Deductive reasoning (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Deductive reasoning" in English language version.

Last modified: 08:29:17, 10 September 2026 (UTC)

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7612philpapers.org

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Samaha, Raid (3 March 2009). "Descartes' Project of Inquiry" (PDF). American University of Beirut. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2019.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Evans, Jonathan (18 April 2005). "Deductive reasoning". In Morrison, Robert (ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82417-0.
Tarski, Alfred (1983). "On The Concept of Logical Consequence". Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics: Papers from 1923 to 1938. Hackett. ISBN 978-0-915-14476-1.
Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl; Rodych, Victor (3 September 2018). "1. Basic Logical Concepts". Introduction to Logic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-38696-8.
Adams, Ernest W. (13 October 1998). "Deduction and Probability: What Probability Logic Is About". A Primer of Probability Logic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-575-86066-4.
Evans, Jonathan St. B. T.; Newstead, Stephen E.; Byrne, Ruth M. J., eds. (1993). Human Reasoning: The Psychology of Deduction (Repr. ed.). Psychology Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-863-77313-6. Retrieved 2015-01-26. In one sense [...] one can see the psychology of deductive reasoning as being as old as the study of logic, which originated in the writings of Aristotle.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Philosophy of logic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
"Expert thinking and novice thinking: Deduction". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
"Thought". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
"Logical systems". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
"Epistemology". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
"hypothetico-deductive method". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 March 2022.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Nadler, Steven (2006). "The geometric method". Spinoza's 'Ethics': An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–51. ISBN 978-0-521-83620-3.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Johnson-Laird, Phil (30 December 2009). "Deductive reasoning". WIREs Cognitive Science. 1 (1): 8–17. doi:10.1002/wcs.20. ISSN 1939-5078. PMID 26272833.
Vorobej, Mark (1992). "Defining Deduction". Informal Logic. 14 (2). doi:10.22329/il.v14i2.2533.
Wilbanks, Jan J. (2010). "Defining Deduction, Induction, and Validity". Argumentation. 24 (1): 107–124. doi:10.1007/s10503-009-9131-5. S2CID 144481717.
Morreau, Michael (2009). "The Hypothetical Syllogism". Journal of Philosophical Logic. 38 (4): 447–464. doi:10.1007/s10992-008-9098-y. ISSN 0022-3611. JSTOR 40344073. S2CID 34804481.
Stone, Mark A. (2012). "Denying the Antecedent: Its Effective Use in Argumentation". Informal Logic. 32 (3): 327–356. doi:10.22329/il.v32i3.3681.
Pedemonte, Bettina (25 June 2018). "Strategic vs Definitory Rules: Their Role in Abductive Argumentation and their Relationship with Deductive Proof". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. 14 (9): em1589. doi:10.29333/ejmste/92562. ISSN 1305-8215. S2CID 126245285.
Backmann, Marius (1 June 2019). "Varieties of Justification—How (Not) to Solve the Problem of Induction". Acta Analytica. 34 (2): 235–255. doi:10.1007/s12136-018-0371-6. ISSN 1874-6349. S2CID 125767384.
Koslowski, Barbara (2017). "Abductive reasoning and explanation". International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315725697-20 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISBN 978-1-315-72569-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Bunge, Mario (1960). "The Place of Induction in Science". Philosophy of Science. 27 (3): 262–270. doi:10.1086/287745. ISSN 0031-8248. JSTOR 185969. S2CID 120566417.
D'Agostino, Marcello; Floridi, Luciano (2009). "The Enduring Scandal of Deduction: Is Propositional Logic Really Uninformative?". Synthese. 167 (2): 271–315. doi:10.1007/s11229-008-9409-4. hdl:2299/2995. ISSN 0039-7857. JSTOR 40271192. S2CID 9602882.
St.B. T. Evans, Jonathan (1993). "The Cognitive Psychology of Reasoning: An Introduction". The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A. 46 (4): 561–567. doi:10.1080/14640749308401027.
Rips, Lance J. (1983). "Cognitive processes in propositional reasoning". Psychological Review. 90 (1): 38–71. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.90.1.38. ISSN 1939-1471. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
Müller, Ulrich; Overton, Willis F.; Reene, Kelly (February 2001). "Development of Conditional Reasoning: A Longitudinal Study". Journal of Cognition and Development. 2 (1): 27–49. doi:10.1207/S15327647JCD0201_2. S2CID 143955563.
Evans, J. St B. T.; Lynch, J. S. (August 1973). "Matching Bias in the Selection Task". British Journal of Psychology. 64 (3): 391–397. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01365.x.
Wagner-Egger, Pascal (1 October 2007). "Conditional reasoning and the Wason selection task: Biconditional interpretation instead of reasoning bias". Thinking & Reasoning. 13 (4): 484–505. doi:10.1080/13546780701415979. ISSN 1354-6783. S2CID 145011175.
Chater, Nick; Oaksford, Mike; Hahn, Ulrike; Heit, Evan (2011). "Inductive Logic and Empirical Psychology". Inductive Logic. Handbook of the History of Logic. Vol. 10. North-Holland. pp. 553–624. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52936-7.50014-8. ISBN 978-0-444-52936-7.
Arreckx, Frederique (2007). "Experiment 1: Affirmative and negative counterfactual questions". Counterfactual Thinking and the False Belief Task: A Developmental Study (Thesis). University of Plymouth. doi:10.24382/4506. hdl:10026.1/1758.
Johnson-Laird, Philip N.; Byrne, Ruth M. J. (1993). "Precis of Deduction". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 16 (2): 323–333. doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030260.
García-Madruga, Juan A.; Gutiérrez, Francisco; Carriedo, Nuria; Moreno, Sergio; Johnson-Laird, Philip N. (November 2002). "Mental Models in Deductive Reasoning". The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 5 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1017/s1138741600005904. PMID 12428479. S2CID 15293848.
Johnson-Laird, Philip N. (18 October 2010). "Mental models and human reasoning". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (43): 18243–18250. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012933107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2972923. PMID 20956326.
Bermejo-Luque, Lilian (2020). "What is Wrong with Deductivism?". Informal Logic. 40 (3): 295–316. doi:10.22329/il.v40i30.6214. S2CID 217418605.
Howson, Colin (2000). "Deductivism". Hume's Problem. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0198250371.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-198-25037-1.
Kotarbinska, Janina (1977). "The Controversy: Deductivism Versus Inductivism". Twenty-Five Years of Logical Methodology in Poland. Springer Netherlands. pp. 261–278. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1126-6_15. ISBN 978-9-401-01126-6.
Stove, D. (1970). "Deductivism". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 48 (1): 76–98. doi:10.1080/00048407012341481.
Gentzen, Gerhard (1934). "Untersuchungen über das logische Schließen. I". Mathematische Zeitschrift (in German). 39 (2): 176–210. doi:10.1007/BF01201353. S2CID 121546341. Ich wollte nun zunächst einmal einen Formalismus aufstellen, der dem wirklichen Schließen möglichst nahe kommt. So ergab sich ein "Kalkül des natürlichen Schließens. (First I wished to construct a formalism that comes as close as possible to actual reasoning. Thus arose a "calculus of natural deduction".)
Daly, Chris (2015). "Introduction and Historical Overview". The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophical Methods. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–30. doi:10.1057/9781137344557_1. ISBN 978-1-137-34455-7.

ejmste.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pedemonte, Bettina (25 June 2018). "Strategic vs Definitory Rules: Their Role in Abductive Argumentation and their Relationship with Deductive Proof". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. 14 (9): em1589. doi:10.29333/ejmste/92562. ISSN 1305-8215. S2CID 126245285.

encyclopedia.com (Global: 457^th place; English: 342^nd place)

Houde, R. "Deduction". New Catholic Encyclopedia. Modern logicians sometimes oppose deduction to induction on the basis that the first concludes from the general to the particular, whereas the second concludes from the particular to the general; this characterization is inaccurate, however, since deduction need not conclude to the particular and its process is far from being the logical inverse of the inductive procedure.
Stump, David J. "Fallacy, Logical". New Dictionary of the History of Ideas.
Shieh, Sanford (2006). "LOGICAL KNOWLEDGE". In Borchert, Donald (ed.). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 2nd Edition. Macmillan.
Houde, R.; Camacho, L. "Induction". New Catholic Encyclopedia.

gutenberg.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 427^th place)

Russell, Bertrand (2009) [1959]. "On Induction". The Problems of Philosophy – via Project Gutenberg.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

D'Agostino, Marcello; Floridi, Luciano (2009). "The Enduring Scandal of Deduction: Is Propositional Logic Really Uninformative?". Synthese. 167 (2): 271–315. doi:10.1007/s11229-008-9409-4. hdl:2299/2995. ISSN 0039-7857. JSTOR 40271192. S2CID 9602882.
Arreckx, Frederique (2007). "Experiment 1: Affirmative and negative counterfactual questions". Counterfactual Thinking and the False Belief Task: A Developmental Study (Thesis). University of Plymouth. doi:10.24382/4506. hdl:10026.1/1758.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Norris, Stephen E. (1975). "The Intelligibility of Practical Reasoning". American Philosophical Quarterly. 12 (1): 77–84. ISSN 0003-0481. JSTOR 20009561.
Morreau, Michael (2009). "The Hypothetical Syllogism". Journal of Philosophical Logic. 38 (4): 447–464. doi:10.1007/s10992-008-9098-y. ISSN 0022-3611. JSTOR 40344073. S2CID 34804481.
Bunge, Mario (1960). "The Place of Induction in Science". Philosophy of Science. 27 (3): 262–270. doi:10.1086/287745. ISSN 0031-8248. JSTOR 185969. S2CID 120566417.
D'Agostino, Marcello; Floridi, Luciano (2009). "The Enduring Scandal of Deduction: Is Propositional Logic Really Uninformative?". Synthese. 167 (2): 271–315. doi:10.1007/s11229-008-9409-4. hdl:2299/2995. ISSN 0039-7857. JSTOR 40271192. S2CID 9602882.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Johnson-Laird, Phil (30 December 2009). "Deductive reasoning". WIREs Cognitive Science. 1 (1): 8–17. doi:10.1002/wcs.20. ISSN 1939-5078. PMID 26272833.
García-Madruga, Juan A.; Gutiérrez, Francisco; Carriedo, Nuria; Moreno, Sergio; Johnson-Laird, Philip N. (November 2002). "Mental Models in Deductive Reasoning". The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 5 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1017/s1138741600005904. PMID 12428479. S2CID 15293848.
Johnson-Laird, Philip N. (18 October 2010). "Mental models and human reasoning". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (43): 18243–18250. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012933107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2972923. PMID 20956326.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Johnson-Laird, Philip N. (18 October 2010). "Mental models and human reasoning". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (43): 18243–18250. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012933107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2972923. PMID 20956326.

oxfordreference.com (Global: 809^th place; English: 542^nd place)

Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2009). "Analytic induction". A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-53300-8.
"hypothetico-deductive method". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 14 March 2022.

philpapers.org (Global: 2,176^th place; English: 1,487^th place)

Schechter, Joshua (2013). "Deductive Reasoning". The Encyclopedia of the Mind. SAGE Reference. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
Vorobej, Mark (1992). "Defining Deduction". Informal Logic. 14 (2). doi:10.22329/il.v14i2.2533.
Wilbanks, Jan J. (2010). "Defining Deduction, Induction, and Validity". Argumentation. 24 (1): 107–124. doi:10.1007/s10503-009-9131-5. S2CID 144481717.
Jaakko, Hintikka; Sandu, Gabriel (2006). "What is Logic?". Philosophy of Logic. North Holland. pp. 13–39.
Craig, Edward (1996). "Formal and informal logic". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge.
Borchert, Donald (2006). "Logic, Non-Classical". Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 2nd. Macmillan.
Stone, Mark A. (2012). "Denying the Antecedent: Its Effective Use in Argumentation". Informal Logic. 32 (3): 327–356. doi:10.22329/il.v32i3.3681.
Borchert, Donald (2006). "G. W. Liebnitz". Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Macmillan.
Johnson-Laird, Philip N.; Byrne, Ruth M. J. (1993). "Precis of Deduction". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 16 (2): 323–333. doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030260.
Hájek, Alan (2001). "Probability, Logic, and Probability Logic". The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Blackwell. pp. 362–384.
Bermejo-Luque, Lilian (2020). "What is Wrong with Deductivism?". Informal Logic. 40 (3): 295–316. doi:10.22329/il.v40i30.6214. S2CID 217418605.
Stove, D. (1970). "Deductivism". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 48 (1): 76–98. doi:10.1080/00048407012341481.

queensu.ca (Global: 6,032^nd place; English: 3,512^th place)

qspace.library.queensu.ca

Doppelt, Torin (2010). "The Truth About 1A4". Spinoza's Causal Axiom: A Defense (PDF).

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Chater, Nick; Oaksford, Mike; Hahn, Ulrike; Heit, Evan (2011). "Inductive Logic and Empirical Psychology". Inductive Logic. Handbook of the History of Logic. Vol. 10. North-Holland. pp. 553–624. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52936-7.50014-8. ISBN 978-0-444-52936-7.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Wilbanks, Jan J. (2010). "Defining Deduction, Induction, and Validity". Argumentation. 24 (1): 107–124. doi:10.1007/s10503-009-9131-5. S2CID 144481717.
Morreau, Michael (2009). "The Hypothetical Syllogism". Journal of Philosophical Logic. 38 (4): 447–464. doi:10.1007/s10992-008-9098-y. ISSN 0022-3611. JSTOR 40344073. S2CID 34804481.
Pedemonte, Bettina (25 June 2018). "Strategic vs Definitory Rules: Their Role in Abductive Argumentation and their Relationship with Deductive Proof". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. 14 (9): em1589. doi:10.29333/ejmste/92562. ISSN 1305-8215. S2CID 126245285.
Backmann, Marius (1 June 2019). "Varieties of Justification—How (Not) to Solve the Problem of Induction". Acta Analytica. 34 (2): 235–255. doi:10.1007/s12136-018-0371-6. ISSN 1874-6349. S2CID 125767384.
Bunge, Mario (1960). "The Place of Induction in Science". Philosophy of Science. 27 (3): 262–270. doi:10.1086/287745. ISSN 0031-8248. JSTOR 185969. S2CID 120566417.
D'Agostino, Marcello; Floridi, Luciano (2009). "The Enduring Scandal of Deduction: Is Propositional Logic Really Uninformative?". Synthese. 167 (2): 271–315. doi:10.1007/s11229-008-9409-4. hdl:2299/2995. ISSN 0039-7857. JSTOR 40271192. S2CID 9602882.
Müller, Ulrich; Overton, Willis F.; Reene, Kelly (February 2001). "Development of Conditional Reasoning: A Longitudinal Study". Journal of Cognition and Development. 2 (1): 27–49. doi:10.1207/S15327647JCD0201_2. S2CID 143955563.
Wagner-Egger, Pascal (1 October 2007). "Conditional reasoning and the Wason selection task: Biconditional interpretation instead of reasoning bias". Thinking & Reasoning. 13 (4): 484–505. doi:10.1080/13546780701415979. ISSN 1354-6783. S2CID 145011175.
García-Madruga, Juan A.; Gutiérrez, Francisco; Carriedo, Nuria; Moreno, Sergio; Johnson-Laird, Philip N. (November 2002). "Mental Models in Deductive Reasoning". The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 5 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1017/s1138741600005904. PMID 12428479. S2CID 15293848.
Bermejo-Luque, Lilian (2020). "What is Wrong with Deductivism?". Informal Logic. 40 (3): 295–316. doi:10.22329/il.v40i30.6214. S2CID 217418605.
Gentzen, Gerhard (1934). "Untersuchungen über das logische Schließen. I". Mathematische Zeitschrift (in German). 39 (2): 176–210. doi:10.1007/BF01201353. S2CID 121546341. Ich wollte nun zunächst einmal einen Formalismus aufstellen, der dem wirklichen Schließen möglichst nahe kommt. So ergab sich ein "Kalkül des natürlichen Schließens. (First I wished to construct a formalism that comes as close as possible to actual reasoning. Thus arose a "calculus of natural deduction".)

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

link.springer.com

Kotarbinska, Janina (1977). "The Controversy: Deductivism Versus Inductivism". Twenty-Five Years of Logical Methodology in Poland. Springer Netherlands. pp. 261–278. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1126-6_15. ISBN 978-9-401-01126-6.
Daly, Chris (2015). "Introduction and Historical Overview". The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophical Methods. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–30. doi:10.1057/9781137344557_1. ISBN 978-1-137-34455-7.

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

plato.stanford.edu

MacFarlane, John (2017). "Logical Constants". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
Moschovakis, Joan (2021). "Intuitionistic Logic: 1. Rejection of Tertium Non Datur". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
Hansen, Hans (2020). "Fallacies". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
Douven, Igor (2021). "Abduction". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
Hawthorne, James (2021). "Inductive Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
Steup, Matthias; Neta, Ram (2020). "Epistemology". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
Goldman, Alvin; Beddor, Bob (2021). "Reliabilist Epistemology". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
Henderson, Leah (2020). "The Problem of Induction". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Thornton, Stephen (2021). "Karl Popper: 4. Basic Statements, Falsifiability and Convention". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Pelletier, Francis Jeffry; Hazen, Allen (2021). "Natural Deduction Systems in Logic". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 15 March 2022.

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

Wagner-Egger, Pascal (1 October 2007). "Conditional reasoning and the Wason selection task: Biconditional interpretation instead of reasoning bias". Thinking & Reasoning. 13 (4): 484–505. doi:10.1080/13546780701415979. ISSN 1354-6783. S2CID 145011175.

taylorfrancis.com (Global: 1,902^nd place; English: 1,063^rd place)

Koslowski, Barbara (2017). "Abductive reasoning and explanation". International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315725697-20 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISBN 978-1-315-72569-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)

ucm.es (Global: 2,162^nd place; English: 3,328^th place)

revistas.ucm.es

García-Madruga, Juan A.; Gutiérrez, Francisco; Carriedo, Nuria; Moreno, Sergio; Johnson-Laird, Philip N. (November 2002). "Mental Models in Deductive Reasoning". The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 5 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1017/s1138741600005904. PMID 12428479. S2CID 15293848.

uni-goettingen.de (Global: 2,423^rd place; English: 2,569^th place)

gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de

Gentzen, Gerhard (1934). "Untersuchungen über das logische Schließen. I". Mathematische Zeitschrift (in German). 39 (2): 176–210. doi:10.1007/BF01201353. S2CID 121546341. Ich wollte nun zunächst einmal einen Formalismus aufstellen, der dem wirklichen Schließen möglichst nahe kommt. So ergab sich ein "Kalkül des natürlichen Schließens. (First I wished to construct a formalism that comes as close as possible to actual reasoning. Thus arose a "calculus of natural deduction".)

universitypressscholarship.com (Global: 8,662^nd place; English: 5,532^nd place)

oxford.universitypressscholarship.com

Howson, Colin (2000). "Deductivism". Hume's Problem. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0198250371.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-198-25037-1.

utm.edu (Global: 1,830^th place; English: 1,501^st place)

iep.utm.edu

McKeon, Matthew. "Logical Consequence". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
IEP Staff. "Deductive and Inductive Arguments". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
Dowden, Bradley. "Fallacies". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
"Deductive and Inductive Arguments". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
"Deductive and Inductive Arguments". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
Becker, Kelly. "Reliabilism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
Shea, Brendan. "Popper, Karl: Philosophy of Science". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Indrzejczak, Andrzej. "Natural Deduction". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
Dutton, Blake D. "Spinoza, Benedict De". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
Goldenbaum, Ursula. "Geometrical Method". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 17 February 2022.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

IEP Staff. "Deductive and Inductive Arguments". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
"Deductive and Inductive Arguments". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
Samaha, Raid (3 March 2009). "Descartes' Project of Inquiry" (PDF). American University of Beirut. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2019.

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Johnson-Laird, Phil (30 December 2009). "Deductive reasoning". WIREs Cognitive Science. 1 (1): 8–17. doi:10.1002/wcs.20. ISSN 1939-5078. PMID 26272833.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Johnson-Laird, Phil (30 December 2009). "Deductive reasoning". WIREs Cognitive Science. 1 (1): 8–17. doi:10.1002/wcs.20. ISSN 1939-5078. PMID 26272833.
Norris, Stephen E. (1975). "The Intelligibility of Practical Reasoning". American Philosophical Quarterly. 12 (1): 77–84. ISSN 0003-0481. JSTOR 20009561.
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