Deep Blue (chess computer) (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Deep Blue (chess computer)" in English language version.

Last modified: 13:35:53, 13 August 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

4539web.archive.org

1^st place

88books.google.com

3^rd place

87doi.org

2^nd place

52scientificamerican.com

1,110^th place

817^th place

44ibm.com

1,369^th place

968^th place

33nytimes.com

7^th place

32adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

32semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

22computerhistory.org

2,702^nd place

1,789^th place

22chessbase.com

1,748^th place

1,521^st place

22arimaa.com

low place

22worldcat.org

4^th place

21sciencehistory.org

5,038^th place

3,089^th place

21washingtonpost.com

35^th place

24^th place

21ucl.ac.uk

1,187^th place

756^th place

21nih.gov

5^th place

11game-ai-forum.org

low place

11ieee.org

912^th place

722^nd place

11archive.org

6^th place

11univ-lille3.fr

low place

11si.edu

256^th place

197^th place

11nydailynews.com

261^st place

147^th place

11slate.com

409^th place

260^th place

11loc.gov

63^rd place

47^th place

11nbcnews.com

156^th place

101^st place

11reuters.com

38^th place

30^th place

11chess.co.uk

low place

11about.com

419^th place

335^th place

11phys.org

1,595^th place

1,363^rd place

11time.com

84^th place

63^rd place

11newyorker.com

191^st place

122^nd place

11rand.org

3,236^th place

2,152^nd place

11hdl.handle.net

66^th place

34^th place

11bbc.co.uk

11^th place

10^th place

11pace.edu

low place

11cnet.com

447^th place

345^th place

11top500.org

8,086^th place

7,694^th place

about.com (Global: 419^th place; English: 335^th place)

chess.about.com

"'Game Over' : Did IBM Cheat Kasparov?". About.com: Chess. June 2005. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2020.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Silver, David; Hubert, Thomas; Schrittwieser, Julian; et al. (6 December 2018). "A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and Go through self-play" (PDF). Science. 362 (6419): 1140–1144. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1140S. doi:10.1126/science.aar6404. PMID 30523106. S2CID 54457125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Hsu, Feng-hsiung (March–April 1999). "IBM's Deep Blue Chess Grandmaster Chips" (PDF). IEEE Micro. 19 (2): 70–81. Bibcode:1999IMicr..19b..70F. doi:10.1109/40.755469. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2022.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Newborn 2002, pp. 11–20 Newborn, Monty (2002). Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95461-5.

arimaa.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Syed & Syed 2003, p. 138 Syed, Omar; Syed, Aamir (2003). "Arimaa – a New Game Designed to be Difficult for Computers". International Computer Games Association Journal. 26 (2). Leiden University: 138–139. doi:10.3233/ICG-2003-26213. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via arimaa.com.
Wu 2015, p. 19 Wu, David J. (2015). "Designing a Winning Arimaa Program" (PDF). International Computer Games Association Journal. 38 (1). Leiden University: 19–40. doi:10.3233/ICG-2015-38104. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via arimaa.com.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"Chess champion loses to computer". BBC News. 5 December 2006. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2008.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Zuckerman 2019, p. 178 Zuckerman, Gregory (2019). The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons Launched the Quant Revolution (1st (hbk) ed.). Penguin/Portfolio. ISBN 978-0-7352-1798-0. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
(Hsu 2004) Hsu, Feng-hsiung (2004) [2002]. Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion (revised ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11818-5. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
Newborn 1997, p. 287 Newborn, Monty (1997). Kasparov versus Deep Blue: Computer Chess Comes of Age (1st ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-94820-1. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
Hsu 2004, p. x Hsu, Feng-hsiung (2004) [2002]. Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion (revised ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11818-5. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
Warwick 2004, p. 95 Warwick, Kevin (2004). I, Cyborg. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07215-4. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
Amis 2011, p. vii Amis, Martin (2011). "Foreword". In Mann, Windsor (ed.). The Quotable Hitchens: From Alcohol to Zionism. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81983-4. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
Gonsalves 2017, p. 234 Gonsalves, Tad (2017). "The Summers and Winters of Artificial Intelligence". In Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (ed.). Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. Vol. 1. IGI Global. pp. 229–238. ISBN 978-1-5225-2256-0. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
Hsu, Feng-hsiung (3 May 2022). Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer That Defeated the World Chess Champion. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-23514-1.

chess.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Owen Williams replies to Feng-hsiung Hsu". The Week in Chess. 13 January 2000. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.

chessbase.com (Global: 1,748^th place; English: 1,521^st place)

en.chessbase.com

Silver, Albert (19 February 2015). "Deep Blue's cheating move". Chess Base. Chess News. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
Schulz, André (23 November 2006). "Das letzte Match Mensch gegen Maschine?" [The last man vs machine match?]. Der Spiegel (in German). Translated by ChessBase Chess News. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2021.

cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; English: 345^th place)

Festa, Paul (2 September 1997). "IBM upgrades Deep Blue". Clnet. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

"Joel Benjamin playing a practice game with Deep Blue". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
"Deep Blue II". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2020.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Syed & Syed 2003, p. 138 Syed, Omar; Syed, Aamir (2003). "Arimaa – a New Game Designed to be Difficult for Computers". International Computer Games Association Journal. 26 (2). Leiden University: 138–139. doi:10.3233/ICG-2003-26213. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via arimaa.com.
Wu 2015, p. 19 Wu, David J. (2015). "Designing a Winning Arimaa Program" (PDF). International Computer Games Association Journal. 38 (1). Leiden University: 19–40. doi:10.3233/ICG-2015-38104. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via arimaa.com.
Silver, David; Hubert, Thomas; Schrittwieser, Julian; et al. (6 December 2018). "A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and Go through self-play" (PDF). Science. 362 (6419): 1140–1144. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1140S. doi:10.1126/science.aar6404. PMID 30523106. S2CID 54457125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Barbierato, Enrico; Zamponi, Maria Enrica (2022). "Shifting Perspectives on AI Evaluation: The Increasing Role of Ethics in Cooperation". AI. 3 (2): 331–352. doi:10.3390/ai3020021. hdl:10807/259716.
Campbell 1999, p. 66 Campbell, Murray (1999). "Knowledge discovery in deep blue". Communications of the ACM. 42 (11). Association for Computing Machinery: 65–67. doi:10.1145/319382.319396. S2CID 176390.
Hsu, Campbell & Hoane 1995 p. 240 Hsu, Feng-hsiung; Campbell, Murray; Hoane, A. Joseph Jr. (1995). "Deep Blue System Overview" (PDF). Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Supercomputing. 1995 International Conference on Supercomputing. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 240–244. doi:10.1145/224538.224567. ISBN 978-0-89791-728-5. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018 – via top-5000.nl.
Hsu, Feng-hsiung (March–April 1999). "IBM's Deep Blue Chess Grandmaster Chips" (PDF). IEEE Micro. 19 (2): 70–81. Bibcode:1999IMicr..19b..70F. doi:10.1109/40.755469. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2022.

game-ai-forum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Deep Thought (Chess)". ICGA Tournaments. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2022.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Barbierato, Enrico; Zamponi, Maria Enrica (2022). "Shifting Perspectives on AI Evaluation: The Increasing Role of Ethics in Cooperation". AI. 3 (2): 331–352. doi:10.3390/ai3020021. hdl:10807/259716.

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

research.ibm.com

IBM. "Deep Blue – Overview". IBM Research. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
IBM Research Game 2 Archived 19 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Deep Blue IBM
"Deep Blue – Replay the Games". IBM Research. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

www-03.ibm.com

"Deep Blue: Cultural Impacts". IBM100. IBM. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2020.

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

"Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer That Defeated the World Chess Champion". ieeexplore.ieee.org. Retrieved 5 November 2025.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

lccn.loc.gov

LC Catalog – Item Information (Full Record). LCCN 2017304768.

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

Boyle, Alan (16 June 2004). "How prizes pushed progress". NBC News. Retrieved 23 January 2024.

newyorker.com (Global: 191^st place; English: 122^nd place)

Gill, Brendan; Logan, Andy (29 December 1956). "Chess to Come". The New Yorker.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Silver, David; Hubert, Thomas; Schrittwieser, Julian; et al. (6 December 2018). "A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and Go through self-play" (PDF). Science. 362 (6419): 1140–1144. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1140S. doi:10.1126/science.aar6404. PMID 30523106. S2CID 54457125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2022.

nydailynews.com (Global: 261^st place; English: 147^th place)

McPhee, Michele; Baker, K.C.; Siemaszko, Corky (10 May 2015). "IBM's Deep Blue beats chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Strogatz, Steven (26 December 2018). "One Giant Step for a Chess-Playing Machine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Weber, Bruce (18 May 1997). "What Deep Blue Learned in Chess School". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
Weber, Bruce (5 May 1997). "Computer Defeats Kasparov, Stunning the Chess Experts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.

pace.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

csis.pace.edu

Hsu, Feng-hsiung (March–April 1999). "IBM's Deep Blue Chess Grandmaster Chips" (PDF). IEEE Micro. 19 (2): 70–81. Bibcode:1999IMicr..19b..70F. doi:10.1109/40.755469. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2022.

phys.org (Global: 1,595^th place; English: 1,363^rd place)

"Google's AlphaGo retires on top after humbling world No. 1". phys.org. 27 May 2017. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2022.

rand.org (Global: 3,236^th place; English: 2,152^nd place)

Dreyfus, Hubert (December 1965). Alchemy and AI (PDF) (Report). Rand Corporation.

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

Baldwin, Alan (11 April 2020). "On this day: Born April 13, 1963; Russian chess champion Garry Kasparov". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2021.

sciencehistory.org (Global: 5,038^th place; English: 3,089^th place)

Roberts, Jacob (2016). "Thinking Machines: The Search for Artificial Intelligence". Distillations. 2 (2): 14–23. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

Greenemeier, Larry (2 June 2017). "20 Years after Deep Blue: How AI Has Advanced Since Conquering Chess". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
Greenemeier, Larry. "20 Years after Deep Blue: How AI Has Advanced Since Conquering Chess". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Silver, David; Hubert, Thomas; Schrittwieser, Julian; et al. (6 December 2018). "A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and Go through self-play" (PDF). Science. 362 (6419): 1140–1144. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1140S. doi:10.1126/science.aar6404. PMID 30523106. S2CID 54457125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Campbell 1999, p. 66 Campbell, Murray (1999). "Knowledge discovery in deep blue". Communications of the ACM. 42 (11). Association for Computing Machinery: 65–67. doi:10.1145/319382.319396. S2CID 176390.

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

americanhistory.si.edu

"Deep Blue Supercomputer Tower". National Museum of American History. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.

slate.com (Global: 409^th place; English: 260^th place)

Saletan, William (11 May 2007). "Chess Bump: The triumphant teamwork of humans and computers". Slate. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007.

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

Time (22 January 1950). "Science: The Thinking Machine". Time Magazine.

top500.org (Global: 8,086^th place; English: 7,694^th place)

"TOP500 List – June 1997 (201–300)". Top 500. 13 February 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

ucl.ac.uk (Global: 1,187^th place; English: 756^th place)

discovery.ucl.ac.uk

Silver, David; Hubert, Thomas; Schrittwieser, Julian; et al. (6 December 2018). "A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and Go through self-play" (PDF). Science. 362 (6419): 1140–1144. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1140S. doi:10.1126/science.aar6404. PMID 30523106. S2CID 54457125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2022.

univ-lille3.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

grappa.univ-lille3.fr

"8th World Computer Chess Championship". ICGA Tournaments. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2020.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Plumer, Brad (26 September 2012). "Nate Silver's 'The Signal and the Noise'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2021.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Deep Thought (Chess)". ICGA Tournaments. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
Greenemeier, Larry (2 June 2017). "20 Years after Deep Blue: How AI Has Advanced Since Conquering Chess". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
IBM. "Deep Blue – Overview". IBM Research. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
Zuckerman 2019, p. 178 Zuckerman, Gregory (2019). The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons Launched the Quant Revolution (1st (hbk) ed.). Penguin/Portfolio. ISBN 978-0-7352-1798-0. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
"Joel Benjamin playing a practice game with Deep Blue". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
"8th World Computer Chess Championship". ICGA Tournaments. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
"Deep Blue Supercomputer Tower". National Museum of American History. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
"Deep Blue II". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
(Hsu 2004) Hsu, Feng-hsiung (2004) [2002]. Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion (revised ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11818-5. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
Newborn 1997, p. 287 Newborn, Monty (1997). Kasparov versus Deep Blue: Computer Chess Comes of Age (1st ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-94820-1. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
McPhee, Michele; Baker, K.C.; Siemaszko, Corky (10 May 2015). "IBM's Deep Blue beats chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
IBM Research Game 2 Archived 19 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Deep Blue IBM
Saletan, William (11 May 2007). "Chess Bump: The triumphant teamwork of humans and computers". Slate. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007.
Roberts, Jacob (2016). "Thinking Machines: The Search for Artificial Intelligence". Distillations. 2 (2): 14–23. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
Plumer, Brad (26 September 2012). "Nate Silver's 'The Signal and the Noise'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
Silver, Albert (19 February 2015). "Deep Blue's cheating move". Chess Base. Chess News. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
Hsu 2004, p. x Hsu, Feng-hsiung (2004) [2002]. Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion (revised ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11818-5. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
Warwick 2004, p. 95 Warwick, Kevin (2004). I, Cyborg. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07215-4. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
"Deep Blue – Replay the Games". IBM Research. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
Baldwin, Alan (11 April 2020). "On this day: Born April 13, 1963; Russian chess champion Garry Kasparov". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
Amis 2011, p. vii Amis, Martin (2011). "Foreword". In Mann, Windsor (ed.). The Quotable Hitchens: From Alcohol to Zionism. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81983-4. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
"Owen Williams replies to Feng-hsiung Hsu". The Week in Chess. 13 January 2000. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
"'Game Over' : Did IBM Cheat Kasparov?". About.com: Chess. June 2005. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
Syed & Syed 2003, p. 138 Syed, Omar; Syed, Aamir (2003). "Arimaa – a New Game Designed to be Difficult for Computers". International Computer Games Association Journal. 26 (2). Leiden University: 138–139. doi:10.3233/ICG-2003-26213. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via arimaa.com.
"Deep Blue: Cultural Impacts". IBM100. IBM. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
Wu 2015, p. 19 Wu, David J. (2015). "Designing a Winning Arimaa Program" (PDF). International Computer Games Association Journal. 38 (1). Leiden University: 19–40. doi:10.3233/ICG-2015-38104. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via arimaa.com.
Silver, David; Hubert, Thomas; Schrittwieser, Julian; et al. (6 December 2018). "A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and Go through self-play" (PDF). Science. 362 (6419): 1140–1144. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1140S. doi:10.1126/science.aar6404. PMID 30523106. S2CID 54457125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
"Google's AlphaGo retires on top after humbling world No. 1". phys.org. 27 May 2017. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Strogatz, Steven (26 December 2018). "One Giant Step for a Chess-Playing Machine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Schulz, André (23 November 2006). "Das letzte Match Mensch gegen Maschine?" [The last man vs machine match?]. Der Spiegel (in German). Translated by ChessBase Chess News. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
"Chess champion loses to computer". BBC News. 5 December 2006. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
Weber, Bruce (18 May 1997). "What Deep Blue Learned in Chess School". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
Weber, Bruce (5 May 1997). "Computer Defeats Kasparov, Stunning the Chess Experts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
Hsu, Campbell & Hoane 1995 p. 240 Hsu, Feng-hsiung; Campbell, Murray; Hoane, A. Joseph Jr. (1995). "Deep Blue System Overview" (PDF). Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Supercomputing. 1995 International Conference on Supercomputing. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 240–244. doi:10.1145/224538.224567. ISBN 978-0-89791-728-5. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018 – via top-5000.nl.
Greenemeier, Larry. "20 Years after Deep Blue: How AI Has Advanced Since Conquering Chess". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
Hsu, Feng-hsiung (March–April 1999). "IBM's Deep Blue Chess Grandmaster Chips" (PDF). IEEE Micro. 19 (2): 70–81. Bibcode:1999IMicr..19b..70F. doi:10.1109/40.755469. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
Festa, Paul (2 September 1997). "IBM upgrades Deep Blue". Clnet. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
Gonsalves 2017, p. 234 Gonsalves, Tad (2017). "The Summers and Winters of Artificial Intelligence". In Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (ed.). Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. Vol. 1. IGI Global. pp. 229–238. ISBN 978-1-5225-2256-0. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
"TOP500 List – June 1997 (201–300)". Top 500. 13 February 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Strogatz, Steven (26 December 2018). "One Giant Step for a Chess-Playing Machine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Weber, Bruce (18 May 1997). "What Deep Blue Learned in Chess School". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.

Deep Blue (chess computer) (English Wikipedia)

about.com (Global: 419th place; English: 335th place)

chess.about.com

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arimaa.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

chess.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

chessbase.com (Global: 1,748th place; English: 1,521st place)

en.chessbase.com

cnet.com (Global: 447th place; English: 345th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702nd place; English: 1,789th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

game-ai-forum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,369th place; English: 968th place)

research.ibm.com

www-03.ibm.com

ieee.org (Global: 912th place; English: 722nd place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

loc.gov (Global: 63rd place; English: 47th place)

lccn.loc.gov

nbcnews.com (Global: 156th place; English: 101st place)

newyorker.com (Global: 191st place; English: 122nd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nydailynews.com (Global: 261st place; English: 147th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

pace.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

csis.pace.edu

phys.org (Global: 1,595th place; English: 1,363rd place)

rand.org (Global: 3,236th place; English: 2,152nd place)

reuters.com (Global: 38th place; English: 30th place)

sciencehistory.org (Global: 5,038th place; English: 3,089th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110th place; English: 817th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

si.edu (Global: 256th place; English: 197th place)

americanhistory.si.edu

slate.com (Global: 409th place; English: 260th place)

time.com (Global: 84th place; English: 63rd place)

top500.org (Global: 8,086th place; English: 7,694th place)

ucl.ac.uk (Global: 1,187th place; English: 756th place)

discovery.ucl.ac.uk

univ-lille3.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

grappa.univ-lille3.fr

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35th place; English: 24th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

about.com (Global: 419^th place; English: 335^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

chessbase.com (Global: 1,748^th place; English: 1,521^st place)

cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; English: 345^th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

newyorker.com (Global: 191^st place; English: 122^nd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nydailynews.com (Global: 261^st place; English: 147^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

phys.org (Global: 1,595^th place; English: 1,363^rd place)

rand.org (Global: 3,236^th place; English: 2,152^nd place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

sciencehistory.org (Global: 5,038^th place; English: 3,089^th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

slate.com (Global: 409^th place; English: 260^th place)

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

top500.org (Global: 8,086^th place; English: 7,694^th place)

ucl.ac.uk (Global: 1,187^th place; English: 756^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)