Crystal radio (English Wikipedia)

Al Klase Crystal Radios, Klase's SkyWaves website . Retrieved 2010-01-18.
Klase, Alan R. (1998). "Crystal Set Design 102". Skywaves. Alan Klase personal website. Retrieved 2010-02-07.

archive.org

Lescarboura, Austin C. (1922). Radio for Everybody. New York: Scientific American Publishing Co. pp. 4, 110, 268.
Long distance transoceanic stations of the era used wavelengths of 10,000 to 20,000 meters, correstponding to frequencies of 15 to 30 kHz.Morecroft, John H.; A. Pinto; Walter A. Curry (1921). Principles of Radio Communication. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 187.
"Construction and Operation of a Simple Homemade Radio Receiving Outfit, Bureau of Standards Circular 120". U.S. Government Printing Office. April 24, 1922.
"Circular of the Bureau of Standards no. 120: Construction and operation of a simple homemade radio receiving outfit". National Bureau of Standards. 24 April 1922.
Lescarboura, Austin C. (1922). Radio for Everybody. New York: Scientific American Publishing Co. pp. 93–94.
Lescarboura, 1922, p. 144
a list of circuits from the wireless era can be found in Sleeper, Milton Blake (1922). Radio hook-ups: a reference and record book of circuits used for connecting wireless instruments. US: The Norman W. Henley publishing co. pp. 7–18.
Marx, Harry J.; Adrian Van Muffling (1922). Radio Reception: A simple and complete explanation of the principles of radio telephony. US: G.P. Putnam's sons. pp. 130–131.
Williams, Henry Smith (1922). Practical Radio. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. p. 58.
Lescarboura 1922, p. 100
Lescarboura, 1922, pp. 102–104
Hausmann, Erich; Goldsmith, Alfred Norton; Hazeltine, Louis Alan (1922). Radio Phone Receiving: A Practical Book for Everybody. D. Van Nostrand Company. pp. 44–45. ISBN 1-110-37159-4.
Hayt, William H.; Kemmerly, Jack E. (1971). Engineering Circuit Analysis, 2nd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 398–399. ISBN 978-0-07-027382-5.
Bucher, Elmer Eustace (1921). Practical Wireless Telegraphy: A complete text book for students of radio communication (Revised ed.). New York: Wireless Press, Inc. p. 133.
Stanley, Rupert (1919). Textbook on Wireless Telegraphy, Vol. 1. London: Longman's Green & Co. pp. 280–281.
US Signal Corps (October 1916). Radiotelegraphy. US: Government Printing Office. p. 70.
Lescarboura (1922), pp. 143–146
The Principles Underlying Radio Communication (1922), p.439-440
Lescarboura (1922), p. 285
Williams (1922), p. 79
The Principles Underlying Radio Communication (1922), p. 441

arrl.org

Cutler, Bob (January 2007). "High Sensitivity Crystal Set" (PDF). QST. 91 (1): 31–??.

bentongue.com

Tongue, Ben H. (2007-11-06). "Practical considerations, helpful definitions of terms and useful explanations of some concepts used in this site". Crystal Radio Set Systems: Design, Measurement, and Improvement. Ben Tongue. Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2010-02-07.

books.google.com

Carr, Joseph J. (1990). Old Time Radios! Restoration and Repair. US: McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 7–9. ISBN 0-8306-3342-1.
Petruzellis, Thomas (2007). 22 Radio and Receiver Projects for the Evil Genius. US: McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 40, 44. ISBN 978-0-07-148929-4.
Field, Simon Quellen (2003). Gonzo gizmos: Projects and devices to channel your inner geek. US: Chicago Review Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-55652-520-9.
Schaeffer, Derek K.; Thomas H. Lee (1999). The Design and Implementation of Low Power CMOS Receivers. Springer. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-7923-8518-7.
Braun, Ernest; Stuart MacDonald (1982). Revolution in Miniature: The history and impact of semiconductor electronics, 2nd Ed. UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-521-28903-0.
Riordan, Michael; Lillian Hoddeson (1988). Crystal fire: the invention of the transistor and the birth of the information age. US: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 19–21. ISBN 0-393-31851-6.
Sarkar, Tapan K. (2006). History of wireless. US: John Wiley and Sons. p. 333. ISBN 0-471-71814-9.
Bose was first to use crystals for electromagnetic wave detection, using galena detectors to receive microwaves starting around 1894 and receiving a patent in 1904 Emerson, D. T. (Dec 1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of millimeter-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830. ISBN 9780986488511. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
Sarkar (2006) History of wireless, pp. 94, 291–308
Basalla, George (1988). The Evolution of Technology. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 0-521-29681-1.
crystal detectors were used in receivers in greater numbers than any other type of detector after about 1907. Marriott, Robert H. (September 17, 1915). "United States Radio Development". Proc. of the Inst. Of Radio Engineers. 5 (3). US: Institute of Radio Engineers: 184. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1917.217311. S2CID 51644366. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
Corbin, Alfred (2006). The Third Element: A Brief History of Electronics. AuthorHouse. pp. 44–45. ISBN 1-4208-9084-0.
Kent, Herb; David Smallwood; Richard M. Daley (2009). The Cool Gent: The Nine Lives of Radio Legend Herb Kent. US: Chicago Review Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-55652-774-6.
Petruzellis, Thomas (2007). 22 Radio and Receiver Projects for the Evil Genius. US: McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-07-148929-4.
Williams, Lyle R. (2006). The New Radio Receiver Building Handbook. The Alternative Electronics Press. pp. 20–23. ISBN 978-1-84728-526-3.
In May 1901, Karl Ferdinand Braun of Strasbourg used psilomelane, a manganese oxide ore, as an R.F. detector: Ferdinand Braun (December 27, 1906) "Ein neuer Wellenanzeiger (Unipolar-Detektor)" (A new R.F. detector (one-way detector)), Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 27 (52) : 1199–1200. From p. 1119:
"Im Mai 1901 habe ich einige Versuche im Laboratorium gemacht und dabei gefunden, daß in der Tat ein Fernhörer, der in einen aus Psilomelan und Elementen bestehenden Kreis eingeschaltet war, deutliche und scharfe Laute gab, wenn dem Kreise schwache schnelle Schwingungen zugeführt wurden. Das Ergebnis wurde nachgeprüft, und zwar mit überraschend gutem Erfolg, an den Stationen für drahtlose Telegraphie, an welchen zu dieser Zeit auf den Straßburger Forts von der Königlichen Preußischen Luftschiffer-Abteilung unter Leitung des Hauptmannes von Sigsfeld gearbeitet wurde."
(In May 1901, I did some experiments in the lab and thereby found that in fact an earphone, which was connected in a circuit consisting of psilomelane and batteries, produced clear and strong sounds when weak, rapid oscillations were introduced to the circuit. The result was verified – and indeed with surprising success – at the stations for wireless telegraphy, which, at this time, were operated at the Strasbourg forts by the Royal Prussian Airship-Department under the direction of Capt. von Sigsfeld.)
Braun also states that he had been researching the conductive properties of semiconductors since 1874. See: Braun, F. (1874) "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle" (On current conduction through metal sulfides), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 153 (4) : 556–563. In these experiments, Braun applied a cat whisker to various semiconducting crystals and observed that current flowed in only one direction.
Braun patented an R.F. detector in 1906. See: (Ferdinand Braun), "Wellenempfindliche Kontaktstelle" (R.F. sensitive contact), Deutsches Reichspatent DE 178,871, (filed: Feb. 18, 1906 ; issued: Oct. 22, 1906). Available on-line at: Foundation for German communication and related technologies
In May 1901, Karl Ferdinand Braun of Strasbourg used psilomelane, a manganese oxide ore, as an R.F. detector: Ferdinand Braun (December 27, 1906) "Ein neuer Wellenanzeiger (Unipolar-Detektor)" (A new R.F. detector (one-way detector)), Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 27 (52) : 1199–1200. From p. 1119:
"Im Mai 1901 habe ich einige Versuche im Laboratorium gemacht und dabei gefunden, daß in der Tat ein Fernhörer, der in einen aus Psilomelan und Elementen bestehenden Kreis eingeschaltet war, deutliche und scharfe Laute gab, wenn dem Kreise schwache schnelle Schwingungen zugeführt wurden. Das Ergebnis wurde nachgeprüft, und zwar mit überraschend gutem Erfolg, an den Stationen für drahtlose Telegraphie, an welchen zu dieser Zeit auf den Straßburger Forts von der Königlichen Preußischen Luftschiffer-Abteilung unter Leitung des Hauptmannes von Sigsfeld gearbeitet wurde."
(In May 1901, I did some experiments in the lab and thereby found that in fact an earphone, which was connected in a circuit consisting of psilomelane and batteries, produced clear and strong sounds when weak, rapid oscillations were introduced to the circuit. The result was verified – and indeed with surprising success – at the stations for wireless telegraphy, which, at this time, were operated at the Strasbourg forts by the Royal Prussian Airship-Department under the direction of Capt. von Sigsfeld.)
Braun also states that he had been researching the conductive properties of semiconductors since 1874. See: Braun, F. (1874) "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle" (On current conduction through metal sulfides), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 153 (4) : 556–563. In these experiments, Braun applied a cat whisker to various semiconducting crystals and observed that current flowed in only one direction.
Braun patented an R.F. detector in 1906. See: (Ferdinand Braun), "Wellenempfindliche Kontaktstelle" (R.F. sensitive contact), Deutsches Reichspatent DE 178,871, (filed: Feb. 18, 1906 ; issued: Oct. 22, 1906). Available on-line at: Foundation for German communication and related technologies
Emerson, D. T. (Dec 1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of millimeter-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830. ISBN 978-0986488511. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
"The Crystodyne Principle", Radio News, September 1924, pp. 294–295, 431.
"The Crystodyne Principle", Radio News, September 1924, pp. 294–295, 431.
Jensen, Peter R. (2003). Wireless at War. Rosenberg Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 1922013846.
Morgan, Alfred Powell (1914). Wireless Telegraph Construction for Amateurs, 3rd Ed. D. Van Nostrand Co. p. 199.
Braun, Agnès; Braun, Ernest; MacDonald, Stuart (1982). Revolution in Miniature: The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 0521289033.
Lee, Thomas H. (2004). Planar Microwave Engineering: A practical guide to theory, measurement, and circuits. UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 297–304. ISBN 978-0-521-83526-8.
Binns, Jack (November 1922). "Jack Binn's 10 commandments for the radio fan". Popular Science. 101 (5). New York: Modern Publishing Co.: 42–43. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
Marconi used carborundum detectors for a time around 1907 in his first commercial transatlantic wireless link between Newfoundland, Canada and Clifton, Ireland. Beauchamp, Ken (2001). History of Telegraphy. Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 191. ISBN 0852967926.
May, Walter J. (1954). The Boy's Book of Crystal Sets. London: Bernard's. is a collection of 12 circuits
Putnam, Robert (October 1922). "Make the aerial a good one". Tractor and Gas Engine Review. 15 (10). New York: Clarke Publishing Co.: 9. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
Collins, Archie Frederick (1922). The Radio Amateur's Hand Book. US: Forgotten Books. pp. 18–22. ISBN 1-60680-119-8.
Radio Communication Pamphlet No. 40: The Principles Underlying Radio Communication, 2nd Ed. United States Bureau of Standards. 1922. pp. 309–311.
The Principles Underlying Radio Communication, 2nd Ed., Radio pamphlet no. 40. US: Prepared by US National Bureau of Standards, United States Army Signal Corps. 1922. pp. 421–425.
Nahin, Paul J. (2001). The science of radio: with MATLAB and Electronics Workbench demonstrations. US: Springer. pp. 60–62. ISBN 0-387-95150-4.
Smith, K. c. a.; R. E. Alley (1992). Electrical circuits: An introduction. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 218. ISBN 0-521-37769-2.
Marx & Van Muffling (1922) Radio Reception, p. 94
Collins, Archie Frederick (1922). The Radio Amateur's Hand Book. Forgotten Books. pp. 23–25. ISBN 1-60680-119-8.
Hogan, John V. L. (October 1922). "The Selective Double-Circuit Receiver". Radio Broadcast. 1 (6). New York: Doubleday Page & Co.: 480–483. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Marx & Van Muffling (1922) Radio Reception, pp. 96–101
Marx & Van Muffling (1922) Radio Reception, p. 43, fig. 22
Campbell, John W. (October 1944). "Radio Detectors and How They Work". Popular Science. 145 (4). New York: Popular Science Publishing Co.: 206–209. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
Lee, Thomas H. (2004). The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 0-521-83539-9.
Stanley (1919) Text-book on Wireless Telegraphy, p. 282
Hirsch, William Crawford (June 1922). "Radio Apparatus – What is it made of?". The Electrical Record. 31 (6). New York: The Gage Publishing Co.: 393–394. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Stanley (1919), pp. 311–318
"The sensitivity of the Perikon [detector] can be approximately doubled by connecting a battery across its terminals to give approximately 0.2 volt" Robison, Samuel Shelburne (1911). Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians, Vol. 2. Washington DC: US Naval Institute. p. 131.
"Certain crystals if this combination [zincite-bornite] respond better with a local battery while others do not require it...but with practically any crystal it aids in obtaining the sensitive adjustment to employ a local battery..."Bucher, Elmer Eustace (1921). Practical Wireless Telegraphy: A complete text book for students of radio communication, Revised Ed. New York: Wireless Press, Inc. pp. 134–135, 140.
Field 2003, pp. 93–94
Collins (1922), pp. 27–28
Field (2003), p. 94

cdvandt.org

In May 1901, Karl Ferdinand Braun of Strasbourg used psilomelane, a manganese oxide ore, as an R.F. detector: Ferdinand Braun (December 27, 1906) "Ein neuer Wellenanzeiger (Unipolar-Detektor)" (A new R.F. detector (one-way detector)), Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 27 (52) : 1199–1200. From p. 1119:
"Im Mai 1901 habe ich einige Versuche im Laboratorium gemacht und dabei gefunden, daß in der Tat ein Fernhörer, der in einen aus Psilomelan und Elementen bestehenden Kreis eingeschaltet war, deutliche und scharfe Laute gab, wenn dem Kreise schwache schnelle Schwingungen zugeführt wurden. Das Ergebnis wurde nachgeprüft, und zwar mit überraschend gutem Erfolg, an den Stationen für drahtlose Telegraphie, an welchen zu dieser Zeit auf den Straßburger Forts von der Königlichen Preußischen Luftschiffer-Abteilung unter Leitung des Hauptmannes von Sigsfeld gearbeitet wurde."
(In May 1901, I did some experiments in the lab and thereby found that in fact an earphone, which was connected in a circuit consisting of psilomelane and batteries, produced clear and strong sounds when weak, rapid oscillations were introduced to the circuit. The result was verified – and indeed with surprising success – at the stations for wireless telegraphy, which, at this time, were operated at the Strasbourg forts by the Royal Prussian Airship-Department under the direction of Capt. von Sigsfeld.)
Braun also states that he had been researching the conductive properties of semiconductors since 1874. See: Braun, F. (1874) "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle" (On current conduction through metal sulfides), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 153 (4) : 556–563. In these experiments, Braun applied a cat whisker to various semiconducting crystals and observed that current flowed in only one direction.
Braun patented an R.F. detector in 1906. See: (Ferdinand Braun), "Wellenempfindliche Kontaktstelle" (R.F. sensitive contact), Deutsches Reichspatent DE 178,871, (filed: Feb. 18, 1906 ; issued: Oct. 22, 1906). Available on-line at: Foundation for German communication and related technologies
In May 1901, Karl Ferdinand Braun of Strasbourg used psilomelane, a manganese oxide ore, as an R.F. detector: Ferdinand Braun (December 27, 1906) "Ein neuer Wellenanzeiger (Unipolar-Detektor)" (A new R.F. detector (one-way detector)), Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 27 (52) : 1199–1200. From p. 1119:
"Im Mai 1901 habe ich einige Versuche im Laboratorium gemacht und dabei gefunden, daß in der Tat ein Fernhörer, der in einen aus Psilomelan und Elementen bestehenden Kreis eingeschaltet war, deutliche und scharfe Laute gab, wenn dem Kreise schwache schnelle Schwingungen zugeführt wurden. Das Ergebnis wurde nachgeprüft, und zwar mit überraschend gutem Erfolg, an den Stationen für drahtlose Telegraphie, an welchen zu dieser Zeit auf den Straßburger Forts von der Königlichen Preußischen Luftschiffer-Abteilung unter Leitung des Hauptmannes von Sigsfeld gearbeitet wurde."
(In May 1901, I did some experiments in the lab and thereby found that in fact an earphone, which was connected in a circuit consisting of psilomelane and batteries, produced clear and strong sounds when weak, rapid oscillations were introduced to the circuit. The result was verified – and indeed with surprising success – at the stations for wireless telegraphy, which, at this time, were operated at the Strasbourg forts by the Royal Prussian Airship-Department under the direction of Capt. von Sigsfeld.)
Braun also states that he had been researching the conductive properties of semiconductors since 1874. See: Braun, F. (1874) "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle" (On current conduction through metal sulfides), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 153 (4) : 556–563. In these experiments, Braun applied a cat whisker to various semiconducting crystals and observed that current flowed in only one direction.
Braun patented an R.F. detector in 1906. See: (Ferdinand Braun), "Wellenempfindliche Kontaktstelle" (R.F. sensitive contact), Deutsches Reichspatent DE 178,871, (filed: Feb. 18, 1906 ; issued: Oct. 22, 1906). Available on-line at: Foundation for German communication and related technologies

crystal-radio.eu

Kleijer, Dick. "Diodes". crystal-radio.eu. Retrieved 2010-05-27.

crystalradio.net

Douglas, Alan (April 1981). "The crystal detector". IEEE Spectrum. New York: Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: 64. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1981.6369482. hdl:10366/158938. S2CID 44288637. Retrieved 2010-03-14. on Stay Tuned website
Darryl Boyd (2006) Stay Tuned Crystal Radio website. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
http://www.crystalradio.net/crystalplans/xximages/nbs121.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
Rocket Crystal Radio
Payor, Steve (June 1989). "Build a Matchbox Crystal Radio". Popular Electronics: 42. Retrieved 2010-05-28. on Stay Tuned website
Clifford, Martin (July 1986). "The early days of radio". Radio Electronics: 61–64. Retrieved 2010-07-19. on Stay Tuned website
Blanchard, T. A. (October 1962). "Vestpocket Crystal Radio". Radio-Electronics: 196. Retrieved 2010-08-19. on Crystal Radios and Plans, Stay Tuned website
Gernsback, Hugo (September 1944). "Foxhole emergency radios". Radio-Craft. 16 (1). New York: Radcraft Publications: 730. Retrieved 2010-03-14. on Crystal Plans and Circuits, Stay Tuned website
Douglas, Alan (April 1981). "The Crystal Detector". IEEE Spectrum. 18 (4). Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: 64–65. doi:10.1109/mspec.1981.6369482. hdl:10366/158938. S2CID 44288637. Retrieved 2010-03-28.
Payor, Steve (June 1989). "Build a Matchbox Crystal Radio". Popular Electronics: 45. Retrieved 2010-05-28.

crystalradio.us

Jack Bryant (2009) Birmingham Crystal Radio Group, Birmingham, Alabama, US. Retrieved 2010-01-18.

doi.org

Bose was first to use crystals for electromagnetic wave detection, using galena detectors to receive microwaves starting around 1894 and receiving a patent in 1904 Emerson, D. T. (Dec 1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of millimeter-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830. ISBN 9780986488511. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
Douglas, Alan (April 1981). "The crystal detector". IEEE Spectrum. New York: Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: 64. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1981.6369482. hdl:10366/158938. S2CID 44288637. Retrieved 2010-03-14. on Stay Tuned website
crystal detectors were used in receivers in greater numbers than any other type of detector after about 1907. Marriott, Robert H. (September 17, 1915). "United States Radio Development". Proc. of the Inst. Of Radio Engineers. 5 (3). US: Institute of Radio Engineers: 184. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1917.217311. S2CID 51644366. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
Emerson, D. T. (Dec 1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of millimeter-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830. ISBN 978-0986488511. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
Douglas, Alan (April 1981). "The Crystal Detector". IEEE Spectrum. 18 (4). Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: 64–65. doi:10.1109/mspec.1981.6369482. hdl:10366/158938. S2CID 44288637. Retrieved 2010-03-28.

electronics-tutorials.com

Purdie, Ian C. (2001). "Crystal Radio Set". electronics-tutorials.com. Ian Purdie. Retrieved 2009-12-05.

esnarf.com

1950s Crystal Radios

gsu.edu

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

Nave, C. Rod. "Threshold of hearing". HyperPhysics. Dept. of Physics, Georgia State University. Retrieved 2009-12-06.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Douglas, Alan (April 1981). "The crystal detector". IEEE Spectrum. New York: Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: 64. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1981.6369482. hdl:10366/158938. S2CID 44288637. Retrieved 2010-03-14. on Stay Tuned website
Douglas, Alan (April 1981). "The Crystal Detector". IEEE Spectrum. 18 (4). Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: 64–65. doi:10.1109/mspec.1981.6369482. hdl:10366/158938. S2CID 44288637. Retrieved 2010-03-28.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Bose was first to use crystals for electromagnetic wave detection, using galena detectors to receive microwaves starting around 1894 and receiving a patent in 1904 Emerson, D. T. (Dec 1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of millimeter-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830. ISBN 9780986488511. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
Emerson, D. T. (Dec 1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of millimeter-wave research". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 45 (12): 2267–2273. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2267E. doi:10.1109/22.643830. ISBN 978-0986488511. Retrieved 2010-01-19.

hathitrust.org

babel.hathitrust.org

In May 1901, Karl Ferdinand Braun of Strasbourg used psilomelane, a manganese oxide ore, as an R.F. detector: Ferdinand Braun (December 27, 1906) "Ein neuer Wellenanzeiger (Unipolar-Detektor)" (A new R.F. detector (one-way detector)), Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 27 (52) : 1199–1200. From p. 1119:
"Im Mai 1901 habe ich einige Versuche im Laboratorium gemacht und dabei gefunden, daß in der Tat ein Fernhörer, der in einen aus Psilomelan und Elementen bestehenden Kreis eingeschaltet war, deutliche und scharfe Laute gab, wenn dem Kreise schwache schnelle Schwingungen zugeführt wurden. Das Ergebnis wurde nachgeprüft, und zwar mit überraschend gutem Erfolg, an den Stationen für drahtlose Telegraphie, an welchen zu dieser Zeit auf den Straßburger Forts von der Königlichen Preußischen Luftschiffer-Abteilung unter Leitung des Hauptmannes von Sigsfeld gearbeitet wurde."
(In May 1901, I did some experiments in the lab and thereby found that in fact an earphone, which was connected in a circuit consisting of psilomelane and batteries, produced clear and strong sounds when weak, rapid oscillations were introduced to the circuit. The result was verified – and indeed with surprising success – at the stations for wireless telegraphy, which, at this time, were operated at the Strasbourg forts by the Royal Prussian Airship-Department under the direction of Capt. von Sigsfeld.)
Braun also states that he had been researching the conductive properties of semiconductors since 1874. See: Braun, F. (1874) "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle" (On current conduction through metal sulfides), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 153 (4) : 556–563. In these experiments, Braun applied a cat whisker to various semiconducting crystals and observed that current flowed in only one direction.
Braun patented an R.F. detector in 1906. See: (Ferdinand Braun), "Wellenempfindliche Kontaktstelle" (R.F. sensitive contact), Deutsches Reichspatent DE 178,871, (filed: Feb. 18, 1906 ; issued: Oct. 22, 1906). Available on-line at: Foundation for German communication and related technologies
In May 1901, Karl Ferdinand Braun of Strasbourg used psilomelane, a manganese oxide ore, as an R.F. detector: Ferdinand Braun (December 27, 1906) "Ein neuer Wellenanzeiger (Unipolar-Detektor)" (A new R.F. detector (one-way detector)), Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 27 (52) : 1199–1200. From p. 1119:
"Im Mai 1901 habe ich einige Versuche im Laboratorium gemacht und dabei gefunden, daß in der Tat ein Fernhörer, der in einen aus Psilomelan und Elementen bestehenden Kreis eingeschaltet war, deutliche und scharfe Laute gab, wenn dem Kreise schwache schnelle Schwingungen zugeführt wurden. Das Ergebnis wurde nachgeprüft, und zwar mit überraschend gutem Erfolg, an den Stationen für drahtlose Telegraphie, an welchen zu dieser Zeit auf den Straßburger Forts von der Königlichen Preußischen Luftschiffer-Abteilung unter Leitung des Hauptmannes von Sigsfeld gearbeitet wurde."
(In May 1901, I did some experiments in the lab and thereby found that in fact an earphone, which was connected in a circuit consisting of psilomelane and batteries, produced clear and strong sounds when weak, rapid oscillations were introduced to the circuit. The result was verified – and indeed with surprising success – at the stations for wireless telegraphy, which, at this time, were operated at the Strasbourg forts by the Royal Prussian Airship-Department under the direction of Capt. von Sigsfeld.)
Braun also states that he had been researching the conductive properties of semiconductors since 1874. See: Braun, F. (1874) "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle" (On current conduction through metal sulfides), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 153 (4) : 556–563. In these experiments, Braun applied a cat whisker to various semiconducting crystals and observed that current flowed in only one direction.
Braun patented an R.F. detector in 1906. See: (Ferdinand Braun), "Wellenempfindliche Kontaktstelle" (R.F. sensitive contact), Deutsches Reichspatent DE 178,871, (filed: Feb. 18, 1906 ; issued: Oct. 22, 1906). Available on-line at: Foundation for German communication and related technologies

integritynet.com.au

my.integritynet.com.au

Purdie, Ian (1999). "A Basic Crystal Set". Ian Purdie's Amateur Radio Pages. personal website. Archived from the original on 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2010-02-27.

kennethkuhn.com

Kuhn, Kenneth A. (Jan 6, 2008). "Introduction" (PDF). Crystal Radio Engineering. Prof. Kenneth Kuhn website, Univ. of Alabama. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
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