Copula (linguistics) (English Wikipedia)

Coppock, Elizabeth; Brenier, Jason; Staum, Laura; Michaelis, Laura (February 10, 2006). ""The thing is, is" Is No Mere Disfluency" (PDF). Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 32nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley, California: Sheridan Books. pp. 85–96. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Pustet, Regina (12 June 2003). Copulas: Universals in the Categorization of the Lexicon. Oxford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-19-155530-5. Frajzyngier (1986) argues that copulas may also develop from prepositions
Givón, T. (1993). English Grammar: A function-based introduction. Vol. 1. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 103–104. ISBN 9027273898.
Gardner, Martin (1 November 2024) [2013]. Undiluted Hocus-Pocus: The Autobiography of Martin Gardner. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9781400847983. Retrieved 8 August 2025. Using E- prime was supposed to add clarity to the language.
McGrath, Sara (8 October 2010). Unschooling: A Lifestyle of Learning (4 ed.). p. 8. ISBN 9781453866306. Retrieved 8 August 2025. With the intent of improving clarity, directness, and honesty, E-Prime simplifies the English language by omitting the verb 'to be, along with its conjugates (i.e. am, are, is, was, were, been, being.) 'Be,' which does not exist in all languages [...] promotes passive, ambiguous language that can confuse or mislead recipients who have sensitivity to subtle judgments or untruths.
Regina Pustet (12 June 2003). Copulas: Universals in the Categorization of the Lexicon. OUP Oxford. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-155530-5.
Howe 1990. Source for most of the Haitian data in this article; for more details on syntactic conditions as well as Haitian-specific copula constructions, such as se kouri m ap kouri (It's run I progressive run; "I'm really running!"), see the grammar sketch in this publication. Howe, Catherine; Desmarattes, Jean Lionel (1990). Haitian Creole Newspaper Reader. Dunwoody Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-931745-59-1.
Valdman & Rosemond 1988. Valdman, Albert; Rosemond, Renote (1988). Ann Pale Kreyòl: An Introductory Course in Haitian Creole. Illustrations: Philippe, Pierre-Henri (Illustrated ed.). Creole Institute, Indiana University. ISBN 978-0-929236-00-1.

byu.edu (Global: 1,687^th place; English: 1,074^th place)

ojs.lib.byu.edu

Barlow, D. Cleve (1981), "The Meaning of Ko in New Zealand Maori", Pacific Studies, 4: 124–141, archived from the original on February 21, 2014, retrieved February 7, 2014

conjuga-me.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Conjugação de verbos regulares e irregulares". Conjuga-me. 2007-09-06. Retrieved 2014-02-07.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Butler, C.S. (2003). Structure and Function: A Guide to the Three Major Structural-Functional Theories. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 63. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 425–6. doi:10.1075/slcs.63. ISBN 9789027296535.
VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975). "Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb". Indo-Iranian Journal. 16 (4): 284–301. doi:10.1163/000000075791615397. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24651488. S2CID 161530848.
Brustad, Kristen; Zuniga, Emilie (6 March 2019). "Chapter 16: Levantine Arabic". In Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na‘ama (eds.). The Semitic languages (2nd ed.). London & New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 424–5. doi:10.4324/9780429025563. ISBN 978-0-429-02556-3. S2CID 166512720.

englishgrammar.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What are copular verbs?". November 15, 2010. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.

etymonline.com (Global: 287^th place; English: 321^st place)

See copula in the Online Etymology Dictionary for attestation of the use of the term, "copula", since the 1640s.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

Bender, Emily (2001). Syntactic Variation and Linguistic Competence: The Case of AAVE Copula Absence (PDF) (Ph.D. Dissertation). Stanford University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.^{[page needed]}

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975). "Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb". Indo-Iranian Journal. 16 (4): 284–301. doi:10.1163/000000075791615397. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24651488. S2CID 161530848.

lojban.github.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Complete Lojban Language". The Lojban Reference Grammar. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975). "Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb". Indo-Iranian Journal. 16 (4): 284–301. doi:10.1163/000000075791615397. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24651488. S2CID 161530848.
Brustad, Kristen; Zuniga, Emilie (6 March 2019). "Chapter 16: Levantine Arabic". In Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na‘ama (eds.). The Semitic languages (2nd ed.). London & New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 424–5. doi:10.4324/9780429025563. ISBN 978-0-429-02556-3. S2CID 166512720.

teanglann.ie (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): rith". www.teanglann.ie.

uci.edu (Global: 3,063^rd place; English: 2,041^st place)

ptolemy.tlg.uci.edu

Lojban For Beginners Archived 2006-08-30 at archive.today

wals.info (Global: low place; English: 9,203^rd place)

"Language Maori". WALS Online. Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2014-02-07.

washington.edu (Global: 1,067^th place; English: 749^th place)

faculty.washington.edu

Bender, Emily (2001). Syntactic Variation and Linguistic Competence: The Case of AAVE Copula Absence (PDF) (Ph.D. Dissertation). Stanford University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.^{[page needed]}

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"What are copular verbs?". November 15, 2010. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
"Language Maori". WALS Online. Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
Barlow, D. Cleve (1981), "The Meaning of Ko in New Zealand Maori", Pacific Studies, 4: 124–141, archived from the original on February 21, 2014, retrieved February 7, 2014
Coppock, Elizabeth; Brenier, Jason; Staum, Laura; Michaelis, Laura (February 10, 2006). ""The thing is, is" Is No Mere Disfluency" (PDF). Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 32nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley, California: Sheridan Books. pp. 85–96. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
*Stevick, Earl et al. (1965). Chinyanja Basic Course. Foreign Service Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 157, 160–65.
"The Complete Lojban Language". The Lojban Reference Grammar. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975). "Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb". Indo-Iranian Journal. 16 (4): 284–301. doi:10.1163/000000075791615397. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24651488. S2CID 161530848.

Copula (linguistics) (English Wikipedia)

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