Coroutine (English Wikipedia)

Knuth, Donald Ervin (1997). Fundamental Algorithms (PDF). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. Section 1.4.5: History and Bibliography, pp. 229. ISBN 978-0-201-89683-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-21.

axman6.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Co-routines in Haskell". Archived from the original on 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2019-01-13.

bell-labs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cm.bell-labs.com

Ritchie, Dennis M. (1980). "The evolution of the unix time-sharing system". Language Design and Programming Methodology. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 79. pp. 25–35. doi:10.1007/3-540-09745-7_2. ISBN 978-3-540-09745-7. S2CID 571269. Archived from the original on 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2011-01-26.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Anthony Ralston (2000). Encyclopedia of computer science. Nature Pub. Group. ISBN 978-1-56159-248-7. Retrieved 11 May 2013.

brainwagon.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Coroutines in C – brainwagon". 5 March 2005. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2018.

byuu.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

code.byuu.org

"libco". code.byuu.org.^{[permanent dead link]}

code.google.com (Global: 6,691^st place; English: 6,208^th place)

"libconcurrency - A scalable concurrency library for C". a simple C library for portable stack-switching coroutines

cppreference.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.cppreference.com

https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support#cpp20 Archived 2022-08-08 at the Wayback Machine - Current compiler support for standard coroutines
cppreference.com. "std::generator". cppreference.com. cppreference.com. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
cppreference.com. "std::execution::sync_wait". cppreference.com. cppreference.com. Retrieved 15 February 2026.

dekorte.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"libcoroutine: A portable coroutine implementation". Archived from the original on 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2013-09-06. for FreeBSD, Linux, OS X PPC and x86, SunOS, Symbian and others

dlang.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sean Kelly; Walter Bright; Alex Rønne Petersen; Martin Nowak. "Class core.thread.fiber.Fiber". dlang.org. dlang.org. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
Sean Kelly; Alex Rønne Petersen; Martin Nowak. "Class std.concurrency.Generator". dlang.org. D Language Foundation. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
Andrei Alexandrescu; David Simcha; Jonathan M Davis. "Interface std.range.interfaces.InputRange". dlang.org. D Language Foundation. Retrieved 5 April 2026.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Conway, Melvin E. (July 1963). "Design of a Separable Transition-diagram Compiler" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 6 (7). ACM: 396–408. doi:10.1145/366663.366704. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 10559786. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2019-10-21 – via ACM Digital Library.
Ana Lucia de Moura; Roberto Ierusalimschy (2009). "Revisiting Coroutines". ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems. 31 (2): 1–31. doi:10.1145/1462166.1462167. S2CID 9918449.
Perlis, Alan J. (September 1982). "Epigrams on programming". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 17 (9): 7–13. doi:10.1145/947955.1083808. S2CID 20512767. Archived from the original on January 17, 1999. 6. Symmetry is a complexity reducing concept (co-routines include sub-routines); seek it everywhere
Ritchie, Dennis M. (1980). "The evolution of the unix time-sharing system". Language Design and Programming Methodology. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 79. pp. 25–35. doi:10.1007/3-540-09745-7_2. ISBN 978-3-540-09745-7. S2CID 571269. Archived from the original on 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2011-01-26.

github.com (Global: 380^th place; English: 337^th place)

https://github.com/halayli/lthread Archived 2020-06-13 at the Wayback Machine - lthread is a multicore/multithread coroutine library written in C
"RIBS (Robust Infrastructure for Backend Systems) version 2: aolarchive/ribs2". August 13, 2019. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2019 – via GitHub.
"A blazing fast and lightweight C asymmetric coroutine library 💎 ⛅🚀⛅🌞: hnes/libaco". October 21, 2019. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018 – via GitHub.
"Stackless coroutine implementation in C and C++: jsseldenthuis/coroutine". March 18, 2019. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2019 – via GitHub.

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

Ralf S. Engelschall (18–23 June 2000). Portable Multithreading – The Signal Stack Trick For User-Space Thread Creation (PS). USENIX Annual Technical Conference. San Diego, USA. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2017.

go.dev (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Goroutines - Effective Go". go.dev. Archived from the original on 2024-06-27. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
"Go statements - The Go Specification". go.dev. Archived from the original on 2022-11-27. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
"Goroutines - A Tour of Go". go.dev. Archived from the original on 2024-06-26. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) - The Go Programming Language". go.dev. Archived from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2022-11-28.

goron.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

http://www.goron.de/~froese/coro/ Archived 2006-01-10 at the Wayback Machine - Edgar Toernig's coro library for x86, Linux & FreeBSD

greenend.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

chiark.greenend.org.uk

Simon Tatham (2000). "Coroutines in C". Archived from the original on 2019-11-09. Retrieved 2003-09-19.

haskell.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

hackage.haskell.org

"Coroutine: Type-safe coroutines using lightweight session types". Archived from the original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2008-12-18.

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

Mertz, David (July 1, 2002). "Generator-based State Machines". Charming Python. IBM developerWorks. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved Feb 2, 2011.

java.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

weblogs.java.net

Remi Forax (19 November 2009). "Holy crap: JVM has coroutine/continuation/fiber etc". Archived from the original on 19 March 2015.

julialang.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

docs.julialang.org

"Julia Manual - Control Flow - Tasks (aka Coroutines)". Archived from the original on 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2021-02-10.

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wiki.jvmlangsummit.com

Lukas Stadler (2009). "JVM Continuations" (PDF). JVM Language Summit. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2011-10-03.

kotlinlang.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What's New in Kotlin 1.1". Archived from the original on 2019-08-11. Retrieved 2017-02-27.

libdill.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"libdill". libdill.org. Archived from the original on 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2019-10-21.

lua.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Lua 5.2 Reference Manual". www.lua.org. Archived from the original on 2018-01-13. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
"Lua version history". Lua.org. Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
de Moura, Ana Lúcia; Rodriguez, Noemi; Ierusalimschy, Roberto. "Coroutines in Lua" (PDF). Lua.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.

man7.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"getcontext(3) - Linux manual page". man7.org. Archived from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2017-11-22.

melconway.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Conway, Melvin E. (July 1963). "Design of a Separable Transition-diagram Compiler" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 6 (7). ACM: 396–408. doi:10.1145/366663.366704. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 10559786. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2019-10-21 – via ACM Digital Library.

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

learn.microsoft.com

Wagner, Bill (11 November 2021). "Iterators". C# documentation. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2023 – via Microsoft Learn.
Wagner, Bill (13 February 2023). "The history of C#". C# documentation. Microsoft. C# version 2.0. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023 – via Microsoft Learn.

msdn.microsoft.com

Implementing Coroutines for .NET by Wrapping the Unmanaged Fiber API Archived 2008-09-07 at the Wayback Machine, Ajai Shankar, MSDN Magazine

docs.microsoft.com

kexugit (15 September 2005). "Fiber mode is gone..." docs.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.

mono-project.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

https://www.mono-project.com/Continuations Archived 2010-11-25 at the Wayback Machine Mono Continuations

mozilla.org (Global: 2,188^th place; English: 2,076^th place)

developer.mozilla.org

"New in JavaScript 1.7". Archived from the original on 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-18.

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blogs.msdn.com

http://blogs.msdn.com/cbrumme/archive/2004/02/21/77595.aspx Archived 2007-12-21 at the Wayback Machine , Chris Brumme, cbrumme's WebLog Archived 2007-12-11 at the Wayback Machine

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v2.ocaml.org

"The threads library". Archived from the original on 2023-01-25. Retrieved 2023-01-25.

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https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2017/n4680.pdf Archived 2024-06-30 at the Wayback Machine - Technical specification for coroutines
Dietmar Kühl, Maikel Nadolski (18 May 2025). "Add a Coroutine Task Type" (PDF). open-std.org. WG21.

perl6.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"RFC #31". Archived from the original on 2014-09-04. Retrieved 2014-08-30.

perl6advent.wordpress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Gather and/or Coroutines". 2012-12-19. Archived from the original on 2020-06-13. Retrieved 2015-06-08.

plantation-productions.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Coroutines Module (coroutines.hhf)". HLA Standard Library Manual. Archived from the original on 2019-04-27. Retrieved 2013-12-04.

python.org (Global: 4,399^th place; English: 3,941^st place)

docs.python.org

See for example The Python Language Reference Archived 2012-10-24 at the Wayback Machine "https://docs.python.org/reference/expressions.html#yieldexpr Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine 5.2.10. Yield expressions]":
"All of this makes generator functions quite similar to coroutines; they yield multiple times, they have more than one entry point and their execution can be suspended. The only difference is that a generator function cannot control where should the execution continue after it yields; the control is always transferred to the generator's caller."
"8. Compound statements — Python 3.8.0 documentation". docs.python.org. Archived from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
"Coroutines and Tasks". Python documentation. Retrieved 31 October 2025.
"What's New in Python 3.7". Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.

ruby-forum.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"semi-coroutines". Archived from the original on October 24, 2007.

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software.schmorp.de

"libcoro: C-library that implements coroutines (cooperative multitasking) in a portable fashion". Archived from the original on 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2008-04-17. used as the basis for the Coro perl module.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Conway, Melvin E. (July 1963). "Design of a Separable Transition-diagram Compiler" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 6 (7). ACM: 396–408. doi:10.1145/366663.366704. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 10559786. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2019-10-21 – via ACM Digital Library.
Ana Lucia de Moura; Roberto Ierusalimschy (2009). "Revisiting Coroutines". ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems. 31 (2): 1–31. doi:10.1145/1462166.1462167. S2CID 9918449.
Perlis, Alan J. (September 1982). "Epigrams on programming". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 17 (9): 7–13. doi:10.1145/947955.1083808. S2CID 20512767. Archived from the original on January 17, 1999. 6. Symmetry is a complexity reducing concept (co-routines include sub-routines); seek it everywhere
Ritchie, Dennis M. (1980). "The evolution of the unix time-sharing system". Language Design and Programming Methodology. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 79. pp. 25–35. doi:10.1007/3-540-09745-7_2. ISBN 978-3-540-09745-7. S2CID 571269. Archived from the original on 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2011-01-26.

snarky.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

"How the heck does async/await work in Python 3.5?". Tall, Snarky Canadian. 2016-02-11. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2023-01-10.

stackabuse.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Python async/await Tutorial". Stack Abuse. December 17, 2015. Archived from the original on November 29, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2019.

swtch.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

swtch.com

http://swtch.com/libtask/ Archived 2019-11-15 at the Wayback Machine - Russ Cox's libtask coroutine library for FreeBSD, Linux, Mac OS X, and SunOS

research.swtch.com

"Coroutines for Go". swtch.com. Archived from the original on 2024-09-28. Retrieved 2024-10-24.

tcl.tk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"coroutine manual page - Tcl Built-In Commands". Tcl.tk. Archived from the original on 2016-10-02. Retrieved 2016-06-27.

uni-tuebingen.de (Global: 5,980^th place; English: 8,047^th place)

www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de

Perlis, Alan J. (September 1982). "Epigrams on programming". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 17 (9): 7–13. doi:10.1145/947955.1083808. S2CID 20512767. Archived from the original on January 17, 1999. 6. Symmetry is a complexity reducing concept (co-routines include sub-routines); seek it everywhere

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"How the heck does async/await work in Python 3.5?". Tall, Snarky Canadian. 2016-02-11. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
Knuth, Donald Ervin (1997). Fundamental Algorithms (PDF). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. Section 1.4.5: History and Bibliography, pp. 229. ISBN 978-0-201-89683-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-21.
Conway, Melvin E. (July 1963). "Design of a Separable Transition-diagram Compiler" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 6 (7). ACM: 396–408. doi:10.1145/366663.366704. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 10559786. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2019-10-21 – via ACM Digital Library.
Perlis, Alan J. (September 1982). "Epigrams on programming". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 17 (9): 7–13. doi:10.1145/947955.1083808. S2CID 20512767. Archived from the original on January 17, 1999. 6. Symmetry is a complexity reducing concept (co-routines include sub-routines); seek it everywhere
See for example The Python Language Reference Archived 2012-10-24 at the Wayback Machine "https://docs.python.org/reference/expressions.html#yieldexpr Archived 2012-10-26 at the Wayback Machine 5.2.10. Yield expressions]":
"All of this makes generator functions quite similar to coroutines; they yield multiple times, they have more than one entry point and their execution can be suspended. The only difference is that a generator function cannot control where should the execution continue after it yields; the control is always transferred to the generator's caller."
Mertz, David (July 1, 2002). "Generator-based State Machines". Charming Python. IBM developerWorks. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved Feb 2, 2011.
"Coroutine: Type-safe coroutines using lightweight session types". Archived from the original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
"Co-routines in Haskell". Archived from the original on 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
"The Coroutines Module (coroutines.hhf)". HLA Standard Library Manual. Archived from the original on 2019-04-27. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
"New in JavaScript 1.7". Archived from the original on 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
"Julia Manual - Control Flow - Tasks (aka Coroutines)". Archived from the original on 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
"What's New in Kotlin 1.1". Archived from the original on 2019-08-11. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
"Lua 5.2 Reference Manual". www.lua.org. Archived from the original on 2018-01-13. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
"Python async/await Tutorial". Stack Abuse. December 17, 2015. Archived from the original on November 29, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
"8. Compound statements — Python 3.8.0 documentation". docs.python.org. Archived from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
"Gather and/or Coroutines". 2012-12-19. Archived from the original on 2020-06-13. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
Implementing Coroutines for .NET by Wrapping the Unmanaged Fiber API Archived 2008-09-07 at the Wayback Machine, Ajai Shankar, MSDN Magazine
"Coroutines in C – brainwagon". 5 March 2005. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
Ralf S. Engelschall (18–23 June 2000). Portable Multithreading – The Signal Stack Trick For User-Space Thread Creation (PS). USENIX Annual Technical Conference. San Diego, USA. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
"getcontext(3) - Linux manual page". man7.org. Archived from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2017-11-22.
http://swtch.com/libtask/ Archived 2019-11-15 at the Wayback Machine - Russ Cox's libtask coroutine library for FreeBSD, Linux, Mac OS X, and SunOS
Portable Coroutine Library Archived 2005-12-14 at the Wayback Machine - C library using POSIX/SUSv3 facilities
http://www.goron.de/~froese/coro/ Archived 2006-01-10 at the Wayback Machine - Edgar Toernig's coro library for x86, Linux & FreeBSD
https://github.com/halayli/lthread Archived 2020-06-13 at the Wayback Machine - lthread is a multicore/multithread coroutine library written in C
"libcoroutine: A portable coroutine implementation". Archived from the original on 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2013-09-06. for FreeBSD, Linux, OS X PPC and x86, SunOS, Symbian and others
"libcoro: C-library that implements coroutines (cooperative multitasking) in a portable fashion". Archived from the original on 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2008-04-17. used as the basis for the Coro perl module.
"RIBS (Robust Infrastructure for Backend Systems) version 2: aolarchive/ribs2". August 13, 2019. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2019 – via GitHub.
"libdill". libdill.org. Archived from the original on 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
"A blazing fast and lightweight C asymmetric coroutine library 💎 ⛅🚀⛅🌞: hnes/libaco". October 21, 2019. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018 – via GitHub.
Simon Tatham (2000). "Coroutines in C". Archived from the original on 2019-11-09. Retrieved 2003-09-19.
"Stackless coroutine implementation in C and C++: jsseldenthuis/coroutine". March 18, 2019. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2019 – via GitHub.
https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2017/n4680.pdf Archived 2024-06-30 at the Wayback Machine - Technical specification for coroutines
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support#cpp20 Archived 2022-08-08 at the Wayback Machine - Current compiler support for standard coroutines
Wagner, Bill (11 November 2021). "Iterators". C# documentation. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2023 – via Microsoft Learn.
Wagner, Bill (13 February 2023). "The history of C#". C# documentation. Microsoft. C# version 2.0. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023 – via Microsoft Learn.
"Goroutines - Effective Go". go.dev. Archived from the original on 2024-06-27. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
"Go statements - The Go Specification". go.dev. Archived from the original on 2022-11-27. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
"Goroutines - A Tour of Go". go.dev. Archived from the original on 2024-06-26. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) - The Go Programming Language". go.dev. Archived from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
"Coroutines for Go". swtch.com. Archived from the original on 2024-09-28. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
Lukas Stadler (2009). "JVM Continuations" (PDF). JVM Language Summit. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
Remi Forax (19 November 2009). "Holy crap: JVM has coroutine/continuation/fiber etc". Archived from the original on 19 March 2015.
"ECMAScript 6: New Features: Overview and Comparison - Generator Function Iterator Protocol". es6-features.org. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
"Lua version history". Lua.org. Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
de Moura, Ana Lúcia; Rodriguez, Noemi; Ierusalimschy, Roberto. "Coroutines in Lua" (PDF). Lua.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
https://www.mono-project.com/Continuations Archived 2010-11-25 at the Wayback Machine Mono Continuations
http://blogs.msdn.com/cbrumme/archive/2004/02/21/77595.aspx Archived 2007-12-21 at the Wayback Machine , Chris Brumme, cbrumme's WebLog Archived 2007-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
kexugit (15 September 2005). "Fiber mode is gone..." docs.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
"The threads library". Archived from the original on 2023-01-25. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
"RFC #31". Archived from the original on 2014-09-04. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
"What's New in Python 3.7". Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
"semi-coroutines". Archived from the original on October 24, 2007.
"coroutine manual page - Tcl Built-In Commands". Tcl.tk. Archived from the original on 2016-10-02. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
Ritchie, Dennis M. (1980). "The evolution of the unix time-sharing system". Language Design and Programming Methodology. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 79. pp. 25–35. doi:10.1007/3-540-09745-7_2. ISBN 978-3-540-09745-7. S2CID 571269. Archived from the original on 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2011-01-26.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

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Conway, Melvin E. (July 1963). "Design of a Separable Transition-diagram Compiler" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 6 (7). ACM: 396–408. doi:10.1145/366663.366704. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 10559786. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2019-10-21 – via ACM Digital Library.

xmailserver.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Portable Coroutine Library Archived 2005-12-14 at the Wayback Machine - C library using POSIX/SUSv3 facilities

Coroutine (English Wikipedia)

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