Copts (English Wikipedia)

In the year 2003, there was an estimated 70,000 Copts in New South Wales alone: "Coptic Orthodox Church (NSW) Property Trust Act 1990". New South Wales Consolidated Acts.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Egyptian Coptic protesters freed". BBC News. 22 December 2004.
"Egyptian court orders clashes retrial". BBC News. July 30, 2001.
BBC. Egypt church attacks spark anger, April 15, 2006.

bbc.co.uk

"Bishop Tawadros new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians". BBC News. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.

bbc.com

Teller, Matthew (12 July 2015). "Free to pray – but don't try to convert anyone". BBC. Retrieved 12 July 2015. Ten-thousand or more live in the UAE, and young, bearded priest Father Markos, 12 years in Dubai, told me his flock are "more than happy – they enjoy their life, they are free."
"Christian minority under pressure in Egypt". BBC News. December 17, 2010. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2011.

books.google.com

Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (3 October 2017). Copts in Context: Negotiating Identity, Tradition, and Modernity. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611177855.
Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (2020-12-15). The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2418-5.
Bailey, Betty Jane; Bailey, J. Martin (2003). Who Are the Christians in the Middle East?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-8028-1020-5.
Ackroyd, P. R.; Evans, C. F. (1963). The Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 1, From the Beginnings to Jerome. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-09973-8. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
OSB, Hugh Somerville Knapman (2018). Ecumenism of Blood: Heavenly Hope for Earthly Communion. Paulist Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-58768-744-0. "The Coptic church, however, is not in communion with Rome due to the fifth-century Christological maelstrom of heresies that resulted from an attempt to more fully understand the identity of Christ."
Goddard, Hugh (2000). A History of Christian–Muslim Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 71. ISBN 1566633400. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
John Joseph Saunders (11 March 2002). A History of Medieval Islam. Routledge. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-1-134-93005-0.
Marina Rustow (3 October 2014). Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate. Cornell University Press. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-0-8014-5529-2.
Teule, Herman G. B. (2013). "Introduction: Constantinople and Granada, Christian-Muslim Interaction 1350-1516". In Thomas, David; Mallett, Alex (eds.). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, Volume 5 (1350-1500). Brill. p. 10. ISBN 9789004252783.
Reid, Donald Malcolm (2003). "7". Whose Pharaohs?: Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. U. of California Press. pp. 258ff. ISBN 9780520240698.
Matson, G. Olaf (1925). The American Colony Guide-book to Jerusalem and Environs. Vester. p. 20. Retrieved 7 September 2017. Copts. A very small community representing the large Coptic Church in Egypt.[...] Abyssinian. Also represented by a Bishop in Jerusalem. They, like the Copts, are Monophysites
Allen, James P. (2010). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-139-48635-4. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Declercq, Georges (2000). Anno Domini: The Origins of the Christian Era. Isd. p. 80. ISBN 978-2-503-51050-7.
Held, Colbert (2018-10-03). Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-97307-9.

britannica.com

"Britannica: Egyptian Christians - Copt", britannica.com, retrieved 30 July 2023
"The people of Egypt before the Arab conquest in the 7th century identified themselves and their language in Greek as Aigyptios (Arabic qibt, Westernized as Copt); when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves Aigyptioi, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority." Coptic Orthodox Church. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007
Britannica: Copts, 3 May 2024, The Copts are descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians. When Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority.

brookings.edu

Yerkes, Sarah (20 June 2016). "What Egypt under Sissi is really like for Coptic Christians". Egyptian authorities prevent surveyors from asking a participant's religion when doing research.

cambridge.org

Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). "Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000425. S2CID 145603557. In the mid-nineteenth century, Lane reported that many Copts were accountants, who served primarily in government bureaus. As late as 1961, Coptic Christians owned 51 percent of Egyptian banks.
Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). "Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000425. S2CID 145603557.

catholicoutlook.org

Mary Brazell, First Coptic Catholic church in Australia blessed and consecrated in Western Sydney., Catholic Outlook (March 18, 2019).

cbc.ca

Coptic Christians in Canada, CBC News (January 4, 2011).

cesnur.com

"La Chiesa copta". March 10, 2014.

christianitytoday.com

Jayson Casper, Khartoum Churches Damaged as Sudan Descends Closer to Civil War, Christianity Today (May 2, 2023).

cia.gov

"Egypt". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 10 April 2023.
"Egypt from "The World Factbook"". American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). September 4, 2008.

clickafrique.com

"The richest men in Africa – 2009". Archived from the original on 21 September 2017.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?". CNN. 10 April 2017. The largest Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians. About 1 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the World Council of Churches.

comeandsee.com

Egypt: Egypt Arrests 22 Muslim converts to Christianity. November 03, 2003

compassdirect.org

"Egypt: Church Building Regulations Eased". Compass Direct News. 13 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007.

copt.org.au

Coptic Orthodox Church Listings for Libya, p. 136 Archived July 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

copticafrica.org

"Come Across And Help Us Book 2". Archived from the original on October 8, 2008.

copticchurch.net

"The Coptic Calendar of Martyrs". Coptic Orthodox Church Network.
"Coptic Orthodox Calendar / Easter Calculation". copticchurch.net. Retrieved 2018-03-17.

copticchurch.org

"Learn the History of the Copts | What is the Coptic | Coptic".

copticmission.org

"CopticMission". Archived from the original on January 31, 2011.

creativecommons.org

Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5587336. PMID 28837655. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

doi.org

Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015). "The genetics of East African populations: A Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 9996. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457.
Mohamoud YA, Cuadros DF, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators, QScience Connect 2013:22 doi:10.5339/connect.2013.22
Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). "Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000425. S2CID 145603557. In the mid-nineteenth century, Lane reported that many Copts were accountants, who served primarily in government bureaus. As late as 1961, Coptic Christians owned 51 percent of Egyptian banks.
Pennington, J. D. (3 October 1982). "The Copts in Modern Egypt". Middle Eastern Studies. 18 (2). JSTOR: 158–179. doi:10.1080/00263208208700503. JSTOR 4282879.
Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). "Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000425. S2CID 145603557.
van der Vliet, Jacques (June 2009), "The Copts: 'Modern Sons of the Pharaohs'?", Church History & Religious Culture, 89 (1–3): 279–90, doi:10.1163/187124109x407934.
Mohamoud, Yousra A.; Cuadros, Diego F.; Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (2013). "Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators". QScience Connect (2013): 22. doi:10.5339/connect.2013.22. ISSN 2223-506X.
El Gendi, Yosra; Pinfari, Marco (2020). "Icons of contention: The iconography of martyrdom and the construction of Coptic identity in post-revolutionary Egypt". Media, War & Conflict. 13: 50–69. doi:10.1177/1750635219866137.
Hassan, Hisham Y.; et al. (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–323. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658. Retrieved 14 October 2016.^{[dead link‍]}
Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015). "Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (7): 1940–1950. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv118. PMC 4524485. PMID 26108492.
Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 8. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457. The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence
Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5587336. PMID 28837655. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (August 2020). "Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups". Forensic Science International. 313: 110348. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348. ISSN 1872-6283. PMID 32521421. S2CID 219586129.

dw.com

Germany's growing Coptic Church, DW News (January 7, 2017).

egyptianstreets.com

Khairat, Mohamed (Aug 16, 2013). "Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt: Coptic Christians call for greater protection as wave of violence sweeps across Egypt". Egyptian Streets. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
Egyptian Streets (16 August 2013). "Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt". Egyptian Streets.

eipr.org

"Joint Press Release: Non-peaceful assembly does not justify collective punishment – Rights groups condemn lethal violence against those in sit-in and terrorist acts of the Muslim Brotherhood". 15 August 2013. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights. Retrieved 22 August 2013.

fco.gov.uk

"Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"". Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs. August 15, 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012.

forbes.com

"#60 Naguib Sawiris - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
"#68 Nassef Sawiris - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
"#96 Onsi Sawiris - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
"#396 Samih Sawiris - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
Vinton, Kate. "African Billionaire Fortunes Decline On New FORBES List Of The Continent's Richest". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
The World's Billionaires: #396 Samih Sawiris. Forbes. March 5, 2008.
"Africa's Billionaires". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-09-28.

foreignaffairs.com

Shea, Nina (June 2017). "Do Copts have a future in Egypt". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 2017-06-20.

foxnews.com

Abrams, Joseph (April 21, 2010). "House Members Press White House to Confront Egypt on Forced Marriages". Fox News. Retrieved November 8, 2010.

freedomhouse.org

Freedom House. Egypt's Endangered Christians. Archived January 7, 2003, at archive.today

gereformeerdebond.nl

"'De Koptische kerk telt in Nederland ongeveer tienduizend leden, die grotendeels afkomstig zijn uit Egypte.'". 12 July 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2019.

ghostarchive.org

Miles, Hugh (April 15, 2006). "Coptic Christians attacked in churches". London: The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 2008-10-07.

globalchristianrelief.org

History of Christianity:Sudan, Coptic Christianity reached Sudan as early as the 2nd century, and there is even a tradition that St Matthew the Apostle came to the region even earlier.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015). "The genetics of East African populations: A Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 9996. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457.
Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 8. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457. The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence

hrw.org

Human Rights Watch. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt Archived 2008-11-14 at the Wayback Machine. 2005
Human Rights Watch. World report 2007: Egypt Archived September 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.

hudson.org

Gilbert, Lela (25 May 2015). "Egypt's Coptic Christians – Braced for Persecution". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

i-cias.com

Kjeilen, Tore. "Coptic Church". LookLex Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.

infoplease.com

"Circumcision". Columbia Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press. 2011.

jhu.edu

muse.jhu.edu

Andreas Schmoller, The Syriac Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches in Austria: Inter-Church Relations and State Recognition, Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies, vol. 8, no. 1 (2020).

jordanembassyus.org

"King commends Coptic Church's role in promoting coexistence". Archived from the original on September 26, 2011.

jstor.org

Pennington, J. D. (3 October 1982). "The Copts in Modern Egypt". Middle Eastern Studies. 18 (2). JSTOR: 158–179. doi:10.1080/00263208208700503. JSTOR 4282879.

la-croix.com

In the year 2017, there was an estimated 45,000 Copts in France: "Qui sont les coptes en France ?". La Croix. 16 March 2017.

medievalworlds.net

Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Forcing taxes on those who refuse to convert (PDF), ʿUmar is depicted as having ordered that "the poll-tax should be taken from all men who would not become Muslims"

middlekilleavy.com

Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain "Middle Killeavy Parish Web Site". Archived from the original on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2008-08-16. plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the British Orthodox Church (1999 figures)
Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain middle school ireland marriages family at middlekilleavy.com Archived January 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the British Orthodox Church (1999 figures)

minorityrights.org

"Copts in Egypt". Minority Rights Group. October 2017.
Copts in Sudan, Minority Rights Group (June 2018).

nationalarchives.gov.uk

webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk

"Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"". Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs. August 15, 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012.

news.google.com

"Copts Under Fire". The Free Lance–Star. November 23, 2002. Retrieved August 2, 2015.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015). "The genetics of East African populations: A Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 9996. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457.
Hassan, Hisham Y.; et al. (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–323. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658. Retrieved 14 October 2016.^{[dead link‍]}
Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015). "Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (7): 1940–1950. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv118. PMC 4524485. PMID 26108492.
Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 8. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457. The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence
Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5587336. PMID 28837655. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (August 2020). "Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups". Forensic Science International. 313: 110348. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348. ISSN 1872-6283. PMID 32521421. S2CID 219586129.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015). "The genetics of East African populations: A Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 9996. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457.
Trombetta, Beniamino; et al. (2015). "Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (7): 1940–1950. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv118. PMC 4524485. PMID 26108492.
Begoña Dobon; et al. (28 May 2015). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5: 8. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457. The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence
Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5587336. PMID 28837655. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

nlgsolutions.com

NLG Solutions Archived 2016-03-24 at the Wayback Machine <Online>. Egypt. Retrieved 28 September 2008.

nytimes.com

Audi, Nadim (February 11, 2008). "Egyptian Court Allows Return to Christianity". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-07.

parshan.co.il

"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel". parshan.co.il (in Hebrew).

pewresearch.org

Hackett, Conrad (2011-02-16). "How many Christians are there in Egypt?". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). "How many Christians are there in Egypt?". Pew Research Center.

assets.pewresearch.org

"Religion and Education Around the World" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 13 December 2016.

plos.org

journals.plos.org

Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5587336. PMID 28837655. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

pr-inside.com

Associated Press. Egypt court upholds right of converted Muslims to return to Christianity Archived November 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. 2008-02-09.

refworld.org

Sudan: Copts, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, Minority Rights Group International (June 2018)
Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt". Refworld. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Egypt: Situation of Coptic Christians, including treatment; state protection available (2014-May 2015)". Refworld.

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

El Gendi, Yosra; Pinfari, Marco (2020). "Icons of contention: The iconography of martyrdom and the construction of Coptic identity in post-revolutionary Egypt". Media, War & Conflict. 13: 50–69. doi:10.1177/1750635219866137.

sbs.com.au

Hannah Sinclair, Coptic Christians celebrate Christmas after 'sadness' of terror attacks, Special Broadcasting Service (January 7, 2018).

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). "Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000425. S2CID 145603557. In the mid-nineteenth century, Lane reported that many Copts were accountants, who served primarily in government bureaus. As late as 1961, Coptic Christians owned 51 percent of Egyptian banks.
Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). "Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000425. S2CID 145603557.
Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (August 2020). "Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups". Forensic Science International. 313: 110348. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348. ISSN 1872-6283. PMID 32521421. S2CID 219586129.

sojo.net

Shenaz Kermalli, Canadian Copts Ponder Future of Their Faith, Religion News Service (April 25, 2017).

state.gov

2009-2017.state.gov

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2001-2009.state.gov

"Kuwait". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2018-03-17.

stshenouda.com

"The Coptic Studies' Corner". Archived from the original on 2012-04-19.

sudanupdate.org

"Copts". www.sudanupdate.org.

swissinfo.ch

Burnand, Frédéric (July 17, 2004). "Orthodox Copts open church in Switzerland". SWI swissinfo.

tcf.org

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