [...] Mar Augin of Clysma, Suez, founded monasticism in Mesopotamia and Persia and had a great impact on the Syrian and Assyrian Christians. In the second century, Pantaenus, the dean of the School of Alexandria, introduced the Gospel into India and Arabia Felix, or Yemen. [...] Athanasius the Apostle [died 373] [...] introduced Coptic religious life and monasticism to the Romans. [...] The influence of the Copts also reached Switzerland [...]. [...] Coptic influence also reached the British Isles far before St. Augustine of Canterbury did, in AD 597. Irish Christianity, the influential civilizing agent between northern nations in the Middle Ages, was the child of the Coptic church.
A Sword over the Nile. Austin Macauley. June 2020. ISBN 978-1-64378-761-9.
Matson, G. Olaf (1925). The American Colony Guide-book to Jerusalem and Environs. Vester. p. 20. Retrieved 7 September 2017. Copts. A very small community representing the large Coptic Church in Egypt.[...] Abyssinian. Also represented by a Bishop in Jerusalem. They, like the Copts, are Monophysites
Goddard, Hugh (2000). A History of Christian–Muslim Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 71. ISBN 1566633400. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
John Joseph Saunders (11 March 2002). A History of Medieval Islam. Routledge. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-1-134-93005-0.
Marina Rustow (3 October 2014). Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate. Cornell University Press. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-0-8014-5529-2.
Teule, Herman G. B. (2013). "Introduction: Constantinople and Granada, Christian-Muslim Interaction 1350-1516". In Thomas, David; Mallett, Alex (eds.). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, Volume 5 (1350-1500). Brill. p. 10. ISBN 9789004252783.
Allen, James P. (2010). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-139-48635-4. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Declercq, Georges (2000). Anno Domini: The Origins of the Christian Era. Isd. p. 80. ISBN 978-2-503-51050-7.
Held, Colbert (2018-10-03). Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-97307-9.
A Sword over the Nile. Austin Macauley. June 2020. ISBN 978-1-64378-761-9.

britannica.com

"The people of Egypt before the Arab conquest in the 7th century identified themselves and their language in Greek as Aigyptios (Arabic qibt, Westernized as Copt); when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves Aigyptioi, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority." Coptic Orthodox Church. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007
Britannica: Copts, 3 May 2024, The Copts are descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians. When Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority.

brookings.edu

Yerkes, Sarah (20 June 2016). "What Egypt under Sissi is really like for Coptic Christians". Egyptian authorities prevent surveyors from asking a participant's religion when doing research.

cambridge.org

Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). "Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000425. S2CID 145603557.

catholic.com

"Papal Primacy and the Council of Nicea".

catholicnewsagency.com

"Christians in Egypt embark on construction of churches as persecution ebbs". Catholic News Agency. 21 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2025.

catholicoutlook.org

Mary Brazell, First Coptic Catholic church in Australia blessed and consecrated in Western Sydney., Catholic Outlook (March 18, 2019).

cbc.ca

Coptic Christians in Canada, CBC News (January 4, 2011).

cesnur.com

"La Chiesa copta". March 10, 2014.

christianitytoday.com

Jayson Casper, Khartoum Churches Damaged as Sudan Descends Closer to Civil War, Christianity Today (May 2, 2023).

cia.gov

"Egypt". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 10 April 2023.

claremont.edu

ccdl.claremont.edu

"Music, Coptic". Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2025-04-06.
"Music, Coptic".

clickafrique.com

"The richest men in Africa – 2009". Archived from the original on 21 September 2017.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?". CNN. 10 April 2017. The largest Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 15 million Christians.

copt.org.au

Coptic Orthodox Church Listings for Libya, p. 136 Archived July 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

copticchurch.net

"The Coptic Calendar of Martyrs". Coptic Orthodox Church Network.
"Coptic Orthodox Calendar / Easter Calculation". copticchurch.net. Retrieved 2018-03-17.

copticchurch.org

"Who are the Copts of The Coptic Orthodox Church".

copticliterature.wordpress.com

"THE EXCELLENT ARTICLE ON GENERAL YA'QUB BY ANWAR LOUCA IN THE COPTIC ENCYCLOPEDIA". copticliterature.wordpress.com. 2012-06-01. Retrieved 2025-04-06.

creativecommons.org

Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5587336. PMID 28837655. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

doi.org

Deighton, H. S. (1 October 1946). "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World". International Affairs. 22 (4): 519. doi:10.2307/3018194. JSTOR 3018194.
Mohamoud YA, Cuadros DF, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators, QScience Connect 2013:22 doi:10.5339/connect.2013.22
Haddad, George A. (1970). "A Project for the Independence of Egypt, 1801". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 90 (2): 169–183. doi:10.2307/598134. JSTOR 598134.
Mohamoud, Yousra A.; Cuadros, Diego F.; Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (2013). "Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators". QScience Connect (2013): 22. doi:10.5339/connect.2013.22. ISSN 2223-506X.
Mohamoud YA, Cuadros DF, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators, QScience Connect 2013:22 doi:10.5339/connect.2013.22
Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). "Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000425. S2CID 145603557.
Pennington, J. D. (3 October 1982). "The Copts in Modern Egypt". Middle Eastern Studies. 18 (2). JSTOR: 158–179. doi:10.1080/00263208208700503. JSTOR 4282879.
El Gendi, Yosra; Pinfari, Marco (2020). "Icons of contention: The iconography of martyrdom and the construction of Coptic identity in post-revolutionary Egypt". Media, War & Conflict. 13: 50–69. doi:10.1177/1750635219866137.
Hassan, Hisham Y.; et al. (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–323. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658. Retrieved 14 October 2016.^{[dead link]}
Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015). "Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (7): 1940–1950. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv118. PMC 4524485. PMID 26108492.
Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 8. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5.9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457. The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence
Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5587336. PMID 28837655. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (1 August 2020). "Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups". Forensic Science International. 313: 110348. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 32521421. S2CID 219586129. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2023."The genetic correlation of the two ethnic groups is investigated using alleles’ frequencies statistics, forensic efficiency parameters and populations’ homogeneity charts. Graphical methods were used to check the harmony between the two ethnic groups. The results support that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors."

dotmsr.com

صراع الرفاق في ثورة 1919 [The struggle of the comrades in the 1919 revolution]. dotmsr.com (in Arabic). 10 March 2015. Retrieved 2025-04-06.

dw.com

Germany's growing Coptic Church, DW News (January 7, 2017).

egyptianstreets.com

Khairat, Mohamed (Aug 16, 2013). "Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt". Egyptian Streets. Retrieved 2013-08-16.

egyptindependent.com

"Humming the oldest tune in history". 23 October 2012.

ekem.gr

Makropoulou, Ifigenia. Pan – Arabism: What Destroyed the Ideology of Arab Nationalism? Hellenic Center for European Studies. January 15, 2007. Archived October 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine

fco.gov.uk

"Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"". Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs. August 15, 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012.

forbes.com

"#60 Naguib Sawiris - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
"#68 Nassef Sawiris - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
"#96 Onsi Sawiris - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
"#396 Samih Sawiris - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.

foreignaffairs.com

Shea, Nina (June 2017). "Do Copts have a future in Egypt". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 2017-06-20.

foxnews.com

Abrams, Joseph (April 21, 2010). "House Members Press White House to Confront Egypt on Forced Marriages". Fox News. Retrieved November 8, 2010.

freedomhouse.org

Freedom House. Egypt's Endangered Christians. Archived January 7, 2003, at archive.today

gereformeerdebond.nl

"'De Koptische kerk telt in Nederland ongeveer tienduizend leden, die grotendeels afkomstig zijn uit Egypte.'". 12 July 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2019.

ghostarchive.org

Miles, Hugh (April 15, 2006). "Coptic Christians attacked in churches". London: The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 2008-10-07.

goarch.org

"The Primacy of the See of Constantinople in Theory and Practice* - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America - Orthodox Church".

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 8. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5.9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457. The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence

hrw.org

Human Rights Watch. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt Archived 2008-11-14 at the Wayback Machine. 2005
Human Rights Watch. World report 2007: Egypt Archived September 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.

hudson.org

Gilbert, Lela (25 May 2015). "Egypt's Coptic Christians – Braced for Persecution". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

i-cias.com

Kjeilen, Tore. "Coptic Church". LookLex Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.

insidegmt.com

"Napoleon in Egypt: Local Units Side with the French". insidegmt.com. 2024-06-18. Retrieved 2024-04-06.

jhu.edu

muse.jhu.edu

Andreas Schmoller, The Syriac Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches in Austria: Inter-Church Relations and State Recognition, Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies, vol. 8, no. 1 (2020).

jordanembassyus.org

"King commends Coptic Church's role in promoting coexistence". Archived from the original on September 26, 2011.

jstor.org

Deighton, H. S. (1 October 1946). "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World". International Affairs. 22 (4): 519. doi:10.2307/3018194. JSTOR 3018194.
Haddad, George A. (1970). "A Project for the Independence of Egypt, 1801". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 90 (2): 169–183. doi:10.2307/598134. JSTOR 598134.
Pennington, J. D. (3 October 1982). "The Copts in Modern Egypt". Middle Eastern Studies. 18 (2). JSTOR: 158–179. doi:10.1080/00263208208700503. JSTOR 4282879.

la-croix.com

In the year 2017, there was an estimated 45,000 Copts in France: "Qui sont les coptes en France ?". La Croix. 16 March 2017.

loc.gov

Calculating Coptic Orthdox Easter.

medievalworlds.net

Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Forcing taxes on those who refuse to convert (PDF), ʿUmar is depicted as having ordered that "the poll-tax should be taken from all men who would not become Muslims"

middlekilleavy.com

Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain "Middle Killeavy Parish Web Site". Archived from the original on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2008-08-16. plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the British Orthodox Church (1999 figures)^[usurped]

minorityrights.org

"Copts in Egypt". Minority Rights Group. October 2017.
Copts in Sudan, Minority Rights Group (June 2018).

nationalarchives.gov.uk

webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk

"Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"". Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs. August 15, 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012.

nationalcopticassembly.com

"Yeni Bahis Siteleri".

news.google.com

"Copts Under Fire". The Free Lance–Star. November 23, 2002. Retrieved August 2, 2015.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hassan, Hisham Y.; et al. (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–323. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658. Retrieved 14 October 2016.^{[dead link]}
Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015). "Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (7): 1940–1950. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv118. PMC 4524485. PMID 26108492.
Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 8. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5.9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457. The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence
Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5587336. PMID 28837655. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (1 August 2020). "Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups". Forensic Science International. 313: 110348. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 32521421. S2CID 219586129. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2023."The genetic correlation of the two ethnic groups is investigated using alleles’ frequencies statistics, forensic efficiency parameters and populations’ homogeneity charts. Graphical methods were used to check the harmony between the two ethnic groups. The results support that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors."

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015). "Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (7): 1940–1950. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv118. PMC 4524485. PMID 26108492.
Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 8. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5.9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457. The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence
Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5587336. PMID 28837655. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

nytimes.com

Audi, Nadim (February 11, 2008). "Egyptian Court Allows Return to Christianity". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-07.

query.nytimes.com

Ibrahim, Youssef M. (April 18, 1998). "U.S. Bill Has Egypt's Copts Squirming". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-08.

opendoors.org

"World Watch List – Persecution of Christians". Open Doors. Retrieved 25 March 2025.

parshan.co.il

"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel". parshan.co.il (in Hebrew).

pewresearch.org

"How many Christians are there in Egypt?". 16 February 2011.

assets.pewresearch.org

"Religion and Education Around the World" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 19 December 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 13 December 2016.

plos.org

journals.plos.org

Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5587336. PMID 28837655. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

providencemag.com

"Counting Coptic Christians in Egypt - Providence". 26 May 2023.
"Counting Coptic Christians in Egypt - Providence". 26 May 2023.
"Counting Coptic Christians in Egypt - Providence". 26 May 2023.

refworld.org

Sudan: Copts, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, Minority Rights Group International (June 2018)
Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt". Refworld. Retrieved 2020-06-15.

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

El Gendi, Yosra; Pinfari, Marco (2020). "Icons of contention: The iconography of martyrdom and the construction of Coptic identity in post-revolutionary Egypt". Media, War & Conflict. 13: 50–69. doi:10.1177/1750635219866137.

sbs.com.au

Hannah Sinclair, Coptic Christians celebrate Christmas after 'sadness' of terror attacks, Special Broadcasting Service (January 7, 2018).

sciencedirect.com

Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (1 August 2020). "Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups". Forensic Science International. 313: 110348. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 32521421. S2CID 219586129. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2023."The genetic correlation of the two ethnic groups is investigated using alleles’ frequencies statistics, forensic efficiency parameters and populations’ homogeneity charts. Graphical methods were used to check the harmony between the two ethnic groups. The results support that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors."

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). "Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000425. S2CID 145603557.
Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (1 August 2020). "Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups". Forensic Science International. 313: 110348. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 32521421. S2CID 219586129. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2023."The genetic correlation of the two ethnic groups is investigated using alleles’ frequencies statistics, forensic efficiency parameters and populations’ homogeneity charts. Graphical methods were used to check the harmony between the two ethnic groups. The results support that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors."

sojo.net

Shenaz Kermalli, Canadian Copts Ponder Future of Their Faith, Religion News Service (April 25, 2017).

state.gov

2009-2017.state.gov

"Egypt from "U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs"". United States Department of State. September 30, 2008.
"Lebanon". 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2013.

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