Cyrus the Great (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Cyrus the Great" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

61web.archive.org

1^st place

39books.google.com

3^rd place

13iranicaonline.org

358^th place

433^rd place

12archive.org

6^th place

8livius.org

2,000^th place

1,766^th place

6doi.org

2^nd place

4jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

4worldcat.org

5^th place

4d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net

low place

3achemenet.com

low place

2mit.edu

415^th place

327^th place

2worldhistory.org

2,220^th place

1,461^st place

2britishmuseum.org

1,505^th place

1,194^th place

1nih.gov

4^th place

1bib-arch.org

low place

1uzh.ch

3,633^rd place

3,091^st place

1sanityquestpublishing.com

low place

1fordham.edu

1,648^th place

1,137^th place

1uc.edu

5,052^nd place

3,255^th place

1unesco.org

104^th place

199^th place

1economist.com

254^th place

236^th place

1payvand.com

6,592^nd place

5,541^st place

1bbc.com

20^th place

30^th place

1britannica.com

40^th place

58^th place

1biographyonline.net

low place

1byu.edu

1,687^th place

1,074^th place

1academia.edu

121^st place

142^nd place

1biblegateway.com

487^th place

842^nd place

1ccel.org

1,688^th place

1,180^th place

1loc.gov

70^th place

63^rd place

1englishtafsir.com

low place

1osf.io

7,153^rd place

4,975^th place

1brill.com

1,840^th place

1,115^th place

1uchicago.edu

230^th place

214^th place

1telegraph.co.uk

30^th place

24^th place

1ghostarchive.org

32^nd place

21^st place

1al-monitor.com

2,675^th place

2,028^th place

1cnn.com

28^th place

26^th place

1cngcoins.com

low place

1iranica.com

5,960^th place

low place

academia.edu

Soudavar 2012, p. 49–52. Soudavar, Abolala (2012). "Astyages, Cyrus and Zoroaster: Solving a Historical Dilemma". Iran. 50 (1): 45–78. doi:10.1080/05786967.2012.11834712.

achemenet.com

Rollinger, Robert, "The Median "Empire", the End of Urartu and Cyrus the Great's Campaign in 547 B.C. Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine"; Lendering, Jona, "The End of Lydia: 547? Archived 6 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine".
Tavernier, Jan. "Some Thoughts in Neo-Elamite Chronology" (PDF). p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
Tolini, Gauthier, Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus, Paris. "Il est probable que des négociations s'engagèrent alors entre Cyrus et les chefs de l'armée babylonienne pour obtenir une reddition sans recourir à l'affrontement armé." p. 10 Archived 8 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)

al-monitor.com

Barbara Slavin (6 March 2013). "Cyrus Cylinder a Reminder of Persian Legacy of Tolerance". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.

archive.org

Tavernier, Jan (2007). Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.). Leuven: Peeters. pp. 528–9. ISBN 978-90-429-1833-7. OCLC 167407632.
Kuhrt 1995, p. 647. Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). "13". The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC. Routledge. p. 647. ISBN 0-415-16763-9.
Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
Michael the Syrian. Chronicle of Michael the Great, Patriarch of the Syrians – via Internet Archive.
Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson (1906). Persia past and present. The Macmillan Company. p. 278. tomb of cyrus the great.
Ralph Griffiths; George Edward Griffiths (1816). The Monthly review. 1816. p. 509. Cyrus influence on persian identity.
Ulrich Wilcken (1967). Alexander the Great. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-393-00381-9. Alexander admiration of cyrus.
James D. Cockcroft (1989). Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55546-847-7. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Cyrus legacy.
Freeman 1999: p. 188 Freeman, Charles (1999). The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-7139-9224-7.
Xenophon (1855). The Cyropaedia. H. G. Bohn. cyropaedia.
Boyd, Julian P. "The Papers of Thomas Jefferson". Retrieved 18 August 2010.

ia800207.us.archive.org

Boyce 1988. Boyce, Mary (1988). "The religion of Cyrus the Great" (PDF). In Kuhrt, A.; Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. (eds.). Proceedings of the London 1985 Achaemenid History Workshop. pp. 15–31.

bbc.com

"Cyrus Cylinder: How a Persian monarch inspired Jefferson". BBC News. 11 March 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.

bib-arch.org

members.bib-arch.org

The Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS) (24 August 2015). "Cyrus the Messiah". bib-arch.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.

biblegateway.com

"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Chronicles 36 – New Living Translation". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 9 October 2023.

biographyonline.net

"Cyrus the Great Biography". Biography Online. Retrieved 5 December 2023.

books.google.com

Curzon 2018, p. 75. Curzon, George Nathaniel (2018) [1892]. Persia and the Persian Question, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-08085-9.
Sekunda 2010, p. 268–271. Sekunda, N.V. (2010). "Changes in Achaemenid Royal Dress". In Curtis, John; Simpson, John (eds.). The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East. I.B. Tauris. pp. 255–272. ISBN 978-0-85771-801-3.
Gershevitch, Ilya, ed. (1985). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Miller, Margaret Christina (2004). Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity. Cambridge University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-521-60758-2.
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2005). Birth of the Persian Empire. I. B. Tauris. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84511-062-8.^{[verification needed]}
Kuhrt, Amelie (3 December 2007). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-134-07634-5.
Holliday, Shabnam J. (2011). Defining Iran: Politics of Resistance. Ashgate. pp. 38–40. ISBN 978-1-4094-0524-5.
Llewellyn-Jones 2017, p. 67. Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2017). "The Achaemenid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BC – 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. ISBN 978-0-692-86440-1. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
Tait 1846, p. 342-343. Tait, Wakefield (1846). The Presbyterian review and religious journal. Oxford University. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
Al-Biruni (1879) [1000]. The Chronology of Ancient Nations. Translated by Sachau, C. Edward. p. 152.
Waters 2014, p. 171. Waters, Matt (2014). Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–272. ISBN 978-1-107-65272-9. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Eric G. L. Pinzelli (2022). Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War. Pen and Sword Military. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-3990-7015-7.
The Modern Review Volume 89. the University of Michigan. 1951. which should really be "Kurush", an Indo-aryan name (cf. "Kuru" of the Mahabharata legend). Thus Cambyses was really "Kambujiya"
Kuhrt 2013, p. 177. Kuhrt, Amélie (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-01694-3. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
Briant 2002, p. 63. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Benjamin G. Kohl; Ronald G. Witt; Elizabeth B. Welles (1978). The Earthly republic: Italian humanists on government and society. Manchester University Press ND. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7190-0734-7. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
Kuhrt 2013, p. 106. Kuhrt, Amélie (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-01694-3. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
Briant 2002, p. 31. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Briant 2002, pp. 31–33. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Jack Martin Balcer (1984). Sparda by the bitter sea: imperial interaction in western Anatolia. Scholars Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-89130-657-3. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
Briant 2002, p. 41. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Potts, Daniel (1996). Mesopotamian civilization: the material foundations. Cornell University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-8014-3339-9. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Briant 2002, pp. 44–49. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (2012). The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-107-01652-1. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
Nino Luraghi (2001). The historian's craft in the age of Herodotus. Oxford University Press US. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-19-924050-0. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
Ilya Gershevitch, ed. (1985). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 392–98. ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Charles Dexter Cleveland (1861). A compendium of classical literature:comprising choice extracts translated from Greek and Roman writers, with biographical sketches. Biddle. p. 313. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
John Maxwell O'Brien (1994). Alexander the Great: the invisible enemy. Psychology Press. pp. 100–01. ISBN 978-0-415-10617-7. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Briant 2002, p. 226. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Briant 2002, p. 94. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Briant 2002, p. 93–96. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Simon John De Vries: From old Revelation to new: a tradition-historical and redaction-critical study of temporal transitions in prophetic prediction Archived 8 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 1995, ISBN 978-0-8028-0683-3, p. 126
Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud: A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1. T & T Clark. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-567-08998-4. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Philip R. Davies (1995). John D Davies (ed.). Words Remembered, Texts Renewed: Essays in Honour of John F.A. Sawyer. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-85075-542-5. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) [1998]. "Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period". In Michael David Coogan (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World (Google Books). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-19-513937-2. LCCN 98016042. OCLC 44650958. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
John Curtis; Julian Reade; Dominique Collon (1995). Art and empire. The Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-1140-7. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
Elton L. Daniel, The History of Iran, p. 39. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. ISBN 0-313-30731-8 (restricted online copy, p. 39, at Google Books)
John Curtis, Nigel Tallis, Beatrice Andre-Salvini. Forgotten Empire, p. 59. University of California Press, 2005. (restricted online copy, p. 59, at Google Books)
François Vallat (2013). Perrot, Jean (ed.). The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia. I.B.Tauris. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-84885-621-9. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

brill.com

Gow, Andrew (1998). "Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition". Journal of Early Modern History. 2 (1): 61–88. doi:10.1163/157006598X00090. ISSN 1385-3783.

britannica.com

original.britannica.com

"Cyrus II Encyclopædia Britannica 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online". Original.britannica.com. Retrieved 30 December 2012.^{[permanent dead link]}

britishmuseum.org

"British Museum Website, The Cyrus Cylinder". Britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
"British Museum: Cyrus Cylinder". British Museum. Archived from the original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2009.

byu.edu

scholarsarchive.byu.edu

Shannon, Avram (2007). "The Achaemenid Kings and the Worship of Ahura Mazda: Proto-Zoroastrianism in the Persian Empire". Studia Antiqua. 5 (2): 79–85.

ccel.org

Josephus, Flavius. The Antiquities of the Jews, Book 11, Chapter 1 [1] Archived 20 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine

cngcoins.com

"CNG: Feature Auction Triton XIII. KINGS of LYDIA. Time of Cyrus to Darios I. Circa 545-520 BC. AV Stater (8.06 g). Sardes mint". www.cngcoins.com.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

MacGregor, Neil (24 February 2013). "A 2,600-year-old icon of freedom comes to the United States". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.

d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net

Daryaee 2013, p. 31. Daryaee, Touraj (2013). "Religion of Cyrus the Great" (PDF). Cyrus the Great: An Ancient Iranian King. Afshar Publishing. pp. 25–42.
Daryaee 2013, p. 27. Daryaee, Touraj (2013). "Religion of Cyrus the Great" (PDF). Cyrus the Great: An Ancient Iranian King. Afshar Publishing. pp. 25–42.
Daryaee 2013, p. 33. Daryaee, Touraj (2013). "Religion of Cyrus the Great" (PDF). Cyrus the Great: An Ancient Iranian King. Afshar Publishing. pp. 25–42.
Daryaee 2013, p. 33–36. Daryaee, Touraj (2013). "Religion of Cyrus the Great" (PDF). Cyrus the Great: An Ancient Iranian King. Afshar Publishing. pp. 25–42.

doi.org

Bassett, Sherylee R. (1999). "The Death of Cyrus the Younger". The Classical Quarterly. 49 (2): 473–483. doi:10.1093/cq/49.2.473. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 639872. PMID 16437854.
Waters 2004, p. 92. Waters, Matt (2004). "Cyrus and the Achaemenids". Iran. 42. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 91–102. doi:10.2307/4300665. JSTOR 4300665. (registration required)
Waters 2004, p. 97. Waters, Matt (2004). "Cyrus and the Achaemenids". Iran. 42. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 91–102. doi:10.2307/4300665. JSTOR 4300665. (registration required)
Soudavar 2012, p. 49–52. Soudavar, Abolala (2012). "Astyages, Cyrus and Zoroaster: Solving a Historical Dilemma". Iran. 50 (1): 45–78. doi:10.1080/05786967.2012.11834712.
Besharati, Mohammad Reza; Shojaie, Hossein; Talebpour, Alireza (23 January 2022). "A study in matching the time and the names of Cyrus and Dhu al-Qarnayn". doi.org. doi:10.31235/osf.io/9cekn. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
Gow, Andrew (1998). "Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition". Journal of Early Modern History. 2 (1): 61–88. doi:10.1163/157006598X00090. ISSN 1385-3783.

economist.com

"The Cyrus cylinder: Diplomatic whirl". The Economist. 23 March 2013. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.

englishtafsir.com

Maududi, Syed Abul Ala. Tafhim al-Qur'an.

fordham.edu

"Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: Queen Tomyris of the Massagetai and the Defeat of the Persians under Cyrus". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.

ghostarchive.org

The telegraph (16 July 2008). "Cyrus Cylinder". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2010.

iranica.com

"Family Tree of Darius the Great" (JPG). Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 28 March 2011.

iranicaonline.org

Dandamayev 1993, pp. 516–521. Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1993). "Cyrus iii. Cyrus II The Great". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7. pp. 516–521. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Schmitt (1983) Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty) Schmitt, Rüdiger (1983). "Achaemenid dynasty". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
Dandamayev 1993, pp. 516–521, "Cyrus's religious policies". Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1993). "Cyrus iii. Cyrus II The Great". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7. pp. 516–521. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Schmitt, Rüdiger. "Cyrus (name)". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Stronach, David (2003). "HERZFELD, ERNST ii. HERZFELD AND PASARGADAE". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
(Schmitt 1983) under i. The clan and dynasty. Schmitt, Rüdiger (1983). "Achaemenid dynasty". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
Dandamev, M. A. (1990). "Cambyses". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. ISBN 0-7100-9132-X. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
Xenophon, Cyropaedia VII. 7; M.A. Dandamaev, "Cyrus II", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, p. 250. See also H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg "Cyropaedia Archived 17 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, on the reliability of Xenophon's account.
Cardascia, G., Babylon under Achaemenids, in Encyclopedia Iranica. Cardascia, G (1988). "Babylon under Achaemenids". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-939214-78-4. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
Boyce, Mary (2014). "Achaemenid Religion". Encyclopedia Iranica.
Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (15 December 1994), "DERAFŠ" Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 3, pp. 312–315.

jstor.org

Stronach 2010, p. 9. Stronach, David (2010). "Solomon at Pasargadae: Some New Perspectives". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 24: 1–14. JSTOR 43896116.
Bassett, Sherylee R. (1999). "The Death of Cyrus the Younger". The Classical Quarterly. 49 (2): 473–483. doi:10.1093/cq/49.2.473. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 639872. PMID 16437854.
Waters 2004, p. 92. Waters, Matt (2004). "Cyrus and the Achaemenids". Iran. 42. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 91–102. doi:10.2307/4300665. JSTOR 4300665. (registration required)
Waters 2004, p. 97. Waters, Matt (2004). "Cyrus and the Achaemenids". Iran. 42. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 91–102. doi:10.2307/4300665. JSTOR 4300665. (registration required)

livius.org

Jona Lendering (2012). "Messiah – Roots of the concept: From Josiah to Cyrus". livius.org. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
; Plutarch, Artaxerxes 1. 3 classics.mit.edu Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine; Photius, Epitome of Ctesias' Persica 52 livius.org Archived 23 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
"Pasargadae, Palace P – Livius". livius.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
Rollinger, Robert, "The Median "Empire", the End of Urartu and Cyrus the Great's Campaign in 547 B.C. Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine"; Lendering, Jona, "The End of Lydia: 547? Archived 6 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine".
Croesus Archived 30 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine: Fifth and last king of the Mermnad dynasty.
Nabonidus Chronicle, 14 Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
Nabonidus Chronicle, 15–16 Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
Nabonidus Chronicle, 18 Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) [1998]. "Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period". In Michael David Coogan (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World (Google Books). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-19-513937-2. LCCN 98016042. OCLC 44650958. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2012.

mit.edu

classics.mit.edu

; Plutarch, Artaxerxes 1. 3 classics.mit.edu Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine; Photius, Epitome of Ctesias' Persica 52 livius.org Archived 23 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Herodotus, The Histories, Book I Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 440 BC. Translated by George Rawlinson.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bassett, Sherylee R. (1999). "The Death of Cyrus the Younger". The Classical Quarterly. 49 (2): 473–483. doi:10.1093/cq/49.2.473. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 639872. PMID 16437854.

osf.io

Besharati, Mohammad Reza; Shojaie, Hossein; Talebpour, Alireza (23 January 2022). "A study in matching the time and the names of Cyrus and Dhu al-Qarnayn". doi.org. doi:10.31235/osf.io/9cekn. Retrieved 20 March 2025.

payvand.com

"Cyrus and Jefferson: Did they speak the same language?". payvand.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.

sanityquestpublishing.com

"Syria – Urartu 612-501".

telegraph.co.uk

The telegraph (16 July 2008). "Cyrus Cylinder". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2010.

uc.edu

physics.uc.edu

Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetae, Defeats Cyrus the Great in Battle Archived 29 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Herodotus, The Histories

uchicago.edu

penelope.uchicago.edu

"The Garden of Cyrus: Chapter I". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 21 April 2024.

unesco.org

whc.unesco.org

UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2006). "Pasargadae". Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2010.

uzh.ch

religionswissenschaft.uzh.ch

Visual representation of the divine and the numinous in early Achaemenid Iran: old problems, new directions; Mark A. Garrison, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas; last revision: 3 March 2009, see page: 11 Archived 26 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine

web.archive.org

Dandamayev 1993, pp. 516–521. Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1993). "Cyrus iii. Cyrus II The Great". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7. pp. 516–521. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Schmitt (1983) Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty) Schmitt, Rüdiger (1983). "Achaemenid dynasty". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
Dandamayev 1993, pp. 516–521, "Cyrus's religious policies". Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1993). "Cyrus iii. Cyrus II The Great". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7. pp. 516–521. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Jona Lendering (2012). "Messiah – Roots of the concept: From Josiah to Cyrus". livius.org. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
The Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS) (24 August 2015). "Cyrus the Messiah". bib-arch.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
Llewellyn-Jones 2017, p. 67. Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2017). "The Achaemenid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BC – 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. ISBN 978-0-692-86440-1. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
Schmitt, Rüdiger. "Cyrus (name)". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
; Plutarch, Artaxerxes 1. 3 classics.mit.edu Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine; Photius, Epitome of Ctesias' Persica 52 livius.org Archived 23 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Tait 1846, p. 342-343. Tait, Wakefield (1846). The Presbyterian review and religious journal. Oxford University. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
Waters 2014, p. 171. Waters, Matt (2014). Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–272. ISBN 978-1-107-65272-9. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Kuhrt 2013, p. 177. Kuhrt, Amélie (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-01694-3. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
Stronach, David (2003). "HERZFELD, ERNST ii. HERZFELD AND PASARGADAE". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
(Schmitt 1983) under i. The clan and dynasty. Schmitt, Rüdiger (1983). "Achaemenid dynasty". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
Visual representation of the divine and the numinous in early Achaemenid Iran: old problems, new directions; Mark A. Garrison, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas; last revision: 3 March 2009, see page: 11 Archived 26 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Briant 2002, p. 63. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Dandamev, M. A. (1990). "Cambyses". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. ISBN 0-7100-9132-X. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
"Pasargadae, Palace P – Livius". livius.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
Benjamin G. Kohl; Ronald G. Witt; Elizabeth B. Welles (1978). The Earthly republic: Italian humanists on government and society. Manchester University Press ND. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7190-0734-7. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
Kuhrt 2013, p. 106. Kuhrt, Amélie (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-01694-3. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
Briant 2002, p. 31. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Briant 2002, pp. 31–33. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Antoine Simonin. (8 January 2012). "Sogdiana Archived 21 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jack Martin Balcer (1984). Sparda by the bitter sea: imperial interaction in western Anatolia. Scholars Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-89130-657-3. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
Rollinger, Robert, "The Median "Empire", the End of Urartu and Cyrus the Great's Campaign in 547 B.C. Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine"; Lendering, Jona, "The End of Lydia: 547? Archived 6 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine".
Herodotus, The Histories, Book I Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 440 BC. Translated by George Rawlinson.
Croesus Archived 30 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine: Fifth and last king of the Mermnad dynasty.
Tavernier, Jan. "Some Thoughts in Neo-Elamite Chronology" (PDF). p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
Nabonidus Chronicle, 14 Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
Tolini, Gauthier, Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus, Paris. "Il est probable que des négociations s'engagèrent alors entre Cyrus et les chefs de l'armée babylonienne pour obtenir une reddition sans recourir à l'affrontement armé." p. 10 Archived 8 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
Briant 2002, p. 41. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Nabonidus Chronicle, 15–16 Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
Potts, Daniel (1996). Mesopotamian civilization: the material foundations. Cornell University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-8014-3339-9. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Nabonidus Chronicle, 18 Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
Briant 2002, pp. 44–49. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
"Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: Queen Tomyris of the Massagetai and the Defeat of the Persians under Cyrus". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (2012). The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-107-01652-1. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetae, Defeats Cyrus the Great in Battle Archived 29 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Herodotus, The Histories
Nino Luraghi (2001). The historian's craft in the age of Herodotus. Oxford University Press US. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-19-924050-0. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
Ilya Gershevitch, ed. (1985). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 392–98. ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Xenophon, Cyropaedia VII. 7; M.A. Dandamaev, "Cyrus II", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, p. 250. See also H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg "Cyropaedia Archived 17 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, on the reliability of Xenophon's account.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2006). "Pasargadae". Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
John Maxwell O'Brien (1994). Alexander the Great: the invisible enemy. Psychology Press. pp. 100–01. ISBN 978-0-415-10617-7. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
"The Cyrus cylinder: Diplomatic whirl". The Economist. 23 March 2013. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Briant 2002, p. 226. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Cardascia, G., Babylon under Achaemenids, in Encyclopedia Iranica. Cardascia, G (1988). "Babylon under Achaemenids". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-939214-78-4. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
"Cyrus and Jefferson: Did they speak the same language?". payvand.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
"Cyrus Cylinder: How a Persian monarch inspired Jefferson". BBC News. 11 March 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
Briant 2002, p. 94. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Briant 2002, p. 93–96. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–1196. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Simon John De Vries: From old Revelation to new: a tradition-historical and redaction-critical study of temporal transitions in prophetic prediction Archived 8 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 1995, ISBN 978-0-8028-0683-3, p. 126
Josephus, Flavius. The Antiquities of the Jews, Book 11, Chapter 1 [1] Archived 20 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud: A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1. T & T Clark. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-567-08998-4. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Philip R. Davies (1995). John D Davies (ed.). Words Remembered, Texts Renewed: Essays in Honour of John F.A. Sawyer. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-85075-542-5. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) [1998]. "Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period". In Michael David Coogan (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World (Google Books). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-19-513937-2. LCCN 98016042. OCLC 44650958. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
John Curtis; Julian Reade; Dominique Collon (1995). Art and empire. The Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-1140-7. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire^[usurped] by Pierre Briant
Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (15 December 1994), "DERAFŠ" Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 3, pp. 312–315.
"British Museum: Cyrus Cylinder". British Museum. Archived from the original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
Barbara Slavin (6 March 2013). "Cyrus Cylinder a Reminder of Persian Legacy of Tolerance". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
MacGregor, Neil (24 February 2013). "A 2,600-year-old icon of freedom comes to the United States". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
François Vallat (2013). Perrot, Jean (ed.). The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia. I.B.Tauris. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-84885-621-9. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Bassett, Sherylee R. (1999). "The Death of Cyrus the Younger". The Classical Quarterly. 49 (2): 473–483. doi:10.1093/cq/49.2.473. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 639872. PMID 16437854.
Tavernier, Jan (2007). Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.). Leuven: Peeters. pp. 528–9. ISBN 978-90-429-1833-7. OCLC 167407632.
Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) [1998]. "Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period". In Michael David Coogan (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World (Google Books). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-19-513937-2. LCCN 98016042. OCLC 44650958. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Gow, Andrew (1998). "Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition". Journal of Early Modern History. 2 (1): 61–88. doi:10.1163/157006598X00090. ISSN 1385-3783.

worldhistory.org

Antoine Simonin. (8 January 2012). "Sogdiana Archived 21 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Mark, Joshua J. "Behistun Inscription". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 March 2024.