Oliver, Jonathan J.; Hand, David (1994). "Averaging Over Decision Stumps". Machine Learning: ECML-94, European Conference on Machine Learning, Catania, Italy, April 6–8, 1994, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 784. Springer. pp. 231–241. doi:10.1007/3-540-57868-4_61. ISBN3-540-57868-4. These simple rules are in effect severely pruned decision trees and have been termed decision stumpsIba & Langley 1992