Crystal radio (English Wikipedia)

Bose was first to use crystals for electromagnetic wave detection, using galena detectors to receive microwaves starting around 1894 and receiving a patent in 1904 Emerson, D. T. (Dec 1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of millimeter-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830.
Braun, F. (1874), "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle" [On current conduction through metal sulfides], Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German), 153 (4): 556–563, Bibcode:1875AnP...229..556B, doi:10.1002/andp.18752291207
Pierce, George W. (July 1907). "Crystal rectifiers for electric currents and electric oscillations, Part 1: Carborundum". Physical Review. 25 (1): 31–60. Bibcode:1907PhRvI..25...31P. doi:10.1103/physrevseriesi.25.31. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
Emerson, D. T. (December 1997). "The work of Jagadish Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830. Retrieved 29 July 2018. also reprinted on IndianDefense Archived 2018-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
Bose, Jagadish Chandra (January 1899). "On electric touch and the molecular changes produced in matter by electric waves". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 66 (424–433): 452–474. Bibcode:1899RSPS...66..452C. doi:10.1098/rspl.1899.0124. S2CID 121203904.

antiquewireless.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mike Tuggle (2003) Designing a DX crystal set Archived 2010-01-24 at the Wayback Machine Antique Wireless Association Archived 2010-05-23 at the Wayback Machine journal. Retrieved 2010-01-18.

ar88.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

skywaves.ar88.net

Al Klase Crystal Radios, Klase's SkyWaves website . Retrieved 2010-01-18.
Klase, Alan R. (1998). "Crystal Set Design 102". Skywaves. Alan Klase personal website. Retrieved 2010-02-07.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Sarkar, T. K.; Mailloux, Robert; Oliner, Arthur A. (2006). History of Wireless. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0471783015.
Lescarboura, Austin C. (1922). Radio for Everybody. New York: Scientific American Publishing Co.
Long distance transoceanic stations of the era used wavelengths of 10,000 to 20,000 meters, corresponding to frequencies of 15 to 30 kHz.Morecroft, John H.; A. Pinto; Walter A. Curry (1921). Principles of Radio Communication. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 187.
a list of circuits from the wireless era can be found in Sleeper, Milton Blake (1922). Radio hook-ups: a reference and record book of circuits used for connecting wireless instruments. US: The Norman W. Henley publishing co. pp. 7–18.
Marx, Harry J.; Adrian Van Muffling (1922). Radio Reception: A simple and complete explanation of the principles of radio telephony. US: G.P. Putnam's sons.
Hausmann, Erich; Goldsmith, Alfred Norton; Hazeltine, Louis Alan (1922). Radio Phone Receiving: A Practical Book for Everybody. D. Van Nostrand Company. ISBN 1-110-37159-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Hayt, William H.; Kemmerly, Jack E. (1971). Engineering Circuit Analysis, 2nd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 398–399. ISBN 978-0-07-027382-5.
Bucher, Elmer Eustace (1921). Practical Wireless Telegraphy: A complete text book for students of radio communication (Revised ed.). New York: Wireless Press, Inc.
Stanley, Rupert (1919). Textbook on Wireless Telegraphy, Vol. 1. London: Longman's Green & Co.
US Signal Corps (October 1916). Radiotelegraphy. US: Government Printing Office. p. 70.
McNicol, Donald (1946). Radio's Conquest of Space. Murray Hill Books.
Phillips, Vivian J. (1980). Early Radio Wave Detectors. London: Inst. of Electrical Engineers. ISBN 978-0906048245.
Stone, Ellery W. (1919). Elements of Radiotelegraphy. D. Van Nostrand Co.
Kennelly, Arthur E. (1906). Wireless Telegraphy: An Elementary Treatise. New York: Moffatt, Yard and Co. selective signaling.
Morse (1925) Radio: Beam and Broadcast, p. 30
Sarkar, Tapan K.; Sengupta, Dipak L. "An appreciation of J. C. Bose's pioneering work in millimeter and microwaves" in Sarkar, T. K.; Mailloux, Robert; Oliner, Arthur A. (2006). History of Wireless. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0471783015.
The 1913 edition of the US Navy's manual of radio stated: "Only one type of detector is now in use: the crystal. Coherers and microphones are practically obsolete, and comparatively few magnetic and Audion or valve [triode] detectors have been installed."Phillips, Vivian J. (1980). Early Radio Wave Detectors. London: Inst. of Electrical Engineers. p. 212. ISBN 978-0906048245.
US Bureau of Standards (April 24, 1922). "Construction and Operation of a Simple Homemade Radio Receiving Outfit, Bureau of Standards Circular 120". U.S. Government Printing Office.
"Construction and operation of a simple homemade radio receiving outfit". Circular of the Bureau of Standards no. 120. Bureau of Standards, US Commerce Dept., Washington D.C. 24 April 1922. Retrieved 28 May 2025., archived on archive.org website
The 1920 "British Admiralty Handbook of Wireless Telegraphy" stated that: "Crystal detectors are being replaced by [triode] valve detectors which are more stable, easier to adjust, and generally more satisfactory". The 1925 edition said valves were "replacing the crystal for all ordinary purposes" Phillips, Vivian J. (1980). Early Radio Wave Detectors. London: Institute of Electrical Engineers. pp. 212. ISBN 978-0906048245.

bentongue.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tongue, Ben H. (2007-11-06). "Practical considerations, helpful definitions of terms and useful explanations of some concepts used in this site". Crystal Radio Set Systems: Design, Measurement, and Improvement. Ben Tongue. Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2010-02-07.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Carr, Joseph J. (1990). Old Time Radios! Restoration and Repair. US: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-8306-3342-1.
Petruzellis, Thomas (2007). 22 Radio and Receiver Projects for the Evil Genius. US: McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 40, 44. ISBN 978-0-07-148929-4.
Field, Simon Quellen (2003). Gonzo gizmos: Projects and devices to channel your inner geek. US: Chicago Review Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-55652-520-9.
Schaeffer, Derek K.; Thomas H. Lee (1999). The Design and Implementation of Low Power CMOS Receivers. Springer. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-7923-8518-7.
Braun, Ernest; Stuart MacDonald (1982). Revolution in Miniature: The history and impact of semiconductor electronics, 2nd Ed. UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-521-28903-0.
Riordan, Michael; Lillian Hoddeson (1988). Crystal fire: the invention of the transistor and the birth of the information age. US: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 19–21. ISBN 0-393-31851-6.
Basalla, George (1988). The Evolution of Technology. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 0-521-29681-1.
crystal detectors were used in receivers in greater numbers than any other type of detector after about 1907. Marriott, Robert H. (September 17, 1915). "United States Radio Development". Proceedings of the IRE. 5 (3). US: Institute of Radio Engineers: 184. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1917.217311. S2CID 51644366. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
Corbin, Alfred (2006). The Third Element: A Brief History of Electronics. AuthorHouse. pp. 44–45. ISBN 1-4208-9084-0.
Kent, Herb; David Smallwood; Richard M. Daley (2009). The Cool Gent: The Nine Lives of Radio Legend Herb Kent. US: Chicago Review Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-55652-774-6.
Petruzellis, Thomas (2007). 22 Radio and Receiver Projects for the Evil Genius. US: McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-07-148929-4.
Williams, Lyle R. (2006). The New Radio Receiver Building Handbook. The Alternative Electronics Press. pp. 20–23. ISBN 978-1-84728-526-3.
Pillai, Devarajan (2025). Retro-tech Reimagined. Devarajan Pillai G. pp. Chapter 4.
Jensen, Peter R. (2003). Wireless at War. Rosenberg Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 1922013846.
Morgan, Alfred Powell (1914). Wireless Telegraph Construction for Amateurs, 3rd Ed. D. Van Nostrand Co. p. 199.
Braun, Agnès; Braun, Ernest; MacDonald, Stuart (1982). Revolution in Miniature: The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 0521289033.
Lee, Thomas H. (2004). Planar Microwave Engineering: A practical guide to theory, measurement, and circuits. UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 297–304. ISBN 978-0-521-83526-8.
Binns, Jack (November 1922). "Jack Binn's 10 commandments for the radio fan". Popular Science. 101 (5). New York: Modern Publishing Co.: 42–43. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
Marconi used carborundum detectors for a time around 1907 in his first commercial transatlantic wireless link between Newfoundland, Canada and Clifton, Ireland. Beauchamp, Ken (2001). History of Telegraphy. Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 191. ISBN 0852967926.
May, Walter J. (1954). The Boy's Book of Crystal Sets. London: Bernard's. is a collection of 12 circuits
Putnam, Robert (October 1922). "Make the aerial a good one". Tractor and Gas Engine Review. 15 (10). New York: Clarke Publishing Co.: 9. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
Collins, Archie Frederick (1922). The Radio Amateur's Hand Book. US: Forgotten Books. ISBN 1-60680-119-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
US Bureau of Standards (May 24, 1921). The Principles Underlying Radio Communication (Radio communication pamphlet no.40, 2nd Ed.). published by US Army Signal Corps.
Nahin, Paul J. (2001). The science of radio: with MATLAB and Electronics Workbench demonstrations. US: Springer. pp. 60–62. ISBN 0-387-95150-4.
Smith, K. c. a.; R. E. Alley (1992). Electrical circuits: An introduction. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 0-521-37769-2.
Hogan, John V. L. (October 1922). "The Selective Double-Circuit Receiver". Radio Broadcast. 1 (6). New York: Doubleday Page & Co.: 480–483. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Campbell, John W. (October 1944). "Radio Detectors and How They Work". Popular Science. 145 (4). New York: Popular Science Publishing Co.: 206–209. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
Lee, Thomas H. (2004). The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 0-521-83539-9.
Hirsch, William Crawford (June 1922). "Radio Apparatus – What is it made of?". The Electrical Record. 31 (6). New York: The Gage Publishing Co.: 393–394. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Lee, Thomas H. (2004). The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521835398.
"The sensitivity of the Perikon [detector] can be approximately doubled by connecting a battery across its terminals to give approximately 0.2 volt" Robison, Samuel Shelburne (1911). Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians, Vol. 2. Washington DC: US Naval Institute. p. 131.
"Certain crystals if this combination [zincite-bornite] respond better with a local battery while others do not require it...but with practically any crystal it aids in obtaining the sensitive adjustment to employ a local battery..."Bucher, Elmer Eustace (1921). Practical Wireless Telegraphy: A complete text book for students of radio communication, Revised Ed. New York: Wireless Press, Inc. pp. 134–135, 140.
Nahin, Paul J. (2001). The Science of Radio: With Matlab and Electronics Workbench Demonstration, 2nd Ed. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0387951508.
Coe, Lewis (2006). Wireless Radio: A History. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786426621.
Braun, Agnès; Braun, Ernest; MacDonald, Stuart (1982). Revolution in Miniature: The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521289030.
Sterling, Christopher H.; O'Del, Cary (2010). The Concise Encyclopedia of American Radio. Routledge. pp. 199–200. ISBN 978-1135176846.
Hong, Sungook (2001). Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262082983.
Aitken, Hugh G.J. (2014). Syntony and Spark: The Origins of Radio. Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 978-1400857883.
Beauchamp, Ken (2001). History of Telegraphy. IET. ISBN 978-0852967928.
Rockman, Howard B. (2004). Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 196–199. ISBN 978-0471697398.
Klooster, John W. (2007). Icons of Invention. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0313347436.
Sterling, Christopher H. (2013). Biographical Encyclopedia of American Radio. Routledge. pp. 382–383. ISBN 978-1136993756.
Uth, Robert (1999). Tesla, Master of Lightning. Barnes and Noble Publishing. pp. 65–70. ISBN 978-0760710050.
Regal, Brian (2005). Radio: The Life Story of a Technology. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0313331671.
Cheney, Margaret (2001). Tesla: Man out of time. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743215367.
Coe, Lewis (2006). Wireless Radio: A History. McFarland. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-0786426621.
Smith, Craig B. (2008). Lightning: Fire from the Sky. Dockside Consultants Inc. ISBN 978-0-615-24869-1.
Seitz, Frederick; Einspruch, Norman (4 May 1998). The Tangled History of Silicon in Electronics. Silicon Materials Science and Technology: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Silicon Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 1. San Diego: The Electrochemical Society. p. 73. ISBN 9781566771931. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Braun, F. (1874), "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle" [On current conduction through metal sulfides], Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German), 153 (4): 556–563, Bibcode:1875AnP...229..556B, doi:10.1002/andp.18752291207
Pierce, George W. (July 1907). "Crystal rectifiers for electric currents and electric oscillations, Part 1: Carborundum". Physical Review. 25 (1): 31–60. Bibcode:1907PhRvI..25...31P. doi:10.1103/physrevseriesi.25.31. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
Seitz, Frederick; Einspruch, Norman G. (13 November 1998). "First use of crystal rectifiers in wireless". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 142 (4): 639–642. ISBN 9781422372661. JSTOR 3152286. Retrieved 25 June 2025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Swinyard, William O. (May 1962). "The development of the art of radio receiving from the early 1920s to the present". Proceedings of the I.R.E. 50 (5). Institute of Radio Engineers: 793–794. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
Torikata, Wichi (September 16, 1910). "The Teishinsho system". The Electrician. 65 (23). London: 940–944. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
The 1911 edition of the US Navy's manual of radio stated: "There are but two types of detectors now in use: crystal or rectifying detectors and the electrolytic. Coherers and microphones [another type of coherer detector] are practically obsolete, and comparatively few of the magnetic and Audion or valve [triode] detectors have been installed."Robison, Samuel Shelburne (1911). Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians, 2nd Ed. Washington DC: United States Naval Institute. p. 128.
Cockaday, Laurence M. (1922). Radio-telephony for Everyone. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. p. 94.
Loomis, Mary Texanna (1928). Radio Theory and Operating: For the Radio Student and Practical Operator, 4th Ed. Loomis Publishing Co.
Sievers, Maurice L. (1995). Crystal Clear: Vintage American Crystal Sets, Crystal Detectors, and Crystals, Vol. 1. Sonoran Publishing. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-1886606012.
Edelman, Phillip E. (1920). Experimental Wireless Stations. New York: Norman W. Henly Publishing Co. pp. 258–259.
The 1918 edition of the US Navy's manual of radio stated: "There are two types of detectors now in use: the Audion [triode] and the crystal or rectifying detector. Coherers and microphones [another type of coherer detector] are practically obsolete... but the use of Audions...is increasing."Robison, Samuel Shelburne (1918). Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians, 4th Ed. Washington DC: United States Naval Institute. p. 156.
Marconi used carborundum detectors beginning around 1907 in his first commercial transatlantic wireless link between Newfoundland, Canada and Clifton, Ireland. Beauchamp, Ken (2001). History of Telegraphy. Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 191. ISBN 978-0852967928.
Zenneck, Jonathan (1915). Wireless Telegraphy. McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp. 291–294.
Grebennikov, Andrei (2011). RF and Microwave Transmitter Design. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. ISBN 978-0470520994. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17.
Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 1. Springer. p. 3588. ISBN 978-3540688310. Archived from the original on 2017-11-23.
Gernsback, Hugo (September 1924). "A Sensational Radio Invention". Radio News: 291. and "The Crystodyne Principle", Radio News, September 1924, pages 294-295, 431.
Carusella, Brian (2019). Foxhole Radio: the ubiquitous razor blade radio of WWII. Canyon Wren Press. pp. 179–182. ISBN 978-0578536583.
Hollmann, H. (September 19, 1955). "Transistor receivers and transmitters which operate directly from free power radiated by broadcast stations". Aviation Week. 63. McGraw-Hill: 95. Retrieved 2 June 2025.

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Douglas, Alan (April 1981). "The Crystal Detector". IEEE Spectrum. 18 (4). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 64–69. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1981.6369482. hdl:10366/158938. ISSN 0018-9235. S2CID 44288637. archived: part1, part2, part3, part4
Darryl Boyd (2006) Stay Tuned Crystal Radio website. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
Blanchard, T. A. (October 1962). "Vestpocket Crystal Radio". Radio-Electronics: 196. Retrieved 2010-08-19. on Crystal Radios and Plans, Stay Tuned website

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Jack Bryant (2009) Birmingham Crystal Radio Group, Birmingham, Alabama, US. Retrieved 2010-01-18.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Bose was first to use crystals for electromagnetic wave detection, using galena detectors to receive microwaves starting around 1894 and receiving a patent in 1904 Emerson, D. T. (Dec 1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of millimeter-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830.
Douglas, Alan (April 1981). "The Crystal Detector". IEEE Spectrum. 18 (4). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 64–69. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1981.6369482. hdl:10366/158938. ISSN 0018-9235. S2CID 44288637. archived: part1, part2, part3, part4
crystal detectors were used in receivers in greater numbers than any other type of detector after about 1907. Marriott, Robert H. (September 17, 1915). "United States Radio Development". Proceedings of the IRE. 5 (3). US: Institute of Radio Engineers: 184. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1917.217311. S2CID 51644366. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
Thrower, K. R. (5 September 1995). History of tuning. Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on 100 Years of Radio. London: Institute of Engineering Technology. pp. 107–108. doi:10.1049/cp:19950799. ISBN 0-85296-649-0. Retrieved 20 June 2018. archived
"Tesla is entitled to either distinct priority or independent discovery of" three concepts in wireless theory: "(1) the idea of inductive coupling between the driving and the working circuits (2) the importance of tuning both circuits, i.e. the idea of an 'oscillation transformer' (3) the idea of a capacitance loaded open secondary circuit" Wheeler, L. P. (August 1943). "Tesla's contribution to high frequency". Electrical Engineering. 62 (8): 355–357. doi:10.1109/EE.1943.6435874. ISSN 0095-9197. S2CID 51671246.
Braun, F. (1874), "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle" [On current conduction through metal sulfides], Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German), 153 (4): 556–563, Bibcode:1875AnP...229..556B, doi:10.1002/andp.18752291207
Pierce, George W. (July 1907). "Crystal rectifiers for electric currents and electric oscillations, Part 1: Carborundum". Physical Review. 25 (1): 31–60. Bibcode:1907PhRvI..25...31P. doi:10.1103/physrevseriesi.25.31. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
Emerson, D. T. (December 1997). "The work of Jagadish Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830. Retrieved 29 July 2018. also reprinted on IndianDefense Archived 2018-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
Bose, Jagadish Chandra (January 1899). "On electric touch and the molecular changes produced in matter by electric waves". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 66 (424–433): 452–474. Bibcode:1899RSPS...66..452C. doi:10.1098/rspl.1899.0124. S2CID 121203904.

earlyradiohistory.us (Global: low place; English: low place)

White, Thomas H. (1 November 2012). "Nikola Tesla: The Guy Who DIDN'T "Invent Radio"". United States Early Radio History. T. H. White's personal website. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
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British patent GB189711575 Lodge, O. J. Improvements in Syntonized Telegraphy without Line Wires filed: May 10, 1897, granted: August 10, 1898
British patent no. 189922020 Karl Ferdinand Braun, Improvements in or related to telegraphy without the use of continuous wires, applied: 3 November 1899, complete specification: 30 June 1900, granted: 22 September 1900
British patent no. 7777, Guglielmo Marconi, Improvements in apparatus for wireless telegraphy, filed: 26 April 1900, granted: 13 April 1901. Corresponding US Patent no. 763,772, Guglielmo Marconi, Apparatus for wireless telegraphy, filed: 10 November 1900, granted: 28 June 1904.
German patent 178871 Karl Ferdinand Braun, Wellenempfindliche Kontaktstel, filed: 18 February 1906, granted: 22 October 1906

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Douglas, Alan (April 1981). "The Crystal Detector". IEEE Spectrum. 18 (4). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 64–69. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1981.6369482. hdl:10366/158938. ISSN 0018-9235. S2CID 44288637. archived: part1, part2, part3, part4

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Thrower, K. R. (5 September 1995). History of tuning. Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on 100 Years of Radio. London: Institute of Engineering Technology. pp. 107–108. doi:10.1049/cp:19950799. ISBN 0-85296-649-0. Retrieved 20 June 2018. archived

indiandefence.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Emerson, D. T. (December 1997). "The work of Jagadish Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830. Retrieved 29 July 2018. also reprinted on IndianDefense Archived 2018-08-09 at the Wayback Machine

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Purdie, Ian (1999). "A Basic Crystal Set". Ian Purdie's Amateur Radio Pages. personal website. Archived from the original on 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2010-02-27.

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jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Seitz, Frederick; Einspruch, Norman G. (13 November 1998). "First use of crystal rectifiers in wireless". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 142 (4): 639–642. ISBN 9781422372661. JSTOR 3152286. Retrieved 25 June 2025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

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crystal detectors were used in receivers in greater numbers than any other type of detector after about 1907. Marriott, Robert H. (September 17, 1915). "United States Radio Development". Proceedings of the IRE. 5 (3). US: Institute of Radio Engineers: 184. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1917.217311. S2CID 51644366. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
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Hadgraft, Peter. "The Crystal Set 5/6". The Crystal Corner. Kev's Vintage Radio and Hi-Fi page. Archived from the original on 2010-07-20. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
Crookes, William (February 1, 1892). "Some Possibilities of Electricity". The Fortnightly Review. 51. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Emerson, D. T. (December 1997). "The work of Jagadish Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830. Retrieved 29 July 2018. also reprinted on IndianDefense Archived 2018-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
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Douglas, Alan (April 1981). "The Crystal Detector". IEEE Spectrum. 18 (4). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 64–69. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1981.6369482. hdl:10366/158938. ISSN 0018-9235. S2CID 44288637. archived: part1, part2, part3, part4
"Tesla is entitled to either distinct priority or independent discovery of" three concepts in wireless theory: "(1) the idea of inductive coupling between the driving and the working circuits (2) the importance of tuning both circuits, i.e. the idea of an 'oscillation transformer' (3) the idea of a capacitance loaded open secondary circuit" Wheeler, L. P. (August 1943). "Tesla's contribution to high frequency". Electrical Engineering. 62 (8): 355–357. doi:10.1109/EE.1943.6435874. ISSN 0095-9197. S2CID 51671246.

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Payor, Steve (June 1989). "Build a Matchbox Crystal Radio" (PDF). Popular Electronics. 6 (6). Farmingdale, NY: Gernsback Publications: 41–45. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
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Losev, O. V. (January 1925). "Oscillating Crystals" (PDF). Radio News. 6 (7): 1167, 1287. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
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Crystal radio (English Wikipedia)

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