Damascus steel (English Wikipedia)

Kochmann, W.; Reibold, Marianne; Goldberg, Rolf; Hauffe, Wolfgang; Levin, Alexander A; Meyer, Dirk C; Stephan, Thurid; Müller, Heide; Belger, André; Paufler, Peter (2004). "Nanowires in ancient Damascus steel". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 372 (1–2): L15 – L19. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.10.005. ISSN 0925-8388.
Levin, A. A.; Meyer, D. C.; Reibold, M.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, N.; Paufler, P. (2005). "Microstructure of a genuine Damascus sabre" (PDF). Crystal Research and Technology. 40 (9): 905–916. Bibcode:2005CryRT..40..905L. doi:10.1002/crat.200410456. S2CID 96560374. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-15.

degruyter.com

Özkan, Furkan; Kirdan, Hakan; Kara, İsmail Hakkı; Hüsem, Fazıl; Özcelik, Sait; Akinay, Yüksel; Çug, Harun; Sun, Yavuz; Ahlatci, Hayrettin (2014-10-01). "Mechanical Properties of Pattern Welded 1075-15N20 Steels*". Materials Testing. 56 (10): 897–900. Bibcode:2014MTest..56..897O. doi:10.3139/120.110649. ISSN 2195-8572.

doi.org

Verhoeven, J.D.; Pendray, A.H.; Dauksch, W.E. (1998). "The key role of impurities in ancient damascus steel blades". Journal of Metallurgy. 50 (9): 58. Bibcode:1998JOM....50i..58V. doi:10.1007/s11837-998-0419-y. S2CID 135854276. Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2002-11-04.
Wadsworth, Jeffrey; Sherby, Oleg D. (1980). "On the Bulat – Damascus Steel Revisited". Prog. Mater. Sci. 25 (1): 35–68. doi:10.1016/0079-6425(80)90014-6.
Alipour, Rahil; Rehren, Thilo (2015-02-15). "Persian Pulād Production: Chāhak Tradition". Journal of Islamic Archaeology. 1 (2): 231–261. doi:10.1558/jia.v1i2.24174. ISSN 2051-9710.
Peterson, D.T.; Baker, H.H.; Verhoeven, J.D. (June 1990). "Damascus steel, characterization of one Damascus steel sword". Materials Characterization. 24 (4): 355–374. doi:10.1016/1044-5803(90)90042-i. ISSN 1044-5803.
Özkan, Furkan; Kirdan, Hakan; Kara, İsmail Hakkı; Hüsem, Fazıl; Özcelik, Sait; Akinay, Yüksel; Çug, Harun; Sun, Yavuz; Ahlatci, Hayrettin (2014-10-01). "Mechanical Properties of Pattern Welded 1075-15N20 Steels*". Materials Testing. 56 (10): 897–900. Bibcode:2014MTest..56..897O. doi:10.3139/120.110649. ISSN 2195-8572.
Verhoeven, John D. (August 2002). "Genuine Damascus steel: a type of banded microstructure in hypereutectoid steels". Steel Research. 73 (8): 356–365. doi:10.1002/srin.200200221.
Černý, Michal; Filípek, Josef; Mazal, Pavel; Dostál, Petr (2013-04-08). "Basic mechanical properties of layered steels". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 61 (1): 25–38. doi:10.11118/actaun201361010025.
Goodell B, Xie X, Qian Y, Daniel G, Peterson M, Jellison J (2008). "Carbon nanotubes produced from natural cellulosic materials". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 8 (5): 2472–4. doi:10.1166/jnn.2008.235. PMID 18572666.
Feuerbach, Ann; Merkel, John F.; Griffiths, Dafydd R. (1996). "Production of Crucible Steel by Co-Fusion: Archaeometallurgical Evidence from the Ninth-Early Tenth Century at the Site of Merv, Turkmenistan". MRS Proceedings. 462. doi:10.1557/PROC-462-105.
Reibold, M.; Paufler, P.; Levin, A. A.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, N.; Meyer, D. C. (2006). "Materials: Carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre". Nature. 444 (7117): 286. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..286R. doi:10.1038/444286a. PMID 17108950. S2CID 4431079.
- "Secret's out for Saracen sabres". New Scientist. 8 November 2006.
- Sanderson, Katharine (2006-11-15). "Sharpest cut from nanotube sword". Nature: news061113–11. doi:10.1038/news061113-11. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 136774602.
- Balasubramaniam, R. (2008). "Metallurgy of Ancient Indian Iron and Steel". Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. pp. 1608–1613. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9765. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.
- Maryon, Herbert (1948). "A Sword of the Nydam Type from Ely Fields Farm, near Ely". Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. XLI: 73–76. doi:10.5284/1034398.
- Maryon, Herbert (February 1960). "Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades—Part 1: Pattern-Welding". Studies in Conservation. 5 (1): 25–37. doi:10.2307/1505063. JSTOR 1505063.
- Maryon, Herbert (May 1960). "Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades—Part 2: The Damascene Process". Studies in Conservation. 5 (2): 52–60. doi:10.2307/1504953. JSTOR 1504953.
- Verhoeven, J. D.; Pendray, A. H.; Dauksch, W. E.; Wagstaff, S. R. (2018-07-01). "Damascus Steel Revisited". JOM. 70 (7): 1331–1336. Bibcode:2018JOM....70g1331V. doi:10.1007/s11837-018-2915-z. ISSN 1543-1851. S2CID 139673807.
- Kochmann, W.; Reibold, Marianne; Goldberg, Rolf; Hauffe, Wolfgang; Levin, Alexander A; Meyer, Dirk C; Stephan, Thurid; Müller, Heide; Belger, André; Paufler, Peter (2004). "Nanowires in ancient Damascus steel". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 372 (1–2): L15 – L19. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.10.005. ISSN 0925-8388.
  Levin, A. A.; Meyer, D. C.; Reibold, M.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, N.; Paufler, P. (2005). "Microstructure of a genuine Damascus sabre" (PDF). Crystal Research and Technology. 40 (9): 905–916. Bibcode:2005CryRT..40..905L. doi:10.1002/crat.200410456. S2CID 96560374. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-15.
- Sanderson, K. (2006). "Sharpest cut from nanotube sword". Nature. 444: 286. doi:10.1038/news061113-11. S2CID 136774602.
- Kürnsteiner, Philipp; Wilms, Markus Benjamin; Weisheit, Andreas; Gault, Baptiste; Jägle, Eric Aimé; Raabe, Dierk (June 2020). "High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing". Nature. 582 (7813): 515–519. Bibcode:2020Natur.582..515K. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2409-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32581379.

equinoxpub.com

Alipour, Rahil; Rehren, Thilo (2015-02-15). "Persian Pulād Production: Chāhak Tradition". Journal of Islamic Archaeology. 1 (2): 231–261. doi:10.1558/jia.v1i2.24174. ISSN 2051-9710.

ernet.in

materials.iisc.ernet.in

Sharada Srinivasan; Srinivasa Ranganathan (2004). India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World. National Institute of Advanced Studies. OCLC 82439861. Archived from the original on 2019-02-11. Retrieved 2014-08-12.

espacenet.com

worldwide.espacenet.com

US 5185044, Verhoeven, John D. & Pendray, Alfred H., "Method of making "Damascus" blades", published 1992-03-09

forbesindia.com

"The Mystery of the Damascus Sword and India's Materials Heritage - Forbes India Blogs".

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Verhoeven, J.D.; Pendray, A.H.; Dauksch, W.E. (1998). "The key role of impurities in ancient damascus steel blades". Journal of Metallurgy. 50 (9): 58. Bibcode:1998JOM....50i..58V. doi:10.1007/s11837-998-0419-y. S2CID 135854276. Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2002-11-04.
Özkan, Furkan; Kirdan, Hakan; Kara, İsmail Hakkı; Hüsem, Fazıl; Özcelik, Sait; Akinay, Yüksel; Çug, Harun; Sun, Yavuz; Ahlatci, Hayrettin (2014-10-01). "Mechanical Properties of Pattern Welded 1075-15N20 Steels*". Materials Testing. 56 (10): 897–900. Bibcode:2014MTest..56..897O. doi:10.3139/120.110649. ISSN 2195-8572.
Reibold, M.; Paufler, P.; Levin, A. A.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, N.; Meyer, D. C. (2006). "Materials: Carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre". Nature. 444 (7117): 286. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..286R. doi:10.1038/444286a. PMID 17108950. S2CID 4431079.
- "Secret's out for Saracen sabres". New Scientist. 8 November 2006.
- Verhoeven, J. D.; Pendray, A. H.; Dauksch, W. E.; Wagstaff, S. R. (2018-07-01). "Damascus Steel Revisited". JOM. 70 (7): 1331–1336. Bibcode:2018JOM....70g1331V. doi:10.1007/s11837-018-2915-z. ISSN 1543-1851. S2CID 139673807.
- Kochmann, W.; Reibold, Marianne; Goldberg, Rolf; Hauffe, Wolfgang; Levin, Alexander A; Meyer, Dirk C; Stephan, Thurid; Müller, Heide; Belger, André; Paufler, Peter (2004). "Nanowires in ancient Damascus steel". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 372 (1–2): L15 – L19. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.10.005. ISSN 0925-8388.
  Levin, A. A.; Meyer, D. C.; Reibold, M.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, N.; Paufler, P. (2005). "Microstructure of a genuine Damascus sabre" (PDF). Crystal Research and Technology. 40 (9): 905–916. Bibcode:2005CryRT..40..905L. doi:10.1002/crat.200410456. S2CID 96560374. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-15.
- Kürnsteiner, Philipp; Wilms, Markus Benjamin; Weisheit, Andreas; Gault, Baptiste; Jägle, Eric Aimé; Raabe, Dierk (June 2020). "High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing". Nature. 582 (7813): 515–519. Bibcode:2020Natur.582..515K. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2409-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32581379.

heroicage.org

Osborn, Marijane (2002). ""The Wealth They Left Us": Two Women Author Themselves through Others' Lives in Beowulf". heroicage.org. Department of English, University of California at Davis. Retrieved 6 July 2021.

iastate.edu

mse.iastate.edu

"John Verhoeven: Mystery of Damascus Steel Swords Unveiled". Archived from the original on 11 August 2018.

jstor.org

Maryon, Herbert (February 1960). "Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades—Part 1: Pattern-Welding". Studies in Conservation. 5 (1): 25–37. doi:10.2307/1505063. JSTOR 1505063.
Maryon, Herbert (May 1960). "Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades—Part 2: The Damascene Process". Studies in Conservation. 5 (2): 52–60. doi:10.2307/1504953. JSTOR 1504953.

mendelu.cz

acta.mendelu.cz

Černý, Michal; Filípek, Josef; Mazal, Pavel; Dostál, Petr (2013-04-08). "Basic mechanical properties of layered steels". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 61 (1): 25–38. doi:10.11118/actaun201361010025.

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

"Legendary Swords' Sharpness, Strength From Nanotubes, Study Says". National Geographic. 2010-10-28. Archived from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2006.

nature.com

Sanderson, Katharine (2006-11-15). "Sharpest cut from nanotube sword". Nature: news061113–11. doi:10.1038/news061113-11. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 136774602.
Kürnsteiner, Philipp; Wilms, Markus Benjamin; Weisheit, Andreas; Gault, Baptiste; Jägle, Eric Aimé; Raabe, Dierk (June 2020). "High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing". Nature. 582 (7813): 515–519. Bibcode:2020Natur.582..515K. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2409-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32581379.

newscientist.com

Reibold, M.; Paufler, P.; Levin, A. A.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, N.; Meyer, D. C. (2006). "Materials: Carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre". Nature. 444 (7117): 286. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..286R. doi:10.1038/444286a. PMID 17108950. S2CID 4431079.
- "Secret's out for Saracen sabres". New Scientist. 8 November 2006.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Goodell B, Xie X, Qian Y, Daniel G, Peterson M, Jellison J (2008). "Carbon nanotubes produced from natural cellulosic materials". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 8 (5): 2472–4. doi:10.1166/jnn.2008.235. PMID 18572666.
Reibold, M.; Paufler, P.; Levin, A. A.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, N.; Meyer, D. C. (2006). "Materials: Carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre". Nature. 444 (7117): 286. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..286R. doi:10.1038/444286a. PMID 17108950. S2CID 4431079.
- "Secret's out for Saracen sabres". New Scientist. 8 November 2006.
- Kürnsteiner, Philipp; Wilms, Markus Benjamin; Weisheit, Andreas; Gault, Baptiste; Jägle, Eric Aimé; Raabe, Dierk (June 2020). "High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing". Nature. 582 (7813): 515–519. Bibcode:2020Natur.582..515K. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2409-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32581379.

nytimes.com

Fountain, Henry (2006-11-28). "Antique Nanotubes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-11-13.

rsc.org

Milgrom, Lionel (15 November 2006). "Carbon nanotubes: Saladin's secret weapon".

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Bronson, Bennet (1986). "The making and selling of wootz, a crucible steel of India". Archeomaterials. 1: 1. S2CID 111606783.
Verhoeven, J.D.; Pendray, A.H.; Dauksch, W.E. (1998). "The key role of impurities in ancient damascus steel blades". Journal of Metallurgy. 50 (9): 58. Bibcode:1998JOM....50i..58V. doi:10.1007/s11837-998-0419-y. S2CID 135854276. Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2002-11-04.
Reibold, M.; Paufler, P.; Levin, A. A.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, N.; Meyer, D. C. (2006). "Materials: Carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre". Nature. 444 (7117): 286. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..286R. doi:10.1038/444286a. PMID 17108950. S2CID 4431079.
- "Secret's out for Saracen sabres". New Scientist. 8 November 2006.
- Sanderson, Katharine (2006-11-15). "Sharpest cut from nanotube sword". Nature: news061113–11. doi:10.1038/news061113-11. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 136774602.
- Verhoeven, J. D.; Pendray, A. H.; Dauksch, W. E.; Wagstaff, S. R. (2018-07-01). "Damascus Steel Revisited". JOM. 70 (7): 1331–1336. Bibcode:2018JOM....70g1331V. doi:10.1007/s11837-018-2915-z. ISSN 1543-1851. S2CID 139673807.
- Kochmann, W.; Reibold, Marianne; Goldberg, Rolf; Hauffe, Wolfgang; Levin, Alexander A; Meyer, Dirk C; Stephan, Thurid; Müller, Heide; Belger, André; Paufler, Peter (2004). "Nanowires in ancient Damascus steel". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 372 (1–2): L15 – L19. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.10.005. ISSN 0925-8388.
  Levin, A. A.; Meyer, D. C.; Reibold, M.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, N.; Paufler, P. (2005). "Microstructure of a genuine Damascus sabre" (PDF). Crystal Research and Technology. 40 (9): 905–916. Bibcode:2005CryRT..40..905L. doi:10.1002/crat.200410456. S2CID 96560374. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-15.
- Sanderson, K. (2006). "Sharpest cut from nanotube sword". Nature. 444: 286. doi:10.1038/news061113-11. S2CID 136774602.

tms.org

Verhoeven, J.D.; Pendray, A.H.; Dauksch, W.E. (1998). "The key role of impurities in ancient damascus steel blades". Journal of Metallurgy. 50 (9): 58. Bibcode:1998JOM....50i..58V. doi:10.1007/s11837-998-0419-y. S2CID 135854276. Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2002-11-04.

uni-kiel.de

tf.uni-kiel.de

Alter, Stephen C. (2017). "On Slaves and Silk Hankies Seeking Truth in Damascus Steel" (PDF). Retrieved 29 December 2023.

web.archive.org

Verhoeven, J.D.; Pendray, A.H.; Dauksch, W.E. (1998). "The key role of impurities in ancient damascus steel blades". Journal of Metallurgy. 50 (9): 58. Bibcode:1998JOM....50i..58V. doi:10.1007/s11837-998-0419-y. S2CID 135854276. Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2002-11-04.
Goddard, Wayne (2000). The Wonder of Knifemaking. Iola, WI: Krause Publications. pp. 137–145. ISBN 978-0-87341-798-3. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017.
Sharada Srinivasan; Srinivasa Ranganathan (2004). India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World. National Institute of Advanced Studies. OCLC 82439861. Archived from the original on 2019-02-11. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
"Legendary Swords' Sharpness, Strength From Nanotubes, Study Says". National Geographic. 2010-10-28. Archived from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2006.
"John Verhoeven: Mystery of Damascus Steel Swords Unveiled". Archived from the original on 11 August 2018.
"ABS Testing Rules and Guidelines for the Master Smith Rating" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
Kochmann, W.; Reibold, Marianne; Goldberg, Rolf; Hauffe, Wolfgang; Levin, Alexander A; Meyer, Dirk C; Stephan, Thurid; Müller, Heide; Belger, André; Paufler, Peter (2004). "Nanowires in ancient Damascus steel". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 372 (1–2): L15 – L19. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.10.005. ISSN 0925-8388.
Levin, A. A.; Meyer, D. C.; Reibold, M.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, N.; Paufler, P. (2005). "Microstructure of a genuine Damascus sabre" (PDF). Crystal Research and Technology. 40 (9): 905–916. Bibcode:2005CryRT..40..905L. doi:10.1002/crat.200410456. S2CID 96560374. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-15.

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Verhoeven, John D. (August 2002). "Genuine Damascus steel: a type of banded microstructure in hypereutectoid steels". Steel Research. 73 (8): 356–365. doi:10.1002/srin.200200221.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Bīrūnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (1989). Kitāb al-jamāhir fī maʻrifat al-jawāhir [The book most comprehensive in knowledge on precious stones: al-Beruni's book on mineralogy]. Islamabad: Pakistan Hijra Council. ISBN 969-8016-28-7. OCLC 25412863.
Alipour, Rahil; Rehren, Thilo (2015-02-15). "Persian Pulād Production: Chāhak Tradition". Journal of Islamic Archaeology. 1 (2): 231–261. doi:10.1558/jia.v1i2.24174. ISSN 2051-9710.
Sharada Srinivasan; Srinivasa Ranganathan (2004). India's Legendary Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World. National Institute of Advanced Studies. OCLC 82439861. Archived from the original on 2019-02-11. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
Peterson, D.T.; Baker, H.H.; Verhoeven, J.D. (June 1990). "Damascus steel, characterization of one Damascus steel sword". Materials Characterization. 24 (4): 355–374. doi:10.1016/1044-5803(90)90042-i. ISSN 1044-5803.
Özkan, Furkan; Kirdan, Hakan; Kara, İsmail Hakkı; Hüsem, Fazıl; Özcelik, Sait; Akinay, Yüksel; Çug, Harun; Sun, Yavuz; Ahlatci, Hayrettin (2014-10-01). "Mechanical Properties of Pattern Welded 1075-15N20 Steels*". Materials Testing. 56 (10): 897–900. Bibcode:2014MTest..56..897O. doi:10.3139/120.110649. ISSN 2195-8572.
Feuerbach, Anna Marie. (2002). Crucible steel in Central Asia: production, use, and origins. University of London. OCLC 499391952.
Sanderson, Katharine (2006-11-15). "Sharpest cut from nanotube sword". Nature: news061113–11. doi:10.1038/news061113-11. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 136774602.
Verhoeven, J. D.; Pendray, A. H.; Dauksch, W. E.; Wagstaff, S. R. (2018-07-01). "Damascus Steel Revisited". JOM. 70 (7): 1331–1336. Bibcode:2018JOM....70g1331V. doi:10.1007/s11837-018-2915-z. ISSN 1543-1851. S2CID 139673807.
Kochmann, W.; Reibold, Marianne; Goldberg, Rolf; Hauffe, Wolfgang; Levin, Alexander A; Meyer, Dirk C; Stephan, Thurid; Müller, Heide; Belger, André; Paufler, Peter (2004). "Nanowires in ancient Damascus steel". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 372 (1–2): L15 – L19. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.10.005. ISSN 0925-8388.
Levin, A. A.; Meyer, D. C.; Reibold, M.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, N.; Paufler, P. (2005). "Microstructure of a genuine Damascus sabre" (PDF). Crystal Research and Technology. 40 (9): 905–916. Bibcode:2005CryRT..40..905L. doi:10.1002/crat.200410456. S2CID 96560374. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-15.
Kürnsteiner, Philipp; Wilms, Markus Benjamin; Weisheit, Andreas; Gault, Baptiste; Jägle, Eric Aimé; Raabe, Dierk (June 2020). "High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing". Nature. 582 (7813): 515–519. Bibcode:2020Natur.582..515K. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2409-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32581379.

wvu.edu

as.wvu.edu

"Beowulf: Lines 1399 to 1799" [Lines 1655 - 1693 (Robert Fletcher, trans.; Sandy Eckard, pres.)]. As.wvu.edu. pp. 1665–1670. Retrieved 16 August 2021.