Crucifixion of Jesus (English Wikipedia)

Gil Student (2000). "The Jesus Narrative In The Talmud". Talmud: The Real Truth About the Talmud. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2018.

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Caruso, Steve (March 31, 2015). "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?". Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.

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Alter, Michael J. (March 21, 2024). The Resurrection and Its Apologetics: Jesus' Death and Burial, Volume One. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 197. ISBN 979-8-3852-1750-2. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
Green, Joel B. (1997). The Gospel of Luke: new international commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. p. 168. ISBN 0-8028-2315-7. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
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Dunderberg, Ismo; Tuckett, Christopher Mark; Syreeni, Kari (2002). Fair play: diversity and conflicts in early Christianity: essays in honour of Heikki Räisänen. Brill. p. 488. ISBN 90-04-12359-8. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
Barclay, William (2001). Great Themes of the New Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-664-22385-4.
Nicholson, Ernest, ed. (2004). A Century of Theological and Religious Studies in Britain, 1902–2007. OUP/British Academy. pp. 125–126. ISBN 0-19-726305-4. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022.
Erhman, Bart (1999). Jesus:the apocalyptic prophet of the new millenium. Oxford University Press. p. 222. ISBN 9780195124743.
Scott's Monthly Magazine Archived November 23, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. J.J. Toon; 1868. The Miracles Coincident With The Crucifixion, by H.P.B. pp. 86–89.
Richard Watson. An Apology for the Bible: In a Series of Letters Addressed to Thomas Paine Archived November 23, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge University Press; 2012. ISBN 978-1-107-60004-1. pp. 81–.
Donaldson, Coxe (1888). The ante-Nicene fathers. Vol. 6. New York: The Christian Literature Publishing Co. p. 136. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
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Schneemelcher & Maurer 1994, p. 220. Schneemelcher, Wilhelm; Maurer, Christian (1994) [1991]. "The Gospel of Peter". In Schneemelcher, Wilhelm; Wilson, McLachlan (eds.). New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and related writings. Vol. 1. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 216–227. ISBN 978-0-664-22721-0. Retrieved April 25, 2012.

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Ray, Steve. "When Was Jesus Crucified? How Long on the Cross? Do the Gospels Contradict Each Other?". Defenders of the Catholic Faith. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019.

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Davis, C. Truman (November 4, 2015). "A Physician's View of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ". The Christian Broadcasting Network. Retrieved September 1, 2020.

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"Philip Schaff: ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.

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"EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES in CRUCIFIXION". www.crucifixion-shroud.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2009.

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Barber, Michael (2020). "Did Jesus Anticipate Suffering a Violent Death?: The Implications of Memory Research and Dale C. Allison's Methodology". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 18 (3): 191–219. doi:10.1163/17455197-01803002.
Maier, P.L. (1968). "Sejanus, Pilate, and the Date of the Crucifixion". Church History. 37 (1): 3–13. doi:10.2307/3163182. JSTOR 3163182. S2CID 162410612.
Fotheringham, J.K. (1934). "The evidence of astronomy and technical chronology for the date of the crucifixion". Journal of Theological Studies. 35 (138): 146–162. doi:10.1093/jts/os-XXXV.138.146.
Waters, Kenneth (2021). "Jesus in the Heart of the Earth: Deciphering the Jonah Saying (Matthew 12:39–41)". SAGE Open. 11 (2). doi:10.1177/21582440211014178.
Williams, Jefferson; Schwab, Markus; Brauer, Achim (July 2012). "An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea'". International Geology Review. 54 (10): 1219–1228. Bibcode:2012IGRv...54.1219W. doi:10.1080/00206814.2011.639996. S2CID 129604597.

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For a discussion of the date of the work, see Information on Epistle of Barnabas Archived March 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine and Andrew C. Clark, "Apostleship: Evidence from the New Testament and Early Christian Literature," Evangelical Review of Theology, 1989, Vol. 13, p. 380
Origen. "Contra Celsum (Against Celsus), Book 2, XXXIII". Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
"In the same hour, too, the light of day was withdrawn, when the sun at the very time was in his meridian blaze. Those who were not aware that this had been predicted about Christ, no doubt thought it an eclipse. You yourselves have the account of the world-portent still in your archives."Tertullian. "Apologeticum". Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2008.

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Andrews, Michael (2018). "The Sign of Jonah: Jesus in the Heart of the Earth" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 61: 105–119.

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The Physical Death Of Jesus Christ, Study by The Mayo Clinic Archived January 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing studies by Bucklin R (The legal and medical aspects of the trial and death of Christ. Sci Law 1970; 10:14–26), Mikulicz-Radeeki FV (The chest wound in the crucified Christ. Med News 1966; 14:30–40), Davis CT (The Crucifixion of Jesus: The passion of Christ from a medical point of view. Ariz Med 1965; 22:183–187), and Barbet P (A Doctor at Calvary: The Passion of Out Lord Jesus Christ as Described by a Surgeon, Earl of Wicklow (trans) Garden City, NY, Doubleday Image Books 1953, pp. 12–18, 37–147, 159–175, 187–208).

godandscience.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Edwards, William D.; Gabel, Wesley J.; Hosmer, Floyd E; On the Physical Death of Jesus, JAMA March 21, 1986, Vol 255, No. 11, pp. 1455–1463 [3] Archived January 26, 2022, at the Wayback Machine

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"Blomberg "Wednesday crucifixion" – Google Search". www.google.ie. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2023.

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David, Ariel (October 12, 2020). "Are These Nails From Jesus' Crucifixion? New Evidence Emerges, but Experts Are Unconvinced". Haaretz. Retrieved February 20, 2024.

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Colin J. Humphreys and W. G. Waddington, The Date of the Crucifixion Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 37 (March 1985).
Schaefer, B. E. (March 1990). Lunar visibility and the crucifixion. Royal Astronomical Society Quarterly Journal, 31(1), 53–67

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Williams, Jefferson; Schwab, Markus; Brauer, Achim (July 2012). "An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea'". International Geology Review. 54 (10): 1219–1228. Bibcode:2012IGRv...54.1219W. doi:10.1080/00206814.2011.639996. S2CID 129604597.

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Maier, P.L. (1968). "Sejanus, Pilate, and the Date of the Crucifixion". Church History. 37 (1): 3–13. doi:10.2307/3163182. JSTOR 3163182. S2CID 162410612.

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Eucherius of Lyon. "Letter to the Presbyter Faustus". Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. The three more frequented exit gates are one on the west, another on the east, and a third on the north. As you enter the city from the northern side, the first of the holy places due to the condition of the directions of the streets is to the church which is called the Martyrium, which was by Constantine with great reverence not long ago built up. Next, to the west one visits the connecting places Golgotha and the Anastasis; indeed the Anastasis is in the place of the resurrection, and Golgotha is in the middle between the Anastasis and the Martyrium, the place of the Lord's passion, in which still appears that rock which once endured the very cross on which the Lord was. These are separated places outside of Mount Sion, where the failing rise of the place extended itself to the north.

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"Wherefore he did not himself suffer death, but Simon, a certain man of Cyrene, being compelled, bore the cross in his stead; so that this latter being transfigured by him, that he might be thought to be Jesus, was crucified, through ignorance and error, while Jesus himself received the form of Simon, and, standing by, laughed at them. For since he was an incorporeal power, and the Nous (mind) of the unborn father, he transfigured himself as he pleased, and thus ascended to him who had sent him, deriding them, inasmuch as he could not be laid hold of, and was invisible to all" (Irenaeus, Against Heresies, book I, ch. 24, 4 Archived April 19, 2021, at the Wayback Machine).
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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Retief, FP; Cilliers, L. (December 2003). "The history and pathology of crucifixion". South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde. 93 (12): 938–841. PMID 14750495. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2018.

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Williams, Jefferson; Schwab, Markus; Brauer, Achim (July 2012). "An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea'". International Geology Review. 54 (10): 1219–1228. Bibcode:2012IGRv...54.1219W. doi:10.1080/00206814.2011.639996. S2CID 129604597.

sagepub.com (Global: 731^st place; English: 638^th place)

journals.sagepub.com

Waters, Kenneth (2021). "Jesus in the Heart of the Earth: Deciphering the Jonah Saying (Matthew 12:39–41)". SAGE Open. 11 (2). doi:10.1177/21582440211014178.

jrs.sagepub.com

Medical theories on the cause of death in Crucifixion J R Soc Med April 2006 vol. 99 no. 4 185–188. [2] Archived September 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine

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Retief, FP; Cilliers, L. (December 2003). "The history and pathology of crucifixion". South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde. 93 (12): 938–841. PMID 14750495. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2018.

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Maier, P.L. (1968). "Sejanus, Pilate, and the Date of the Crucifixion". Church History. 37 (1): 3–13. doi:10.2307/3163182. JSTOR 3163182. S2CID 162410612.
Williams, Jefferson; Schwab, Markus; Brauer, Achim (July 2012). "An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea'". International Geology Review. 54 (10): 1219–1228. Bibcode:2012IGRv...54.1219W. doi:10.1080/00206814.2011.639996. S2CID 129604597.

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Ray, Steve. "When Was Jesus Crucified? How Long on the Cross? Do the Gospels Contradict Each Other?". Defenders of the Catholic Faith. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
Green, Joel B. (1997). The Gospel of Luke: new international commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. p. 168. ISBN 0-8028-2315-7. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
Gil Student (2000). "The Jesus Narrative In The Talmud". Talmud: The Real Truth About the Talmud. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
George W. Braswell Jr., What You Need to Know about Islam and Muslims Archived November 23, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, p. 127 (B & H Publishing Group, 2000). ISBN 978-0-8054-1829-3.
Dunderberg, Ismo; Tuckett, Christopher Mark; Syreeni, Kari (2002). Fair play: diversity and conflicts in early Christianity: essays in honour of Heikki Räisänen. Brill. p. 488. ISBN 90-04-12359-8. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
"St. Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans (Roberts-Donaldson translation)". www.earlychristianwritings.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
Nicholson, Ernest, ed. (2004). A Century of Theological and Religious Studies in Britain, 1902–2007. OUP/British Academy. pp. 125–126. ISBN 0-19-726305-4. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022.
Zukeran, Pat. "Archaeology and the New Testament". Probe Ministries International. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
"Crucifixion". AllAboutJesusChrist.org. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
"Blomberg "Wednesday crucifixion" – Google Search". www.google.ie. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Veronica". www.newadvent.org. Archived from the original on April 3, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
Eusebius of Caesarea. Onomasticon (Concerning the Place Names in Sacred Scripture). Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
Eucherius of Lyon. "Letter to the Presbyter Faustus". Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. The three more frequented exit gates are one on the west, another on the east, and a third on the north. As you enter the city from the northern side, the first of the holy places due to the condition of the directions of the streets is to the church which is called the Martyrium, which was by Constantine with great reverence not long ago built up. Next, to the west one visits the connecting places Golgotha and the Anastasis; indeed the Anastasis is in the place of the resurrection, and Golgotha is in the middle between the Anastasis and the Martyrium, the place of the Lord's passion, in which still appears that rock which once endured the very cross on which the Lord was. These are separated places outside of Mount Sion, where the failing rise of the place extended itself to the north.
Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. "σταυρός". A Greek–English Lexicon. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2021 – via Tufts University.
Charlton T. Lewis; Charles Short. "A Latin Dictionary". Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2019 – via Tufts University.
For a discussion of the date of the work, see Information on Epistle of Barnabas Archived March 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine and Andrew C. Clark, "Apostleship: Evidence from the New Testament and Early Christian Literature," Evangelical Review of Theology, 1989, Vol. 13, p. 380
"Philip Schaff: ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, II, xxiv, 4 Archived April 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
Caruso, Steve (March 31, 2015). "What is Galilean Aramaic? | The Aramaic New Testament". Aramaicnt.org. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
Caruso, Steve (March 31, 2015). "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?". Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
Scott's Monthly Magazine Archived November 23, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. J.J. Toon; 1868. The Miracles Coincident With The Crucifixion, by H.P.B. pp. 86–89.
Richard Watson. An Apology for the Bible: In a Series of Letters Addressed to Thomas Paine Archived November 23, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge University Press; 2012. ISBN 978-1-107-60004-1. pp. 81–.
Origen. "Contra Celsum (Against Celsus), Book 2, XXXIII". Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
Donaldson, Coxe (1888). The ante-Nicene fathers. Vol. 6. New York: The Christian Literature Publishing Co. p. 136. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
"In the same hour, too, the light of day was withdrawn, when the sun at the very time was in his meridian blaze. Those who were not aware that this had been predicted about Christ, no doubt thought it an eclipse. You yourselves have the account of the world-portent still in your archives."Tertullian. "Apologeticum". Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
"BBC Radio 4 – in Our Time, Eclipses". Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
George Syncellus, Chronography, chapter 391 Archived April 11, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
Medical theories on the cause of death in Crucifixion J R Soc Med April 2006 vol. 99 no. 4 185–188. [2] Archived September 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
The Physical Death Of Jesus Christ, Study by The Mayo Clinic Archived January 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine citing studies by Bucklin R (The legal and medical aspects of the trial and death of Christ. Sci Law 1970; 10:14–26), Mikulicz-Radeeki FV (The chest wound in the crucified Christ. Med News 1966; 14:30–40), Davis CT (The Crucifixion of Jesus: The passion of Christ from a medical point of view. Ariz Med 1965; 22:183–187), and Barbet P (A Doctor at Calvary: The Passion of Out Lord Jesus Christ as Described by a Surgeon, Earl of Wicklow (trans) Garden City, NY, Doubleday Image Books 1953, pp. 12–18, 37–147, 159–175, 187–208).
Edwards, William D.; Gabel, Wesley J.; Hosmer, Floyd E; On the Physical Death of Jesus, JAMA March 21, 1986, Vol 255, No. 11, pp. 1455–1463 [3] Archived January 26, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
"EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES in CRUCIFIXION". www.crucifixion-shroud.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
"Keith Maxwell MD on the Crucifixion of Christ". Archived from the original on January 17, 2011.
"Jesus' Suffering and Crucifixion from a Medical Point of View". Southasianconnection.com. April 7, 2007. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
Retief, FP; Cilliers, L. (December 2003). "The history and pathology of crucifixion". South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde. 93 (12): 938–841. PMID 14750495. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
"War Between Good and Evil – Light from the Cross". Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
Kent, William. "Doctrine of the Atonement". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
"Miserentissimus Redemptor". Encyclical of Pope Pius XI. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014.
"Vatican archives". Archived from the original on May 2, 2008.
"Atonement of Jesus Christ – The Encyclopedia of Mormonism". eom.byu.edu. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
"Catechism of the Catholic Church 598". Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
Tornielli, Andrea (June 18, 2020). "Vatican News: Nostra aetate: Opening the path to interreligious dialogue". Vatican News. Dicasterium pro Communicatione. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
"Wherefore he did not himself suffer death, but Simon, a certain man of Cyrene, being compelled, bore the cross in his stead; so that this latter being transfigured by him, that he might be thought to be Jesus, was crucified, through ignorance and error, while Jesus himself received the form of Simon, and, standing by, laughed at them. For since he was an incorporeal power, and the Nous (mind) of the unborn father, he transfigured himself as he pleased, and thus ascended to him who had sent him, deriding them, inasmuch as he could not be laid hold of, and was invisible to all" (Irenaeus, Against Heresies, book I, ch. 24, 4 Archived April 19, 2021, at the Wayback Machine).
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Crucifixion of Jesus (English Wikipedia)

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