Declaration of Helsinki (English Wikipedia)

World Medical Association (2013). "Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects". JAMA. 310 (20): 2191–2194. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281053. hdl:10818/33790. PMID 24141714.
Riis P (July 1977). "Letter from...Denmark. Planning of scientific-ethical committees". British Medical Journal. 2 (6080): 173–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6080.173. PMC 1631019. PMID 871832.
Connor, Edward M.; Sperling, Rhoda S.; Gelber, Richard; Kiselev, Pavel; Scott, Gwendolyn; O'Sullivan, Mary Jo; VanDyke, Russell; Bey, Mohammed; Shearer, William (1994-11-03). "Reduction of Maternal-Infant Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 with Zidovudine Treatment". New England Journal of Medicine. 331 (18): 1173–1180. doi:10.1056/NEJM199411033311801. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 7935654.
Levine RJ (August 1993). "New international ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects". Annals of Internal Medicine. 119 (4): 339–41. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-119-4-199308150-00016. PMID 8328746. S2CID 45747064.
Angell M (October 1988). "Ethical imperialism? Ethics in international collaborative clinical research". The New England Journal of Medicine. 319 (16): 1081–3. doi:10.1056/NEJM198810203191608. PMID 3173435.
Barry M (October 1988). "Ethical considerations of human investigation in developing countries: the AIDS dilemma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 319 (16): 1083–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM198810203191609. PMID 3173436.
Levine, Robert J. (2006). "Some Recent Developments in the International Guidelines on the Ethics of Research Involving Human Subjectsa". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 918 (1): 170–8. Bibcode:2000NYASA.918..170L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05486.x. PMID 11131702. S2CID 32192360.
Levine RJ (August 1999). "The need to revise the Declaration of Helsinki". The New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (7): 531–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908123410713. PMID 10441613.
Grady, Christine; Forster, Heidi P.; Emanuel, Ezekiel (October 2001). "The 2000 Revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: A Step Forward or More Confusion?". The Lancet (Submitted manuscript). 358 (9291): 1449–1453. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06534-5. PMID 11705513. S2CID 32531949.
Lurie P, Wolfe SM (September 1997). "Unethical trials of interventions to reduce perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus in developing countries". The New England Journal of Medicine. 337 (12): 853–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199709183371212. PMID 9295246.
Stockhausen, K (2000). "The Declaration of Helsinki: revising ethical research guidelines for the 21st century". The Medical Journal of Australia. 172 (6): 252–3. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb123936.x. PMID 10860086. S2CID 6224890.
Loff, B; Black, J (2000). "The Declaration of Helsinki and research in vulnerable populations". The Medical Journal of Australia. 172 (6): 292–5. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb123950.x. PMID 10860097. S2CID 22564170.
Loff, Bebe; Gillam, Deborah; Loff, Lynn (2000). "The Declaration of Helsinki, CIOMS and the ethics of research on vulnerable populations". Nature Medicine. 6 (6): 615–7. doi:10.1038/76174. PMID 10835665. S2CID 35158750.
Brennan TA (August 1999). "Proposed revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki--will they weaken the ethical principles underlying human research?". The New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (7): 527–31. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908123410712. PMID 10441612.
Nicholson, RH (2000). "If it ain't broke, don't fix it". Hastings Center Report. 30 (1): 6. doi:10.2307/3527987. JSTOR 3527987. PMID 11645209.
Christie B (October 2000). "Doctors revise Declaration of Helsinki". BMJ. 321 (7266): 913. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7266.913. PMC 1118720. PMID 11030663.
Riis, Povl (December 20, 2000). "Perspectives on the Fifth Revision of the Declaration of Helsinki". JAMA. 284 (23): 3045–3046. doi:10.1001/jama.284.23.3045. PMID 11122594 – via Silverchair.
Levine, RJ (2000). "Some recent developments in the international guidelines on the ethics of research involving human subjects". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 918 (1): 170–8. Bibcode:2000NYASA.918..170L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05486.x. PMID 11131702. S2CID 32192360.
Carlson, Robert V.; Boyd, Kenneth M.; Webb, David J. (2004). "The revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: past, present and future". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 57 (6): 695–713. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02103.x. PMC 1884510. PMID 15151515.
Rothman KJ, Michels KB (August 1994). "The continuing unethical use of placebo controls". The New England Journal of Medicine. 331 (6): 394–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199408113310611. PMID 8028622.
Freedman B, Weijer C, Glass KC (1996). "Placebo orthodoxy in clinical research. I: Empirical and methodological myths". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 24 (3): 243–51. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.1996.tb01859.x. PMID 9069851. S2CID 19346751.
Temple, R; Ellenberg, SS (2000). "Placebo-controlled trials and active-control trials in the evaluation of new treatments. Part 1: ethical and scientific issues". Annals of Internal Medicine. 133 (6): 455–63. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-6-200009190-00014. PMID 10975964. S2CID 10749308.
Elander G, Hermerén G (June 1995). "Placebo effect and randomized clinical trials". Theoretical Medicine. 16 (2): 171–82. doi:10.1007/BF00998543. PMID 7570396. S2CID 30039309.
Benatar, S. R. (2001). "Distributive justice and clinical trials in the Third World". Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 22 (3): 169–176. doi:10.1023/A:1011419820440. PMID 11499493. S2CID 33645553.
Loff, B (2000). "Violence in research". The Lancet. 355 (9217): 1806. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02310-2. PMID 10832846. S2CID 20338322.
Emanuel, Ezekiel J.; Miller, Franklin G. (2001). "The Ethics of Placebo-Controlled Trials — A Middle Ground". New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (12): 915–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM200109203451211. PMID 11565527.
Huston, Patricia; Peterson, Robert (2001). "Withholding Proven Treatment in Clinical Research". New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (12): 912–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM200109203451210. PMID 11565526.
Blackmer, J.; Haddad, H (2005). "The Declaration of Helsinki: an update on paragraph 30". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 173 (9): 1052–3. doi:10.1503/cmaj.045280. PMC 1266330. PMID 16247102.
Lie, R K; Emanuel, E; Grady, C; Wendler, D (2004). "The standard of care debate: the Declaration of Helsinki versus the international consensus opinion". Journal of Medical Ethics. 30 (2): 190–3. doi:10.1136/jme.2003.006031. PMC 1733825. PMID 15082816.
Wolinsky, Howard (2006). "The battle of Helsinki: Two troublesome paragraphs in the Declaration of Helsinki are causing a furore over medical research ethics". EMBO Reports. 7 (7): 670–2. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400743. PMC 1500825. PMID 16819460.
Williams J (2008). "The Declaration of Helsinki and public health". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 86 (8): 650–651. doi:10.2471/BLT.08.050955. PMC 2649471. PMID 18797627. Archived from the original on August 14, 2008.
Eckenwiler, Lisa; Feinholz, Dafna; Ells, Carolyn; Schonfeld, Toby (Spring 2008). "The Declaration of Helsinki through a feminist lens". International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics. 1 (1): 161–177. doi:10.3138/ijfab.1.1.161. JSTOR 40339217. S2CID 34142927.
Goodyear MD, Eckenwiler LA, Ells C (2008). "Fresh thinking about the Declaration of Helsinki". BMJ. 337: a2128. doi:10.1136/bmj.a2128. PMID 18930967. S2CID 45673279.
World Medical Association (2013). "World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects". JAMA. 310 (20): 2191–2194. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281053. hdl:10818/33790. PMID 24141714.
Lurie P, Greco DB (2005). "US exceptionalism comes to research ethics". Lancet. 365 (9465): 1117–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71856-0. PMID 15794954. S2CID 32421380.
"Trials on trial: The Food and Drug Administration should rethink its rejection of the Declaration of Helsinki". Nature. 453 (7194): 427–8. May 2008. Bibcode:2008Natur.453R.427.. doi:10.1038/453427b. PMID 18497763.
Camporesi, Silvia (2009). "The FDA decision to shelve the Helsinki Declaration: Ethical considerations". ecancermedicalscience. 3. doi:10.3332/eCMS.2008.LTR76 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Kimmelman J, Weijer C, Meslin EM (January 2009). "Helsinki discords: FDA, ethics, and international drug trials". Lancet. 373 (9657): 13–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61936-4. PMID 19121708. S2CID 45220288. Archived from the original on 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
Goodyear MD, Lemmens T, Sprumont D, Tangwa G (2009). "Does the FDA have the authority to trump the Declaration of Helsinki?". BMJ. 338: b1559. doi:10.1136/bmj.b1559. PMID 19383751. S2CID 38223712.
Rid, Annette; Schmidt, Harald (Spring 2010). "The 2008 Declaration of Helsinki — First among Equals in Research Ethics?". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 38 (1): 143–8. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2010.00474.x. PMID 20446992. S2CID 5266004.
Richards, T (1994-01-22). "The World Medical Association: can hope triumph over experience?". BMJ. 308 (6923): 262–266. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6923.262. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2539333. PMID 8111265.

dx.doi.org

Richards, T (1994-01-22). "The World Medical Association: can hope triumph over experience?". BMJ. 308 (6923): 262–266. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6923.262. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2539333. PMID 8111265.

eortc.be

"DIRECTIVE 2001/20/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 4 April 2001" (PDF).

europa.eu

ec.europa.eu

"Research and innovation".

fda.gov

Health, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Center for Devices and Radiological (2019-04-20). "Search for FDA Guidance Documents - Acceptance of Foreign Clinical Studies". www.fda.gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

globalbioethics.blogspot.com

"Global bioethics blog: May 2008".

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

World Medical Association (2013). "Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects". JAMA. 310 (20): 2191–2194. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281053. hdl:10818/33790. PMID 24141714.
World Medical Association (2013). "World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects". JAMA. 310 (20): 2191–2194. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281053. hdl:10818/33790. PMID 24141714.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Levine, Robert J. (2006). "Some Recent Developments in the International Guidelines on the Ethics of Research Involving Human Subjectsa". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 918 (1): 170–8. Bibcode:2000NYASA.918..170L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05486.x. PMID 11131702. S2CID 32192360.
Levine, RJ (2000). "Some recent developments in the international guidelines on the ethics of research involving human subjects". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 918 (1): 170–8. Bibcode:2000NYASA.918..170L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05486.x. PMID 11131702. S2CID 32192360.
"Trials on trial: The Food and Drug Administration should rethink its rejection of the Declaration of Helsinki". Nature. 453 (7194): 427–8. May 2008. Bibcode:2008Natur.453R.427.. doi:10.1038/453427b. PMID 18497763.

ksg.harvard.edu

"Harvard Kennedy School Case Program". www.ksg.harvard.edu. 14 March 2024.

ijme.in

"Schuklenk U. Helsinki Declaration revisions. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. Jan-Mar 2001 9(1)".

jamanetwork.com

sites.jamanetwork.com

"Declaration of Helsinki History Website". Ethical Principles For Medical Research. The JAMA Network. Retrieved 22 October 2024.

jhu.edu

muse.jhu.edu

"Macklin R. After Helsinki: Unresolved issues in international research. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 2001 11(1): 17-36 (password required)".

jstor.org

Nicholson, RH (2000). "If it ain't broke, don't fix it". Hastings Center Report. 30 (1): 6. doi:10.2307/3527987. JSTOR 3527987. PMID 11645209.
Eckenwiler, Lisa; Feinholz, Dafna; Ells, Carolyn; Schonfeld, Toby (Spring 2008). "The Declaration of Helsinki through a feminist lens". International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics. 1 (1): 161–177. doi:10.3138/ijfab.1.1.161. JSTOR 40339217. S2CID 34142927.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

World Medical Association (2013). "Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects". JAMA. 310 (20): 2191–2194. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281053. hdl:10818/33790. PMID 24141714.
Tyebkhan, G (2003). "Declaration of Helsinki: the ethical cornerstone of human clinical research". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 69 (3): 245–7. PMID 17642902.
Riis P (July 1977). "Letter from...Denmark. Planning of scientific-ethical committees". British Medical Journal. 2 (6080): 173–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6080.173. PMC 1631019. PMID 871832.
Connor, Edward M.; Sperling, Rhoda S.; Gelber, Richard; Kiselev, Pavel; Scott, Gwendolyn; O'Sullivan, Mary Jo; VanDyke, Russell; Bey, Mohammed; Shearer, William (1994-11-03). "Reduction of Maternal-Infant Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 with Zidovudine Treatment". New England Journal of Medicine. 331 (18): 1173–1180. doi:10.1056/NEJM199411033311801. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 7935654.
Levine RJ (August 1993). "New international ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects". Annals of Internal Medicine. 119 (4): 339–41. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-119-4-199308150-00016. PMID 8328746. S2CID 45747064.
Angell M (October 1988). "Ethical imperialism? Ethics in international collaborative clinical research". The New England Journal of Medicine. 319 (16): 1081–3. doi:10.1056/NEJM198810203191608. PMID 3173435.
Barry M (October 1988). "Ethical considerations of human investigation in developing countries: the AIDS dilemma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 319 (16): 1083–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM198810203191609. PMID 3173436.
Levine, Robert J. (2006). "Some Recent Developments in the International Guidelines on the Ethics of Research Involving Human Subjectsa". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 918 (1): 170–8. Bibcode:2000NYASA.918..170L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05486.x. PMID 11131702. S2CID 32192360.
Levine RJ (August 1999). "The need to revise the Declaration of Helsinki". The New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (7): 531–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908123410713. PMID 10441613.
Grady, Christine; Forster, Heidi P.; Emanuel, Ezekiel (October 2001). "The 2000 Revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: A Step Forward or More Confusion?". The Lancet (Submitted manuscript). 358 (9291): 1449–1453. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06534-5. PMID 11705513. S2CID 32531949.
Lurie P, Wolfe SM (September 1997). "Unethical trials of interventions to reduce perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus in developing countries". The New England Journal of Medicine. 337 (12): 853–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199709183371212. PMID 9295246.
"Americans want to water down Helsinki Declaration". Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 136: 3–4. 1998. PMID 11657531.
World Medical, Association (1999). "Proposed revision of the Declaration of Helsinki". Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 147: 18–22. PMID 11657218.
Nicholson, RH; Crawley, FP (1999). "Revising the Declaration of Helsinki: a fresh start". Bulletin of Medical Ethics. 151: 13–7. PMID 11657985.
Stockhausen, K (2000). "The Declaration of Helsinki: revising ethical research guidelines for the 21st century". The Medical Journal of Australia. 172 (6): 252–3. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb123936.x. PMID 10860086. S2CID 6224890.
Loff, B; Black, J (2000). "The Declaration of Helsinki and research in vulnerable populations". The Medical Journal of Australia. 172 (6): 292–5. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb123950.x. PMID 10860097. S2CID 22564170.
Loff, Bebe; Gillam, Deborah; Loff, Lynn (2000). "The Declaration of Helsinki, CIOMS and the ethics of research on vulnerable populations". Nature Medicine. 6 (6): 615–7. doi:10.1038/76174. PMID 10835665. S2CID 35158750.
Brennan TA (August 1999). "Proposed revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki--will they weaken the ethical principles underlying human research?". The New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (7): 527–31. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908123410712. PMID 10441612.
Nicholson, RH (2000). "If it ain't broke, don't fix it". Hastings Center Report. 30 (1): 6. doi:10.2307/3527987. JSTOR 3527987. PMID 11645209.
Christie B (October 2000). "Doctors revise Declaration of Helsinki". BMJ. 321 (7266): 913. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7266.913. PMC 1118720. PMID 11030663.
Riis, Povl (December 20, 2000). "Perspectives on the Fifth Revision of the Declaration of Helsinki". JAMA. 284 (23): 3045–3046. doi:10.1001/jama.284.23.3045. PMID 11122594 – via Silverchair.
Levine, RJ (2000). "Some recent developments in the international guidelines on the ethics of research involving human subjects". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 918 (1): 170–8. Bibcode:2000NYASA.918..170L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05486.x. PMID 11131702. S2CID 32192360.
Carlson, Robert V.; Boyd, Kenneth M.; Webb, David J. (2004). "The revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: past, present and future". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 57 (6): 695–713. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02103.x. PMC 1884510. PMID 15151515.
Rothman KJ, Michels KB (August 1994). "The continuing unethical use of placebo controls". The New England Journal of Medicine. 331 (6): 394–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199408113310611. PMID 8028622.
Freedman B, Weijer C, Glass KC (1996). "Placebo orthodoxy in clinical research. I: Empirical and methodological myths". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 24 (3): 243–51. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.1996.tb01859.x. PMID 9069851. S2CID 19346751.
Temple, R; Ellenberg, SS (2000). "Placebo-controlled trials and active-control trials in the evaluation of new treatments. Part 1: ethical and scientific issues". Annals of Internal Medicine. 133 (6): 455–63. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-6-200009190-00014. PMID 10975964. S2CID 10749308.
Elander G, Hermerén G (June 1995). "Placebo effect and randomized clinical trials". Theoretical Medicine. 16 (2): 171–82. doi:10.1007/BF00998543. PMID 7570396. S2CID 30039309.
Benatar, S. R. (2001). "Distributive justice and clinical trials in the Third World". Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 22 (3): 169–176. doi:10.1023/A:1011419820440. PMID 11499493. S2CID 33645553.
Loff, B (2000). "Violence in research". The Lancet. 355 (9217): 1806. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02310-2. PMID 10832846. S2CID 20338322.
<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (2003). "Dismantling the Helsinki Declaration". CMAJ. 169 (10): 997, 999. PMC 236218. PMID 14609962.
Emanuel, Ezekiel J.; Miller, Franklin G. (2001). "The Ethics of Placebo-Controlled Trials — A Middle Ground". New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (12): 915–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM200109203451211. PMID 11565527.
Huston, Patricia; Peterson, Robert (2001). "Withholding Proven Treatment in Clinical Research". New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (12): 912–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM200109203451210. PMID 11565526.
Blackmer, J.; Haddad, H (2005). "The Declaration of Helsinki: an update on paragraph 30". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 173 (9): 1052–3. doi:10.1503/cmaj.045280. PMC 1266330. PMID 16247102.
Lie, R K; Emanuel, E; Grady, C; Wendler, D (2004). "The standard of care debate: the Declaration of Helsinki versus the international consensus opinion". Journal of Medical Ethics. 30 (2): 190–3. doi:10.1136/jme.2003.006031. PMC 1733825. PMID 15082816.
Wolinsky, Howard (2006). "The battle of Helsinki: Two troublesome paragraphs in the Declaration of Helsinki are causing a furore over medical research ethics". EMBO Reports. 7 (7): 670–2. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400743. PMC 1500825. PMID 16819460.
Williams J (2008). "The Declaration of Helsinki and public health". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 86 (8): 650–651. doi:10.2471/BLT.08.050955. PMC 2649471. PMID 18797627. Archived from the original on August 14, 2008.
Goodyear MD, Eckenwiler LA, Ells C (2008). "Fresh thinking about the Declaration of Helsinki". BMJ. 337: a2128. doi:10.1136/bmj.a2128. PMID 18930967. S2CID 45673279.
World Medical Association (2013). "World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects". JAMA. 310 (20): 2191–2194. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281053. hdl:10818/33790. PMID 24141714.
Lurie P, Greco DB (2005). "US exceptionalism comes to research ethics". Lancet. 365 (9465): 1117–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71856-0. PMID 15794954. S2CID 32421380.
"Trials on trial: The Food and Drug Administration should rethink its rejection of the Declaration of Helsinki". Nature. 453 (7194): 427–8. May 2008. Bibcode:2008Natur.453R.427.. doi:10.1038/453427b. PMID 18497763.
Kimmelman J, Weijer C, Meslin EM (January 2009). "Helsinki discords: FDA, ethics, and international drug trials". Lancet. 373 (9657): 13–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61936-4. PMID 19121708. S2CID 45220288. Archived from the original on 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
Goodyear MD, Lemmens T, Sprumont D, Tangwa G (2009). "Does the FDA have the authority to trump the Declaration of Helsinki?". BMJ. 338: b1559. doi:10.1136/bmj.b1559. PMID 19383751. S2CID 38223712.
Rid, Annette; Schmidt, Harald (Spring 2010). "The 2008 Declaration of Helsinki — First among Equals in Research Ethics?". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 38 (1): 143–8. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2010.00474.x. PMID 20446992. S2CID 5266004.
Richards, T (1994-01-22). "The World Medical Association: can hope triumph over experience?". BMJ. 308 (6923): 262–266. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6923.262. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2539333. PMID 8111265.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Riis P (July 1977). "Letter from...Denmark. Planning of scientific-ethical committees". British Medical Journal. 2 (6080): 173–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6080.173. PMC 1631019. PMID 871832.
Christie B (October 2000). "Doctors revise Declaration of Helsinki". BMJ. 321 (7266): 913. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7266.913. PMC 1118720. PMID 11030663.
Carlson, Robert V.; Boyd, Kenneth M.; Webb, David J. (2004). "The revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: past, present and future". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 57 (6): 695–713. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02103.x. PMC 1884510. PMID 15151515.
<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (2003). "Dismantling the Helsinki Declaration". CMAJ. 169 (10): 997, 999. PMC 236218. PMID 14609962.
Blackmer, J.; Haddad, H (2005). "The Declaration of Helsinki: an update on paragraph 30". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 173 (9): 1052–3. doi:10.1503/cmaj.045280. PMC 1266330. PMID 16247102.
Lie, R K; Emanuel, E; Grady, C; Wendler, D (2004). "The standard of care debate: the Declaration of Helsinki versus the international consensus opinion". Journal of Medical Ethics. 30 (2): 190–3. doi:10.1136/jme.2003.006031. PMC 1733825. PMID 15082816.
Wolinsky, Howard (2006). "The battle of Helsinki: Two troublesome paragraphs in the Declaration of Helsinki are causing a furore over medical research ethics". EMBO Reports. 7 (7): 670–2. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400743. PMC 1500825. PMID 16819460.
Williams J (2008). "The Declaration of Helsinki and public health". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 86 (8): 650–651. doi:10.2471/BLT.08.050955. PMC 2649471. PMID 18797627. Archived from the original on August 14, 2008.
Richards, T (1994-01-22). "The World Medical Association: can hope triumph over experience?". BMJ. 308 (6923): 262–266. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6923.262. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2539333. PMID 8111265.

nuffieldbioethics.org

"Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The ethics of research related to healthcare in developing countries. 2005" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-21.

regulations.gov

"DHHS FDA 21 CFR part 312 Human Subject Protection: Foreign clinical studies not conducted under an investigational new drug application. Final Rule April 28 2008, effective October 27 2008". Archived from the original on 2008-05-31. Retrieved 2008-05-13.

semanticscholar.org

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Levine RJ (August 1993). "New international ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects". Annals of Internal Medicine. 119 (4): 339–41. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-119-4-199308150-00016. PMID 8328746. S2CID 45747064.
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