Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Crisis of the late Middle Ages" in English language version.
Hablar de crisis general de la Baja Edad Media europea resulta ya un lugar común dentro de los estudios de Historia medieval. Los siglos XIV y XV (el «otoño de la Edad Media», según la expresión de Huizinga) son el período de desgaste de unas estructuras materiales y mentales configuradas en las anteriores centurias y el puente hacia el Modernidad. De ahí que en distantas ocasiones se les haya querido negar una presonalidad propia. Crisis política (Guerra de los Cien Años), crisis espiritual (Cisma de Occidente, conciliarismo, movimientos heterodoxos que preludían la Reforma protestante, etc.) y, sobre todo, por lo que concierne a este capítulo, crisis económica y social.[To talk about a general crisis of the late Middle Ages is already a commonplace in the study of medieval history. The 14th and 15th centuries (the 'autumn of the Middle Ages', according to Huizinga) are the period of the superannuation of some of the physical and mental structures configured in prior centuries and the bridge toward Modernity. To the extent that it was even denied its own personality. Political crisis (the Hundred Years War) spiritual crisis (the Western Schism, conciliarism, heterodox movements which were a prelude to the Protestant Reformation, etc.) and above all, as far as this chapter is concerned, economic and social crisis.]
When we discuss the crisis of the late Middle Ages, we consider intellectual movements beside religious, social, and economic ones, but universities are given attention only in passing, as in the collection of essays of 1984 edited by Fernand Seibt and Winfried Eberhard, Europa 1400, Die Krise des Spaetmittelalters.
2. El debat sobre la crisi de la baixa edat mitjana entre neomalthusians i marxistes en las dècadas centrals del segle XX: L'aparició, el 1949, d'un article d'Edouard Perroy sobre «l'economia encongida» va coŀlocar les fams de la premera meitat del segle XIV en el centre del debat sobre l'origen, la cronologia, l'abast, i els efectes de la crisis de la baixa edat mitjana; qüestió que Marc Bloch ja havia esbossat dues dècadas abans. Per a un corrent de la historagrafia rural, encapçalat per Michael M. Postan i Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, les esmentades fams no són més que la manifestació d'un capgirament de la conjuntura dintre d'un cicle demogràfic i econòmic de llarga durada que s'havia iniciat a mitjan sigle X1; marquen el final dels «bons temps», de l'expansió, i l'inici d'un període d'estancament i de regressió que va cobrir, a bona part d'Europa, el segle XIV i gairebé tot el XV, i al qual s'ha designat com la «crisi de la baixa edat mitjana» o la «gran depresió». 12. Per a la difusió del terme crisi, a mitjan segle XX, entre els historiadors i la seva primera utilització, amb un sentit més social i politic que econòmic, vegeu M. Bourin i F. Menant, 'Avant-propos', a M. Bourin, J. Drendel, i F. Menant (ed.), Les disettes dans la conjuncture de 1300 en Méditerranée occidentale, Roma, 2011, p.2, nota 6.[The debate about the crisis of the late Middle Ages between Neomalthusians and Marxists in the middle of the twentieth century: The appearance in 1949 of an article by Edouard Perroy on 'the shrinking economy' propelled the famines of the first half of the fourteenth century into the center of the debate on the origin, chronology, scope, and effects of the crisis of the late Middle Ages; an issue that Marc Bloch had already outlined two decades earlier. According to an account of rural historiography headed by Michael M. Postan and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, the aforementioned famines are nothing more than the manifestation of a revival of the scenario within a demographic and economic cycle of long duration that had begun in the middle of the tenth century; marking the end of the 'good times' and of the expansion, and the beginning of a period of stagnation and regression that spanned, in much of Europe, the fourteenth century and almost all of the fifteenth, and which has been designated as the 'crisis of the late Middle Ages' or as the 'great depression'.
Krise—beginnt das Buch gleich mit einem ungebrachten, ja falschen Begriff? Denn zweifellos ist die These von der Krise des Spätmittelalters seit längerem ihrerseits in der Krise, und wohl kaum ein Kenner der Materie dürfte sich heute noch ohne Wenn und Aber zu ihr bekennen, was im Besonderen für deutsche Mittelalthistoriker gilt.[Crisis—does the book start out with an unfounded, even incorrect term? For no doubt the thesis of the crisis of the late Middle Ages has itself been in crisis for some time now, and hardly anyone considered an expert in the field would still profess it without some ifs and buts, and especially so in the case of German Medieval historians.]
Modern interpretations of the period ca. 1300–1500, conventionally identified as the late Middle Ages in transalpine Europe, have received little serious attention. This lack of attention can be attributed partially to a long evident tendency to represent the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as, at best, only the background or preparation for such climactic events as the Renaissance and the Reformation. While modern historiography has exhaustively examined the 'Renaissance Problem' the comparative neglect of the late medieval period stems largely from four centuries of viewing it primarily in relation to what was seen as more appealing or more significant eras, whether preceding, following, or overlapping it.
Leopold Genicot konnte bereits 1971 die Ausbildung eines festen Geschichtsbildes in der Zunft zumindest in bezug auf das spaete Mittelalter vermelden: 'Crisis is the word which comes immediately to the historian's mind when he thinks of the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries.' [in English in the original][As early as 1971, Leopold Genicot was able to report the formation of a solid image of history among its practitioners, at least with regard to the late Middle Ages: 'Crisis is the word...'] Note: Schuster is quoting a 1971 republication of Genicot in Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 1, The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, which appeared previously in a 1966 version.
[L]a Storia einaudiana ha compiuto un'utile opera di «adeguamento» (sul piano, naturalmente, della più larga divulgazione di buon livello) della storiografia italiana alla storiografia francese, inglese, americana, tedesca, nelle quali il problema della «crisi del Trecento» è ormai dibattuto da alcuni decenni.[[The Italian historical series] Einaudi has ... 'adjusted' Italian historiography (at least at the level of the more widely disseminated popularized version) to French, English, American, and German historiography, in which the problem of the 'crisis of the late Middle Ages' has been debated for several decades.]
Modern interpretations of the period ca. 1300–1500, conventionally identified as the late Middle Ages in transalpine Europe, have received little serious attention. This lack of attention can be attributed partially to a long evident tendency to represent the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as, at best, only the background or preparation for such climactic events as the Renaissance and the Reformation. While modern historiography has exhaustively examined the 'Renaissance Problem' the comparative neglect of the late medieval period stems largely from four centuries of viewing it primarily in relation to what was seen as more appealing or more significant eras, whether preceding, following, or overlapping it.
Leopold Genicot konnte bereits 1971 die Ausbildung eines festen Geschichtsbildes in der Zunft zumindest in bezug auf das spaete Mittelalter vermelden: 'Crisis is the word which comes immediately to the historian's mind when he thinks of the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries.' [in English in the original][As early as 1971, Leopold Genicot was able to report the formation of a solid image of history among its practitioners, at least with regard to the late Middle Ages: 'Crisis is the word...'] Note: Schuster is quoting a 1971 republication of Genicot in Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 1, The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, which appeared previously in a 1966 version.
[L]a Storia einaudiana ha compiuto un'utile opera di «adeguamento» (sul piano, naturalmente, della più larga divulgazione di buon livello) della storiografia italiana alla storiografia francese, inglese, americana, tedesca, nelle quali il problema della «crisi del Trecento» è ormai dibattuto da alcuni decenni.[[The Italian historical series] Einaudi has ... 'adjusted' Italian historiography (at least at the level of the more widely disseminated popularized version) to French, English, American, and German historiography, in which the problem of the 'crisis of the late Middle Ages' has been debated for several decades.]
Hablar de crisis general de la Baja Edad Media europea resulta ya un lugar común dentro de los estudios de Historia medieval. Los siglos XIV y XV (el «otoño de la Edad Media», según la expresión de Huizinga) son el período de desgaste de unas estructuras materiales y mentales configuradas en las anteriores centurias y el puente hacia el Modernidad. De ahí que en distantas ocasiones se les haya querido negar una presonalidad propia. Crisis política (Guerra de los Cien Años), crisis espiritual (Cisma de Occidente, conciliarismo, movimientos heterodoxos que preludían la Reforma protestante, etc.) y, sobre todo, por lo que concierne a este capítulo, crisis económica y social.[To talk about a general crisis of the late Middle Ages is already a commonplace in the study of medieval history. The 14th and 15th centuries (the 'autumn of the Middle Ages', according to Huizinga) are the period of the superannuation of some of the physical and mental structures configured in prior centuries and the bridge toward Modernity. To the extent that it was even denied its own personality. Political crisis (the Hundred Years War) spiritual crisis (the Western Schism, conciliarism, heterodox movements which were a prelude to the Protestant Reformation, etc.) and above all, as far as this chapter is concerned, economic and social crisis.]
When we discuss the crisis of the late Middle Ages, we consider intellectual movements beside religious, social, and economic ones, but universities are given attention only in passing, as in the collection of essays of 1984 edited by Fernand Seibt and Winfried Eberhard, Europa 1400, Die Krise des Spaetmittelalters.
2. El debat sobre la crisi de la baixa edat mitjana entre neomalthusians i marxistes en las dècadas centrals del segle XX: L'aparició, el 1949, d'un article d'Edouard Perroy sobre «l'economia encongida» va coŀlocar les fams de la premera meitat del segle XIV en el centre del debat sobre l'origen, la cronologia, l'abast, i els efectes de la crisis de la baixa edat mitjana; qüestió que Marc Bloch ja havia esbossat dues dècadas abans. Per a un corrent de la historagrafia rural, encapçalat per Michael M. Postan i Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, les esmentades fams no són més que la manifestació d'un capgirament de la conjuntura dintre d'un cicle demogràfic i econòmic de llarga durada que s'havia iniciat a mitjan sigle X1; marquen el final dels «bons temps», de l'expansió, i l'inici d'un període d'estancament i de regressió que va cobrir, a bona part d'Europa, el segle XIV i gairebé tot el XV, i al qual s'ha designat com la «crisi de la baixa edat mitjana» o la «gran depresió». 12. Per a la difusió del terme crisi, a mitjan segle XX, entre els historiadors i la seva primera utilització, amb un sentit més social i politic que econòmic, vegeu M. Bourin i F. Menant, 'Avant-propos', a M. Bourin, J. Drendel, i F. Menant (ed.), Les disettes dans la conjuncture de 1300 en Méditerranée occidentale, Roma, 2011, p.2, nota 6.[The debate about the crisis of the late Middle Ages between Neomalthusians and Marxists in the middle of the twentieth century: The appearance in 1949 of an article by Edouard Perroy on 'the shrinking economy' propelled the famines of the first half of the fourteenth century into the center of the debate on the origin, chronology, scope, and effects of the crisis of the late Middle Ages; an issue that Marc Bloch had already outlined two decades earlier. According to an account of rural historiography headed by Michael M. Postan and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, the aforementioned famines are nothing more than the manifestation of a revival of the scenario within a demographic and economic cycle of long duration that had begun in the middle of the tenth century; marking the end of the 'good times' and of the expansion, and the beginning of a period of stagnation and regression that spanned, in much of Europe, the fourteenth century and almost all of the fifteenth, and which has been designated as the 'crisis of the late Middle Ages' or as the 'great depression'.
Krise—beginnt das Buch gleich mit einem ungebrachten, ja falschen Begriff? Denn zweifellos ist die These von der Krise des Spätmittelalters seit längerem ihrerseits in der Krise, und wohl kaum ein Kenner der Materie dürfte sich heute noch ohne Wenn und Aber zu ihr bekennen, was im Besonderen für deutsche Mittelalthistoriker gilt.[Crisis—does the book start out with an unfounded, even incorrect term? For no doubt the thesis of the crisis of the late Middle Ages has itself been in crisis for some time now, and hardly anyone considered an expert in the field would still profess it without some ifs and buts, and especially so in the case of German Medieval historians.]
