Crack cocaine (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Crack cocaine" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

33nih.gov

4^th place

24doi.org

2^nd place

14web.archive.org

1^st place

7semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

3books.google.com

3^rd place

3nytimes.com

7^th place

3harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

2drugabuse.gov

6,166^th place

5,476^th place

2usdoj.gov

2,755^th place

1,753^rd place

2washingtonpost.com

34^th place

27^th place

2aecid.es

low place

2handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

1ahajournals.org

3,608^th place

6,526^th place

1congress.gov

730^th place

468^th place

1amcostarica.com

low place

1mdconsult.com

low place

1go.com

48^th place

39^th place

1nyc.gov

1,074^th place

681^st place

1slc.ut.us

low place

1ojp.gov

8,153^rd place

4,786^th place

1tni.org

low place

1justice.gov

918^th place

556^th place

1scot.nhs.uk

low place

1talktofrank.com

low place

1journalstar.com

5,162^nd place

2,874^th place

1drugsandalcohol.ie

low place

1ucdavis.edu

1,873^rd place

1,347^th place

1marchofdimes.org

low place

1themetropole.blog

low place

1incb.org

low place

9,618^th place

1cornell.edu

332^nd place

246^th place

1pbs.org

198^th place

154^th place

1latimes.com

22^nd place

19^th place

1chicagotribune.com

95^th place

70^th place

1highbeam.com

405^th place

256^th place

aecid.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

americanae.aecid.es

Moretti, Eduardo Gregolin; Yujra, Veronica Quispe; Claudio, Samuel Rangel; Silva, Marcelo Jose Dias; Vilegas, Wagner; Pereira, Camilo Dias Seabra; de Oliveira, Flavia; Ribeiro, Daniel Araki (April 2016). "Acute crack cocaine exposure induces genetic damage in multiple organs of rats". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 23 (8): 8104–8112. Bibcode:2016ESPR...23.8104M. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6141-3. hdl:11449/172464. PMID 26825523. S2CID 34132872.
Yujra, Veronica Quispe; Moretti, Eduardo Gregolin; Claudio, Samuel Rangel; Silva, Marcelo Jose Dias; Oliveira, Flavia de; Oshima, Celina Tizuko Fujiyama; Ribeiro, Daniel Araki (October 2016). "Genotoxicity and mutagenicity induced by acute crack cocaine exposure in mice". Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 39 (4): 388–391. doi:10.3109/01480545.2015.1126843. hdl:11449/172358. PMID 26712310. S2CID 207437479.

ahajournals.org (Global: 3,608^th place; English: 6,526^th place)

Schwartz, Bryan G.; Rezkalla, Shereif; Kloner, Robert A. (2010-12-14). "Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine". Circulation. 122 (24): 2558–2569. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.940569. PMID 21156654.

amcostarica.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Arias, Jeremy (July 2008). "Crack rocks offer a short but intense high to smokers". A.M. Costa Rica.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Nelson G (1998). Hip Hop America. Viking Penguin. p. 40.
Mieczkowski, Tom (25 November 2020). Drug Testing Technology: Assessment of Field Applications. CRC Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-000-14222-8.
Cutler, Janis; Marcus, Eric (28 April 2010). Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-19-970682-2.

chicagotribune.com (Global: 95^th place; English: 70^th place)

"23 gang members charged in huge Englewood drug bust". Chicago Tribune. 15 September 2006.

congress.gov (Global: 730^th place; English: 468^th place)

"The Controlled Substances Act (CSA): A Legal Overview for the 119th Congress". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2025-10-23.

cornell.edu (Global: 332^nd place; English: 246^th place)

law.cornell.edu

21 U.S.C. § 812(b)(2) Retrieved 2008-05-01.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Schwartz, Bryan G.; Rezkalla, Shereif; Kloner, Robert A. (2010-12-14). "Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine". Circulation. 122 (24): 2558–2569. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.940569. PMID 21156654.
Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.
Frank DA, Augustyn M, Knight WG, Pell T, Zuckerman B (March 2001). "Growth, development, and behavior in early childhood following prenatal cocaine exposure: a systematic review". JAMA. 285 (12). Jama.ama-assn.org: 1613–1625. doi:10.1001/jama.285.12.1613. PMC 2504866. PMID 11268270.
Scheidweiler KB, Plessinger MA, Shojaie J, Wood RW, Kwong TC (December 2003). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylecgonidine, a crack cocaine pyrolyzate". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 307 (3): 1179–87. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.055434. PMID 14561847. S2CID 15619796.
Yang Y, Ke Q, Cai J, Xiao YF, Morgan JP (January 2001). "Evidence for cocaine and methylecgonidine stimulation of M(2) muscarinic receptors in cultured human embryonic lung cells". British Journal of Pharmacology. 132 (2): 451–60. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703819. PMC 1572570. PMID 11159694.
Fandiño AS, Toennes SW, Kauert GF (December 2002). "Studies on hydrolytic and oxidative metabolic pathways of anhydroecgonine methyl ester (methylecgonidine) using microsomal preparations from rat organs". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 15 (12): 1543–8. doi:10.1021/tx0255828. PMID 12482236.
Kinzie, Erik (April 2009). "Levamisole Found in Patients Using Cocaine". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 53 (4): 546–7. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.10.017. PMID 19303517. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
Treadwell, SD; Robinson, TG (June 2007). "Cocaine use and stroke". Postgraduate Medical Journal (Review). 83 (980): 389–94. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.055970. PMC 2600058. PMID 17551070.
Ponton, Rhys; Scott, Jenny (12 July 2009). "Injection preparation processes used by heroin and crack cocaine injectors". Journal of Substance Use. 9 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1080/14659890410001665041. S2CID 56725689.
Harris, Magdalena; Scott, Jenny; Wright, Talen; Brathwaite, Rachel; Ciccarone, Daniel; Hope, Vivian (13 November 2019). "Injecting-related health harms and overuse of acidifiers among people who inject heroin and crack cocaine in London: a mixed-methods study". Harm Reduction Journal. 16 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/s12954-019-0330-6. PMC 6854679. PMID 31722732.
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fischman MW, Foltin R, Fowler JS, Franceschi D, Franceschi M, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Wong C, Ding YS, Hitzemann R, Pappas N (August 2000). "Effects of route of administration on cocaine-induced dopamine transporter blockade in the human brain". Life Sciences. 67 (12): 1507–1515. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00731-1. PMID 10983846.
Garcia RC, Torres LH, Balestrin NT, Andrioli TC, Flório JC, de Oliveira CD, da Costa JL, Yonamine M, Sandoval MR, Camarini R, Marcourakis T (February 2017). "Anhydroecgonine methyl ester, a cocaine pyrolysis product, may contribute to cocaine behavioral sensitization". Toxicology. 376: 44–50. Bibcode:2017Toxgy.376...44G. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.04.009. PMID 27129946.
Gohil H, Miskovic M, Buxton JA, Holland SP, Strike C (August 2021). "Smoke Gets in the Eye: A systematic review of case reports of ocular complications of crack cocaine use". Drug and Alcohol Review. 41 (2): 347–355. doi:10.1111/dar.13366. PMID 34337815. S2CID 236775586.
Scheidweiler, Karl; Plessinger, Mark A.; Shojaie, Jalil; Wood, Ronald W.; Kwong, Tai C. (2003). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylecgonidine, a crack cocaine pyrolyzate" (PDF). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 307 (3). Rockville, Maryland: American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 1179–1187. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.055434. PMID 14561847. S2CID 15619796. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-03.
Yang Y, Ke Q, Cai J, Xiao YF, Morgan JP (2001). "Evidence for cocaine and methylecgonidine stimulation of M(2) muscarinic receptors in cultured human embryonic lung cells". British Journal of Pharmacology. 132 (2): 451–460. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703819. PMC 1572570. PMID 11159694.
Fandiño AS, Toennes SW, Kauert GF (2002). "Studies on hydrolytic and oxidative metabolic pathways of anhydroecgonine methyl ester (methylecgonidine) using microsomal preparations from rat organs". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 15 (12): 1543–1548. doi:10.1021/tx0255828. PMID 12482236.
Moretti, Eduardo Gregolin; Yujra, Veronica Quispe; Claudio, Samuel Rangel; Silva, Marcelo Jose Dias; Vilegas, Wagner; Pereira, Camilo Dias Seabra; de Oliveira, Flavia; Ribeiro, Daniel Araki (April 2016). "Acute crack cocaine exposure induces genetic damage in multiple organs of rats". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 23 (8): 8104–8112. Bibcode:2016ESPR...23.8104M. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6141-3. hdl:11449/172464. PMID 26825523. S2CID 34132872.
Yujra, Veronica Quispe; Moretti, Eduardo Gregolin; Claudio, Samuel Rangel; Silva, Marcelo Jose Dias; Oliveira, Flavia de; Oshima, Celina Tizuko Fujiyama; Ribeiro, Daniel Araki (October 2016). "Genotoxicity and mutagenicity induced by acute crack cocaine exposure in mice". Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 39 (4): 388–391. doi:10.3109/01480545.2015.1126843. hdl:11449/172358. PMID 26712310. S2CID 207437479.
Mégarbane, B; Chevillard, L (5 December 2013). "The large spectrum of pulmonary complications following illicit drug use: features and mechanisms". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 206 (3): 444–51. Bibcode:2013CBI...206..444M. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.011. PMID 24144776.
Peters RJ, Williams M, Ross MW, Atkinson J, McCurdy SA (2008). "The Use of Fry (Embalming Fluid and PCP-Laced Cigarettes or Marijuana Sticks) among Crack Cocaine Smokers". Journal of Drug Education. 38 (3): 285–295. doi:10.2190/DE.38.3.f. PMC 2873769. PMID 19157045.
Boles SM, Miotto K (March–April 2003). "Substance abuse and violence: A review of the literature". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 8 (2): 155–174. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00057-X.
Morton, W. Alexander (August 1999). "Cocaine and Psychiatric Symptoms". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1 (4): 109–113. doi:10.4088/pcc.v01n0403. PMC 181074. PMID 15014683.
Zuckerman, Barry; Pell, Tripler; Knight, Wanda Grant; Augustyn, Marilyn; Frank, Deborah A. (2001-03-28). "Growth, Development, and Behavior in Early Childhood Following Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, Frank et al. 285 (12): 1613 – JAMA". JAMA. 285 (12). Jama.ama-assn.org: 1613–1625. doi:10.1001/jama.285.12.1613. PMC 2504866. PMID 11268270.
Tractenberg, SG; Schneider, JA; de Mattos, BP; Bicca, CHM; Kluwe-Schiavon, B; de Castro, TG; Habigzang, LF; Grassi-Oliveira, R (2022). "The Perceptions of Women About Their High Experience of Using Crack Cocaine". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13 898570. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.898570. PMC 9098819. PMID 35573329.

drugabuse.gov (Global: 6,166^th place; English: 5,476^th place)

"Cocaine Abuse and Addiction". U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Research Report Series. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007.
NIDA – Research Report Series – Cocaine Abuse and Addiction Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

drugsandalcohol.ie (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cole, Claire; Jones, Lisa; McVeigh, Jim; Kicman, Andrew; Syed, Qutub; Belis, Mark A. (2010). Cut: A Guide to Adulterants, Bulking Agents and other Contaminants found in Illicit Drugs. Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University. pp. 6–25.

go.com (Global: 48^th place; English: 39^th place)

abcnews.go.com

Moisse, Katie (June 22, 2011). "Cocaine Laced With Veterinary Drug Levamisole Eats Away at Flesh". ABC News. Retrieved 10 July 2020.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Moretti, Eduardo Gregolin; Yujra, Veronica Quispe; Claudio, Samuel Rangel; Silva, Marcelo Jose Dias; Vilegas, Wagner; Pereira, Camilo Dias Seabra; de Oliveira, Flavia; Ribeiro, Daniel Araki (April 2016). "Acute crack cocaine exposure induces genetic damage in multiple organs of rats". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 23 (8): 8104–8112. Bibcode:2016ESPR...23.8104M. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6141-3. hdl:11449/172464. PMID 26825523. S2CID 34132872.
Yujra, Veronica Quispe; Moretti, Eduardo Gregolin; Claudio, Samuel Rangel; Silva, Marcelo Jose Dias; Oliveira, Flavia de; Oshima, Celina Tizuko Fujiyama; Ribeiro, Daniel Araki (October 2016). "Genotoxicity and mutagenicity induced by acute crack cocaine exposure in mice". Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 39 (4): 388–391. doi:10.3109/01480545.2015.1126843. hdl:11449/172358. PMID 26712310. S2CID 207437479.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Garcia RC, Torres LH, Balestrin NT, Andrioli TC, Flório JC, de Oliveira CD, da Costa JL, Yonamine M, Sandoval MR, Camarini R, Marcourakis T (February 2017). "Anhydroecgonine methyl ester, a cocaine pyrolysis product, may contribute to cocaine behavioral sensitization". Toxicology. 376: 44–50. Bibcode:2017Toxgy.376...44G. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.04.009. PMID 27129946.
Moretti, Eduardo Gregolin; Yujra, Veronica Quispe; Claudio, Samuel Rangel; Silva, Marcelo Jose Dias; Vilegas, Wagner; Pereira, Camilo Dias Seabra; de Oliveira, Flavia; Ribeiro, Daniel Araki (April 2016). "Acute crack cocaine exposure induces genetic damage in multiple organs of rats". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 23 (8): 8104–8112. Bibcode:2016ESPR...23.8104M. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6141-3. hdl:11449/172464. PMID 26825523. S2CID 34132872.
Mégarbane, B; Chevillard, L (5 December 2013). "The large spectrum of pulmonary complications following illicit drug use: features and mechanisms". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 206 (3): 444–51. Bibcode:2013CBI...206..444M. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.011. PMID 24144776.

highbeam.com (Global: 405^th place; English: 256^th place)

"MAN CLEARED OF ARSON CHARGES IN FIRE AT ALLEGED CRACK HOUSE.(News/National/International)". 27 July 1996. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.

incb.org (Global: low place; English: 9,618^th place)

"Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-05-01.

journalstar.com (Global: 5,162^nd place; English: 2,874^th place)

Reist M (16 January 2005). "A rose by another name: crack pipe". Lincoln Journal Star. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2009.

justice.gov (Global: 918^th place; English: 556^th place)

"Appendix B: Production of Cocaine Hydrochloride and Cocaine Base". US Justice Dep. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009.

latimes.com (Global: 22^nd place; English: 19^th place)

"10 Children Found Left in Crack House". Associated Press. 25 January 1997 – via LA Times.

marchofdimes.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Street Drugs and pregnancy". March of Dimes. Retrieved 2009-05-26.^{[permanent dead link]}

mdconsult.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kinzie, Erik (April 2009). "Levamisole Found in Patients Using Cocaine". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 53 (4): 546–7. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.10.017. PMID 19303517. Retrieved August 18, 2009.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Schwartz, Bryan G.; Rezkalla, Shereif; Kloner, Robert A. (2010-12-14). "Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine". Circulation. 122 (24): 2558–2569. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.940569. PMID 21156654.
Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.
Frank DA, Augustyn M, Knight WG, Pell T, Zuckerman B (March 2001). "Growth, development, and behavior in early childhood following prenatal cocaine exposure: a systematic review". JAMA. 285 (12). Jama.ama-assn.org: 1613–1625. doi:10.1001/jama.285.12.1613. PMC 2504866. PMID 11268270.
Scheidweiler KB, Plessinger MA, Shojaie J, Wood RW, Kwong TC (December 2003). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylecgonidine, a crack cocaine pyrolyzate". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 307 (3): 1179–87. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.055434. PMID 14561847. S2CID 15619796.
Yang Y, Ke Q, Cai J, Xiao YF, Morgan JP (January 2001). "Evidence for cocaine and methylecgonidine stimulation of M(2) muscarinic receptors in cultured human embryonic lung cells". British Journal of Pharmacology. 132 (2): 451–60. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703819. PMC 1572570. PMID 11159694.
Fandiño AS, Toennes SW, Kauert GF (December 2002). "Studies on hydrolytic and oxidative metabolic pathways of anhydroecgonine methyl ester (methylecgonidine) using microsomal preparations from rat organs". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 15 (12): 1543–8. doi:10.1021/tx0255828. PMID 12482236.
Kinzie, Erik (April 2009). "Levamisole Found in Patients Using Cocaine". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 53 (4): 546–7. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.10.017. PMID 19303517. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
Treadwell, SD; Robinson, TG (June 2007). "Cocaine use and stroke". Postgraduate Medical Journal (Review). 83 (980): 389–94. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.055970. PMC 2600058. PMID 17551070.
Harris, Magdalena; Scott, Jenny; Wright, Talen; Brathwaite, Rachel; Ciccarone, Daniel; Hope, Vivian (13 November 2019). "Injecting-related health harms and overuse of acidifiers among people who inject heroin and crack cocaine in London: a mixed-methods study". Harm Reduction Journal. 16 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/s12954-019-0330-6. PMC 6854679. PMID 31722732.
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fischman MW, Foltin R, Fowler JS, Franceschi D, Franceschi M, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Wong C, Ding YS, Hitzemann R, Pappas N (August 2000). "Effects of route of administration on cocaine-induced dopamine transporter blockade in the human brain". Life Sciences. 67 (12): 1507–1515. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00731-1. PMID 10983846.
Garcia RC, Torres LH, Balestrin NT, Andrioli TC, Flório JC, de Oliveira CD, da Costa JL, Yonamine M, Sandoval MR, Camarini R, Marcourakis T (February 2017). "Anhydroecgonine methyl ester, a cocaine pyrolysis product, may contribute to cocaine behavioral sensitization". Toxicology. 376: 44–50. Bibcode:2017Toxgy.376...44G. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.04.009. PMID 27129946.
Gohil H, Miskovic M, Buxton JA, Holland SP, Strike C (August 2021). "Smoke Gets in the Eye: A systematic review of case reports of ocular complications of crack cocaine use". Drug and Alcohol Review. 41 (2): 347–355. doi:10.1111/dar.13366. PMID 34337815. S2CID 236775586.
Scheidweiler, Karl; Plessinger, Mark A.; Shojaie, Jalil; Wood, Ronald W.; Kwong, Tai C. (2003). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylecgonidine, a crack cocaine pyrolyzate" (PDF). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 307 (3). Rockville, Maryland: American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 1179–1187. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.055434. PMID 14561847. S2CID 15619796. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-03.
Yang Y, Ke Q, Cai J, Xiao YF, Morgan JP (2001). "Evidence for cocaine and methylecgonidine stimulation of M(2) muscarinic receptors in cultured human embryonic lung cells". British Journal of Pharmacology. 132 (2): 451–460. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703819. PMC 1572570. PMID 11159694.
Fandiño AS, Toennes SW, Kauert GF (2002). "Studies on hydrolytic and oxidative metabolic pathways of anhydroecgonine methyl ester (methylecgonidine) using microsomal preparations from rat organs". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 15 (12): 1543–1548. doi:10.1021/tx0255828. PMID 12482236.
Moretti, Eduardo Gregolin; Yujra, Veronica Quispe; Claudio, Samuel Rangel; Silva, Marcelo Jose Dias; Vilegas, Wagner; Pereira, Camilo Dias Seabra; de Oliveira, Flavia; Ribeiro, Daniel Araki (April 2016). "Acute crack cocaine exposure induces genetic damage in multiple organs of rats". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 23 (8): 8104–8112. Bibcode:2016ESPR...23.8104M. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6141-3. hdl:11449/172464. PMID 26825523. S2CID 34132872.
Yujra, Veronica Quispe; Moretti, Eduardo Gregolin; Claudio, Samuel Rangel; Silva, Marcelo Jose Dias; Oliveira, Flavia de; Oshima, Celina Tizuko Fujiyama; Ribeiro, Daniel Araki (October 2016). "Genotoxicity and mutagenicity induced by acute crack cocaine exposure in mice". Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 39 (4): 388–391. doi:10.3109/01480545.2015.1126843. hdl:11449/172358. PMID 26712310. S2CID 207437479.
Mégarbane, B; Chevillard, L (5 December 2013). "The large spectrum of pulmonary complications following illicit drug use: features and mechanisms". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 206 (3): 444–51. Bibcode:2013CBI...206..444M. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.011. PMID 24144776.
Peters RJ, Williams M, Ross MW, Atkinson J, McCurdy SA (2008). "The Use of Fry (Embalming Fluid and PCP-Laced Cigarettes or Marijuana Sticks) among Crack Cocaine Smokers". Journal of Drug Education. 38 (3): 285–295. doi:10.2190/DE.38.3.f. PMC 2873769. PMID 19157045.
Morton, W. Alexander (August 1999). "Cocaine and Psychiatric Symptoms". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1 (4): 109–113. doi:10.4088/pcc.v01n0403. PMC 181074. PMID 15014683.
Zuckerman, Barry; Pell, Tripler; Knight, Wanda Grant; Augustyn, Marilyn; Frank, Deborah A. (2001-03-28). "Growth, Development, and Behavior in Early Childhood Following Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, Frank et al. 285 (12): 1613 – JAMA". JAMA. 285 (12). Jama.ama-assn.org: 1613–1625. doi:10.1001/jama.285.12.1613. PMC 2504866. PMID 11268270.
Tractenberg, SG; Schneider, JA; de Mattos, BP; Bicca, CHM; Kluwe-Schiavon, B; de Castro, TG; Habigzang, LF; Grassi-Oliveira, R (2022). "The Perceptions of Women About Their High Experience of Using Crack Cocaine". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13 898570. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.898570. PMC 9098819. PMID 35573329.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Frank DA, Augustyn M, Knight WG, Pell T, Zuckerman B (March 2001). "Growth, development, and behavior in early childhood following prenatal cocaine exposure: a systematic review". JAMA. 285 (12). Jama.ama-assn.org: 1613–1625. doi:10.1001/jama.285.12.1613. PMC 2504866. PMID 11268270.
Yang Y, Ke Q, Cai J, Xiao YF, Morgan JP (January 2001). "Evidence for cocaine and methylecgonidine stimulation of M(2) muscarinic receptors in cultured human embryonic lung cells". British Journal of Pharmacology. 132 (2): 451–60. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703819. PMC 1572570. PMID 11159694.
Treadwell, SD; Robinson, TG (June 2007). "Cocaine use and stroke". Postgraduate Medical Journal (Review). 83 (980): 389–94. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.055970. PMC 2600058. PMID 17551070.
Harris, Magdalena; Scott, Jenny; Wright, Talen; Brathwaite, Rachel; Ciccarone, Daniel; Hope, Vivian (13 November 2019). "Injecting-related health harms and overuse of acidifiers among people who inject heroin and crack cocaine in London: a mixed-methods study". Harm Reduction Journal. 16 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/s12954-019-0330-6. PMC 6854679. PMID 31722732.
Yang Y, Ke Q, Cai J, Xiao YF, Morgan JP (2001). "Evidence for cocaine and methylecgonidine stimulation of M(2) muscarinic receptors in cultured human embryonic lung cells". British Journal of Pharmacology. 132 (2): 451–460. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703819. PMC 1572570. PMID 11159694.
Peters RJ, Williams M, Ross MW, Atkinson J, McCurdy SA (2008). "The Use of Fry (Embalming Fluid and PCP-Laced Cigarettes or Marijuana Sticks) among Crack Cocaine Smokers". Journal of Drug Education. 38 (3): 285–295. doi:10.2190/DE.38.3.f. PMC 2873769. PMID 19157045.
Morton, W. Alexander (August 1999). "Cocaine and Psychiatric Symptoms". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1 (4): 109–113. doi:10.4088/pcc.v01n0403. PMC 181074. PMID 15014683.
Zuckerman, Barry; Pell, Tripler; Knight, Wanda Grant; Augustyn, Marilyn; Frank, Deborah A. (2001-03-28). "Growth, Development, and Behavior in Early Childhood Following Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, Frank et al. 285 (12): 1613 – JAMA". JAMA. 285 (12). Jama.ama-assn.org: 1613–1625. doi:10.1001/jama.285.12.1613. PMC 2504866. PMID 11268270.
Tractenberg, SG; Schneider, JA; de Mattos, BP; Bicca, CHM; Kluwe-Schiavon, B; de Castro, TG; Habigzang, LF; Grassi-Oliveira, R (2022). "The Perceptions of Women About Their High Experience of Using Crack Cocaine". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13 898570. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.898570. PMC 9098819. PMID 35573329.

nida.nih.gov

Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "Cocaine | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)". nida.nih.gov. Retrieved 2025-10-23.
"Cocaine Research Report: What are the short-term effects of cocaine use?". National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institutes of Health. May 2016. Archived from the original on February 27, 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

nyc.gov (Global: 1,074^th place; English: 681^st place)

www1.nyc.gov

"Cocaine Abuse & Addiction". City of New York.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Okie S (27 January 2009). "The Epidemic That Wasn't". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
Okie, Susan (2009-01-27). "The Epidemic That Wasn't". The New York Times.
"'Crack House' Fire: Justice or Vigilantism?". The New York Times. 22 October 1988.

ojp.gov (Global: 8,153^rd place; English: 4,786^th place)

Lamar JV (2 June 1986). "Crack – A Cheap and Deadly Cocaine Is a Spreading Menace". Time. pp. 16–18. Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2022.

pbs.org (Global: 198^th place; English: 154^th place)

Sterling, Eric. "Drug Laws and Snitching: A Primer". PBS. Retrieved 20 May 2013.

scot.nhs.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

cso.scot.nhs.uk

"Using foil for drug administration: exploring the views and experiences of people who use drugs" (PDF). National Health Service. Retrieved 2025-08-25.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Scheidweiler KB, Plessinger MA, Shojaie J, Wood RW, Kwong TC (December 2003). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylecgonidine, a crack cocaine pyrolyzate". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 307 (3): 1179–87. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.055434. PMID 14561847. S2CID 15619796.
Ponton, Rhys; Scott, Jenny (12 July 2009). "Injection preparation processes used by heroin and crack cocaine injectors". Journal of Substance Use. 9 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1080/14659890410001665041. S2CID 56725689.
Gohil H, Miskovic M, Buxton JA, Holland SP, Strike C (August 2021). "Smoke Gets in the Eye: A systematic review of case reports of ocular complications of crack cocaine use". Drug and Alcohol Review. 41 (2): 347–355. doi:10.1111/dar.13366. PMID 34337815. S2CID 236775586.
Scheidweiler, Karl; Plessinger, Mark A.; Shojaie, Jalil; Wood, Ronald W.; Kwong, Tai C. (2003). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylecgonidine, a crack cocaine pyrolyzate" (PDF). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 307 (3). Rockville, Maryland: American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 1179–1187. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.055434. PMID 14561847. S2CID 15619796. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-03.
Moretti, Eduardo Gregolin; Yujra, Veronica Quispe; Claudio, Samuel Rangel; Silva, Marcelo Jose Dias; Vilegas, Wagner; Pereira, Camilo Dias Seabra; de Oliveira, Flavia; Ribeiro, Daniel Araki (April 2016). "Acute crack cocaine exposure induces genetic damage in multiple organs of rats". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 23 (8): 8104–8112. Bibcode:2016ESPR...23.8104M. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6141-3. hdl:11449/172464. PMID 26825523. S2CID 34132872.
Yujra, Veronica Quispe; Moretti, Eduardo Gregolin; Claudio, Samuel Rangel; Silva, Marcelo Jose Dias; Oliveira, Flavia de; Oshima, Celina Tizuko Fujiyama; Ribeiro, Daniel Araki (October 2016). "Genotoxicity and mutagenicity induced by acute crack cocaine exposure in mice". Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 39 (4): 388–391. doi:10.3109/01480545.2015.1126843. hdl:11449/172358. PMID 26712310. S2CID 207437479.

pdfs.semanticscholar.org

Scheidweiler, Karl; Plessinger, Mark A.; Shojaie, Jalil; Wood, Ronald W.; Kwong, Tai C. (2003). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylecgonidine, a crack cocaine pyrolyzate" (PDF). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 307 (3). Rockville, Maryland: American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 1179–1187. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.055434. PMID 14561847. S2CID 15619796. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-03.

slc.ut.us (Global: low place; English: low place)

ci.slc.ut.us

"Life or Meth – CRACK OF THE 90'S", Salt Lake City Police Department, Utah, 2008, PDF file: Methlife-PDF Archived October 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.

talktofrank.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cocaine". www.talktofrank.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.

themetropole.blog (Global: low place; English: low place)

Farber, David (2019). "Entrepreneurial Greed" — A Review of Crack: Rock Cocaine, Street Capitalism, and the Decade of Greed. Cambridge University Press/The Metropole/Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved December 30, 2024.

tni.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/tni-smokablecocaine_eng_web-def.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

ucdavis.edu (Global: 1,873^rd place; English: 1,347^th place)

delusion.ucdavis.edu

"Delusional Parasitosis", The Bohart Museum of Entomology, 2005, webpage: UCDavis-delusional^{[permanent dead link]}.

usdoj.gov (Global: 2,755^th place; English: 1,753^rd place)

"DEA, Drug Information, Cocaine", United States DOJ Drug Enforcement Administration, 2008, webpage: DEA-cocaine Archived 2008-06-22 at the Wayback Machine. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"DEA, Title 21, Section 812". Usdoj.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-09-05.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

Lengel, Allan (April 5, 2006). "A Rose With Another Name: Crack Pipe". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
LaFraniere, Sharon (January 19, 1990). "Barry Arrested on Cocaine Charges in Undercover FBI, Police Operation". The Washington Post. p. A1.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Okie S (27 January 2009). "The Epidemic That Wasn't". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
"Cocaine Abuse and Addiction". U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Research Report Series. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007.
"DEA, Drug Information, Cocaine", United States DOJ Drug Enforcement Administration, 2008, webpage: DEA-cocaine Archived 2008-06-22 at the Wayback Machine. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"Life or Meth – CRACK OF THE 90'S", Salt Lake City Police Department, Utah, 2008, PDF file: Methlife-PDF Archived October 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Lamar JV (2 June 1986). "Crack – A Cheap and Deadly Cocaine Is a Spreading Menace". Time. pp. 16–18. Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
"Appendix B: Production of Cocaine Hydrochloride and Cocaine Base". US Justice Dep. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009.
"Cocaine". www.talktofrank.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
Reist M (16 January 2005). "A rose by another name: crack pipe". Lincoln Journal Star. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
"Cocaine Research Report: What are the short-term effects of cocaine use?". National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institutes of Health. May 2016. Archived from the original on February 27, 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Scheidweiler, Karl; Plessinger, Mark A.; Shojaie, Jalil; Wood, Ronald W.; Kwong, Tai C. (2003). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylecgonidine, a crack cocaine pyrolyzate" (PDF). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 307 (3). Rockville, Maryland: American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 1179–1187. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.055434. PMID 14561847. S2CID 15619796. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-03.
NIDA – Research Report Series – Cocaine Abuse and Addiction Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
"Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
"DEA, Title 21, Section 812". Usdoj.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
"MAN CLEARED OF ARSON CHARGES IN FIRE AT ALLEGED CRACK HOUSE.(News/National/International)". 27 July 1996. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.

Crack cocaine (English Wikipedia)

aecid.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

americanae.aecid.es

ahajournals.org (Global: 3,608th place; English: 6,526th place)

amcostarica.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

chicagotribune.com (Global: 95th place; English: 70th place)

congress.gov (Global: 730th place; English: 468th place)

cornell.edu (Global: 332nd place; English: 246th place)

law.cornell.edu

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

drugabuse.gov (Global: 6,166th place; English: 5,476th place)

drugsandalcohol.ie (Global: low place; English: low place)

go.com (Global: 48th place; English: 39th place)

abcnews.go.com

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

highbeam.com (Global: 405th place; English: 256th place)

incb.org (Global: low place; English: 9,618th place)

journalstar.com (Global: 5,162nd place; English: 2,874th place)

justice.gov (Global: 918th place; English: 556th place)

latimes.com (Global: 22nd place; English: 19th place)

marchofdimes.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

mdconsult.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nida.nih.gov

nyc.gov (Global: 1,074th place; English: 681st place)

www1.nyc.gov

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

ojp.gov (Global: 8,153rd place; English: 4,786th place)

pbs.org (Global: 198th place; English: 154th place)

scot.nhs.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

cso.scot.nhs.uk

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

pdfs.semanticscholar.org

slc.ut.us (Global: low place; English: low place)

ci.slc.ut.us

talktofrank.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

themetropole.blog (Global: low place; English: low place)

tni.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ucdavis.edu (Global: 1,873rd place; English: 1,347th place)

delusion.ucdavis.edu

usdoj.gov (Global: 2,755th place; English: 1,753rd place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34th place; English: 27th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

ahajournals.org (Global: 3,608^th place; English: 6,526^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

chicagotribune.com (Global: 95^th place; English: 70^th place)

congress.gov (Global: 730^th place; English: 468^th place)

cornell.edu (Global: 332^nd place; English: 246^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

drugabuse.gov (Global: 6,166^th place; English: 5,476^th place)

go.com (Global: 48^th place; English: 39^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

highbeam.com (Global: 405^th place; English: 256^th place)

incb.org (Global: low place; English: 9,618^th place)

journalstar.com (Global: 5,162^nd place; English: 2,874^th place)

justice.gov (Global: 918^th place; English: 556^th place)

latimes.com (Global: 22^nd place; English: 19^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

nyc.gov (Global: 1,074^th place; English: 681^st place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

ojp.gov (Global: 8,153^rd place; English: 4,786^th place)

pbs.org (Global: 198^th place; English: 154^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

ucdavis.edu (Global: 1,873^rd place; English: 1,347^th place)

usdoj.gov (Global: 2,755^th place; English: 1,753^rd place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)